Topical and systemic antibiotics in the management of periodontal diseases

International Dental Journal

Volumn 54, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 3-14

  Mombelli, Andrea ^a   Samaranayake, Lakshman P ^a,b  

^a Faculty of Dentistry ^*

^b UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Antibiotics; Local delivery; Periodontal disease; Systemic

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLINDAMYCIN; COPOLYMER; DENTOMYCIN; DISULFIRAM; DOXYCYCLINE; DOXYCYCLINE HYCLATE; ERYTHROMYCIN; METRONIDAZOLE; MICROSPHERE; MINOCYCLINE; NITROIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVE; ORNIDAZOLE; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; POLYLACTIDE; POLYMER; TETRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE;

ACTINOBACILLUS ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS; ANOREXIA; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; ARTHROPATHY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEBRIDEMENT; DIARRHEA; DRUG ADSORPTION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SALIVA LEVEL; EDEMA; EPIGASTRIC PAIN; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; GINGIVITIS; HEADACHE; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; LONG TERM CARE; MOUTH HYGIENE; NAUSEA; OINTMENT; ORAL SURGERY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PERIODONTAL DISEASE; PERIODONTITIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RASH; RECURRENT DISEASE; REINFECTION; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SLOW DRUG RELEASE; SUPERINFECTION; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; SYSTEMIC THERAPY; TOOTH PLAQUE; TOXICITY; VOMITING;

EID: 1342281629     PISSN: 00206539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2004.tb00246.x     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Slots J, Rosling BG. Suppression of the periodontopathic microflora in localized juvenile periodontitis by systemic tetracycline. J Clin Periodont 1983 10: 465-486.
2. Christersson LA et al. Microbiological and clinical effects of surgical treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis. J Clin Periodont 1985 12: 465-476.
3. Kornman KS, Robertson PB. Clinical and microbiological evaluation of therapy for juvenile periodontitis. J Periodontology 1985 56: 443-446.
4. Haffajee AD, Dzink JL, Socransky SS. Effect of modified Widman flap surgery and systemic tetracycline on the subgingival microbiota of periodontal lesions. J Clin Periodont 1988 15: 255-262.
5. Rodenburg JP et al. Occurrence of Bacteroides gingivalis Bacteroides intermedius and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in severe periodontitis in relation to age and treatment hisory. J Clin Periodont 1990 17: 392-399.
6. Slots J, Bragd L, Wikström M et al. The occurrence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius in destructive periodontal disease in adults. J Clin Periodont 1986 13: 570-577.
7. Bragd L et al. The capability of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius to indicate progressive periodontitis; a retrospective study. J Clin Periodont 1995 14: 95-99.
8. Slots J, Listgarten MA. Bacteroides gingivalis Bacteroides intermedius and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in human periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodont 1988 15: 85-93.
9. Fine D. H. Microbial identification and antibiotic sensitivity testing an aid for patients refractory to periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodont 1994 21: 98-106.
10. Rams TE, Listgarten MA, Slots J. The utility of 5 major putative periodontal pathogens and selected clinical parameters to predict periodontal breakdown in adults on maintenance care. J Clin Periodont 1996 23: 346-354.
11. Wennström JL et al. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius: Predictors of attachment loss? Oral Microbiol and Immunol 1987 2: 158-163.
12. Dahlén G, Wikström M, Renvert S. Treatment of periodontal disease based on microbiological diagnosis. A 5-year follow-up on individual patterns. J Periodontology 1996 67: 879-887.
13. Mombelli A et al. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in adult periodontitis. I. Topographic distribution before and after treatment. J Periodontology 1994 65: 820-826.
14. Mombelli A, Schmid B, Rutar A et al. Persistence patterns of Porphyromonas gingivalis Prevotella intermedia/nigrescens and Actinobacillus actino-mycetem-comitans after mechanical therapy of periodontal disease. J Periodontology 2000 71: 14-21.
15. Anwar H, Dasgupta MK, Costerton JW. Testing the susceptibility of bacteria in biofilms to antibacterial agents. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 1990 34: 2043-2046.
16. Anwar H, Strap JL, Costerton JW. Establishment of aging biofilms: possible mechanism of bacterial resistance to antibiotic therapy. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 1992 36: 1347-1351.
17. Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 1990 284: 1318-1322.
18. Samaranayake LP. Essential Microbiology for Dentistry. Second edition Edinburgh UK: Churchill Livingstone 2002.
19. van Winkelhoff AJ, Rams TE, Slots J. Systemic antibiotic therapy in periodontics. Periodont 2000 1996 10: 45-78.
20. Kroes I, Lepp PW, Relman DA. Bacterial diversity within the human subgingival crevice. PNAS 2001 96: 14547-14552.
21. Mombelli A, McNabb H, Lang NP. Black-pigmenting Gram-negative bacteria in periodontal disease. I. Topographic distribution in the human dentition. J Periodont Res 1991 26: 301-307.
22. Zambon JJ, Reynolds HS, Slots J. Black-pigmented Bacteroides spp. in the human oral cavity. Infec Immunity 1981 32: 198-203.
23. Van Winkelhoff AJ et al. Intra-oral distribution of black-pigmented Bacteroides species in periodontitis patients. Oral Microbiol Immunology 1988 3: 83-85.
24. Müller HP, Lange DE, Müller RF. Failure of adjunctive minocycline-HCl to eliminate oral Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. J Clin Periodont 1993 20: 498-504.
25. Pavicic MJ et al. Microbiological and clinical effects of metronidazole and amoxicillin in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis. J Clin Periodont 1994 21: 107-112.
26. Müller HP et al. Simultaneous isolation of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans from subgingival and extracrevicular locations of the mouth. J Clin Periodont 1995 22: 413-419.
27. Pitcher G, Newman H, Strahan J. Access to subgingival plaque by disclosing agents using mouthrinsing and direct irrigation. J Clin Periodont 1980 7: 300-308.
28. Eakle W, Ford C, Boyd R. Depth of penetration in periodontal pockets with oral irrigation. J Clin Periodont 1986 13: 39-44.
29. Goodson JM. Pharmacokinetic principles controlling efficacy of oral therapy. J Dent Res 1989 68: 1625-1632.
30. Oostervaal PJ, Mikx FH, Renggli HH. Clearance of a topically applied fluorescein gel from periodontal pockets. J Clin Periodont 1990 17: 613-615.
31. Stoltze K. Elimination of Elyzol® 25% Dentalgel matrix from periodontal pockets. J Clin Periodont 1995 22: 185-187.
32. Golub LM et al. Further evidence that tetracyclines inhibit collagenase activity in human crevicular fluid and other mammalian sources. J Periodont Res 1985 20: 12-23.
33. Stabholz A et al. Antimicrobial properties of human dentin impregnated with tetracycline HCl or chlorhexidine. An in vitro study. J Clin Periodont 1993 20: 557-562.
34. van Winkelhoff AJ et al. Metronidazole plus amoxicillin in the treatment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans associated periodontitis. J Clin Periodont 1989 16: 128-131.
35. Jousimies-Somer H et al. Activity of metronidazole and its hydroxymetabolite. Oral Microbiol Immunology 1988 3: 32-34.
36. Pavicic M, van Winkelhoff AJ, de Graaff J. Synergistic effects between amoxicillin metronidazole and the hydroxymetabolite of metronidazole against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Antimicrob Agents Chemotherapy 1991 35: 961-966.
37. Pavicic M, van Winkelhoff AJ, de Graaff J. In vitro susceptibilities of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans to a number of antimicrobial combinations. Antimicrob Agents Chemotherapy 1992 36: 2634-2638.
38. Herrera D et al. A systematic review on the effect of systemic antimicrobials as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodont 2002 29: accepted.
39. Mombelli A. Chemotherapy of periodontal diseases. In Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry eds. Lindhe J. Karring T. and Lang N. P. pp. Munksgaard Copenhagen 2002.
40. Listgarten MA, Lindhe J, Helldén L. Effect of tetracycline and/or scaling on human periodontal disease. J Clin Periodont 1978 5: 246-271.
41. Helldén LB, Listgarten MA, Lindhe J. The effect of tetracycline and/or scaling on human periodontal disease. J Clin Periodont 1979 6: 222-230.
42. Slots J et al. Periodontal therapy in humans. I. Microbiological and clinical effects of a single course of periodontal scaling and root and of adjunctive tetracycline therapy. J Periodontology 1979 50: 495-509.
43. Scopp IW et al. Tetracycline: a clinical study to determine its effectiveness as long-term adjuvant. J Periodontology 1980 51: 328-330.
44. Lindhe J, Liljenberg B, Adielson B. Effect of long-term tetracycline therapy on human periodontal disease. J Clin Periodont 1983 10: 590-601.
45. Clark DC et al. Effectiveness of routine periodontal treatment with and without adjunctive metronidazole therapy in mentally retarded adolescents. J Periodontology 1983 54: 658-665.
46. Lekovic V et al. The effect of metronidazole on human periodontal disease. A clinical and bacteriological study. J Periodontology 1983 54: 476-480.
47. Joyston-Bechal S, Smales FC, Duckworth R. Effect of metronidazole on chronic periodontal disease in subjects using topically applied chlorhexidine gel. J Clin Periodont 1984 11: 53-62.
48. Loesche WJ et al. Metronidazole in periodontitis. I. Clinical and bacteriological results after 15 to 30 weeks. J Periodontology 1984 55: 325-335.
49. Joyston-Bechal S, Smales FC, Duckworth R. A follow-up study 3 years after metronidazole therapy for chronic periodontal disease. J Clin Periodont 1986 13: 944-949.
50. Söder PO et al. The effect of systemic metronidazole after non-surgical treatment in moderate and advanced periodontitis. J Periodontology 1990 61: 281-288.
51. Sterry K. A. Langeroudi M. Dolby A. E. Metronidazole as an adjunct to periodontal therapy with subgingival curettage. Brit Dent J 1985 158: 176-178.
52. Mahmood MM, Dolby AE. The value of systemically administered metronidazole in the modified Widman flap procedure. J Periodont 1987 58: 147-152.
53. Söder PO et al. The effects of metronidazole in treatment of young adults with severe periodontitis. J Dent Res 1989 68: 710.
54. Ohta Y, Okuda K, Takazoe I. Microbiological and clinical effects of systemic antibiotic administration in advanced periodontitis. Bull Tokyo Dent College 1986 27: 139-148.
55. Haffajee AD et al. Clinical and microbiological changes associated with the use of 4 adjunctive systemically administered agents in the treatment of periodontal infections. J Clin Periodont 1995 22: 618-627.
56. Christersson L et al. Systemic antibiotic combination therapy in recalcitrant and recurrent localized juvenile periodontitis. J Den Res 1989 68: 197.
57. Kornman KS et al. Treatment of refractory periodontitis with metronidazole plus amoxicillin or Augmentin. J Dent Res 1989 68: 917.
58. Goené RJ et al. Microbiology in diagnosis and treatment of severe periodontitis. A report of four cases. J Periodont 1990 61: 61-64.
59. Rams TE, Feik D, Slots J. Ciprofloxacin/metronidazole treatment of recurrent adult periodontitis. J Dent Res 1992 71: 319.
60. van Winkelhoff AJ, Tijhof CJ, de Graaff J. Microbiological and clinical results of metronidazole plus amoxicillin therapy in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis. J Periodont 1992 63: 52-57.
61. Rooney J et al. Adjunctive effects to non-surgical therapy of systemic metronidazole and amoxycillin alone alone and combined. A placebo controlled study. J Clin Periodont 2002 29: 342-350.
62. Flemmig TF et al. Differential clinical treatment outcome after systemic metronidazole and amoxicillin in patients harboring Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and/or Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Clin Periodont 1998 25: 380-387.
63. Samaranayake LP, Johnson N. Guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents to minimise the development of resistance. Int Dent J 1999 49: 189-195.
64. Rams TE, Keyes PH. A rationale for the management of periodontal diseases: effects of tetracycline on subgingival bacteria. J Amer Dent Assoc 1983 107: 37-41.
65. McCulloch CAG et al. Efficacy of doxycycline in prevention of recurrent periodontitis. J Dent Res 1989 68: 916.
66. McCulloch CA et al. Randomised controlled trial of doxycycline in prevention of recurent periodontitis in high risk patients: antimicrobial activity and collagenase inhibition. J Clin Periodont 1990 17: 616-622.
67. Aitken S et al. Serial doxycycline and metronidazole in prevention of recurrent periodontitis in high risk patients. J Periodont 1992 63: 87-92.
68. Walker CB et al. A role for antibiotics in the treatment of refractory periodontitis. J Periodont 1993 64: 772-781.
69. Müller HP, Müller RF, Lange DE. Die Reduktion von A. actinomycetemcomitans bei der profunden Parodontitis. Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift 1989 44: 293-297.
70. Bragd L, Wikström M, Slots J. Clinical and microbiological study of 'refractory' adult periodontitis. J Dent Res 1985 64: 234.
71. Hull PS, Abu-Fanas S, H Drucker DB. Evaluation of two antibacterial agents in the management of rapidly progressive periodontitis. J Dent Res 1989 68: 564.
72. MacFarlane TW, Samaranayake LP. Clinical Oral Microbiology. London UK: Wright-Butterworth. 1989.
73. Gordon J et al. Efficacy of clindamycin hydrochloride in refractory periodontitis. 12 month results. J Periodont 1985 Supplement: 75-80.
74. Walker CB, Gordon J. M. The effect of clindamycin on the microbiota associated with refractory periodontitis. J of Periodontology 1990 61: 692-698.
75. Magnusson I. et al. Treatment of subjects with refractory periodontal disease. J of Clin Periodont 1994 21: 628-637.
76. Gusberti F. A. Syed S. A. Lang N. P. Combined antibiotic (metronidazole) and mechanical treatment effects on the subgingival bacterial flora of sites with recurrent periodontal disease. J Clin Periodont 1988 15: 353-359.
77. Mombelli A, Gusberti FA, Lang NP. Treatment of recurrent periodontal disease by root planing and Ornidazole (Tiberal®). Clinical and microbiological findings. J Clin Periodont 1989 16: 38-45.
78. Genco RJ, Cianciola LJ, Rosling BG. Treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis. J Dent Res 1981 60: 527.
79. Lindhe J. Treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis. In Host-parasite interactions in periodontal diseases. eds. Genco R. J. and Mergenhagen S. E. 1983 382-394. Washington D.C.: American Society for Microbiology.
80. Saxén L, Asikainen S. Metronidazole in the treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis. J Clin Periodont 1993 20: 166-171.
81. Mombelli A, McNabb H, Lang NP. Black-pigmenting Gram-negative bacteria in periodontal disease. II. Screening strategies for P. gingivalis. J Periodont Res 1991 26: 308-313.
82. Kornman KS et al. The influence of supragingival plaque control on clinical and microbial outcomes following the use of antibiotics for the treatment of periodontitis. J Periodont 1994 65: 848-854.
83. Goodson J et al. Monolithic tetracycline containing fibers for controlled delivery to periodontal pockets. J Periodont 1983 54: 575-579.
84. Goodson J et al. Multicenter evaluation of tetracycline fiber therapy: I. Experimental design methods and baseline data. J Periodont Res 1991a 26: 361-370.
85. Goodson J, Offenbacher S, Farr D et al. Periodontal disease treatment by local drug delivery. J Periodont 1985 56: 265-272.
86. Rapley JW et al. Serum levels of tetracycline during treatment with tetracycline-containing fibers. J Periodont 1992 63: 817-820.
87. Goodson J et al. Multicenter evaluation of tetracycline fiber therapy: II. Clinical response. J Periodont Res 1991 26: 371-379.
88. Newman MG, Kornman KS, Doherty FM. A 6-month multicenter evaluation of adjunctive tetracycline fiber therapy used in conjunction with scaling and root in maintenance patients: Clinical results. J Periodont 1994 65: 685-691.
89. Michalowicz BS, Pihlstrom BL, Drisko CL et al. Evaluation of periodontal treatments using controlled release tetracycline fibers: Maintenance response. J Periodont 1995 66: 708-715.
90. van Steenberghe D et al. Subgingival minocycline hydrochloride ointment in moderate to severe chronic adult periodontitis: A randomized double-blind vehicle-controlled multicenter study. J Periodont 1993 64: 637-644.
91. Yoshinari N et al. Effect of repeated local minocycline administration on periodontal healing following guided tissue regeneration. J Periodont 2001 72: 284-295.
92. Williams RC et al. Treatment of periodontitis by local administration of minocycline microspheres: a controlled trial. J Periodont 2001 72: 1535-1544.
93. Garrett S et al. Two multi-center studies evaluating locally delivered doxycycline hyclate placebo control oral hygiene and scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontitis. J Periodont 1999 70: 490-503.
94. Garrett S et al. The effect of locally delivered controlled-release doxycycline or scaling and root planing on periodontal maintenance patients over 9 months. J Periodont 2000 71: 22-30.
95. Wennström J et al. Utilization of locally delivered doxycycline in non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis. A comparative multicenter trial of 2 treatment approaches. J Clin Periodont 2001 28: 753-761.
96. Stoltze K, Stellfeld M. Systemic absorbtion of metronidazole after application of a metronidazole 25% dental gel. J Clin Periodont 1992 19: 693-697.
97. Ainamo J et al. Clinical responses to subgingival placement of a metronidazole 25% gel compared to the effect of subgingival scaling in adult periodontitis. J Clin Periodont 1992 19: 723-729.
98. Grossi S et al. Local application of metronidazole dental gel. J Dent Res 1995 74: 468.
99. Soskolne WA et al. Sustained local delivery of chlorhexidine in the treatment of periodontitis: a multi-center study. J Periodont 1997 68: 32-38.
100. Jeffcoat MK et al. Adjunctive use of a subgingival controlled-release chlorhexidine chip reduces probing depth and improves attachment level compared with scaling and root planing alone. J Periodont 1998 69: 989-997.
101. Radvar M, Pourtaghi N, Kinane DF. Comparison of 3 periodontal local antibiotic therapies in persistent periodontal pockets. J Periodont 1996 67: 860-865.
102. Kinane DF, Radvar M. A six-month comparison of three periodontal local antimicrobial therapies in persistent periodontal pockets. J Periodont 1999 70: 1-7.
103. Bernimoulin P et al. Local versus systemic adjunctive antibiotic therapy in RPP patients. J Dent Res 1995 74: 481.
104. Paquette D et al. Radiographic and BANA test analysis of locally delivered metronidazole: a phase I/II clinical trial. J Dent Res 1994 73: 305.
105. Noyan Ü et al. A clinical and microbiological evaluation of systemic and local metronidazole delivery in adult periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodont 1997 24: 158-165.
106. Mombelli A, Lehmann B, Tonetti M et al. Clinical response to local delivery of tetracycline in relation to overall and local periodontal conditions. J Clin Periodont 1997 24: 470-477.