Pharmacotherapy, pharmacogenomics, and the future of alcohol dependence treatment, part 1

American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy

Volumn 61, Issue 21, 2004, Pages 2272-2279

  Kenna, George A ^a,b,f   McGeary, John E ^c   Swift, Robert M ^c,d,e  

^a BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Kent Hospital   (United States)

^c INSTITUTE OF PLANT PROTECTION   (China)

^d PROVIDENCE VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^e BROWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f ROGER WILLIAMS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Acamprosate; Alcohol deterrents; Alcoholism; Alcohols, ethyl; Anticonvulsants; Antidepressants; Antiemetics; Antipsychotic agents; Aripiprazole; Behavior therapy; Binding; Dependence; Disulfiram; Mechanism of action; Naltrexone; Ondansetron; Opiate antagonists

Indexed keywords

ACAMPROSATE; ALCOHOL; ARIPIPRAZOLE; DISULFIRAM; NALTREXONE; ONDANSETRON; SERTRALINE; TOPIRAMATE;

ALCOHOLISM; BEHAVIOR GENETICS; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DRUG BINDING; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MANUFACTURE; DRUG MARKETING; ENZYME INHIBITION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; HUMAN; LIBIDO DISORDER; MOLECULAR GENETICS; PHARMACOGENOMICS; POLYPHARMACY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; RELAPSE; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 12544254316     PISSN: 10792082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/61.21.2272     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Tenth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health, 2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2000.
2. Yi H, Williams GD, Dufour MC. Surveillance report #56: trends in alcohol-related fatal traffic crashes, United States, 1977-99. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Biometry and Epidemiology; 2001 Dec.
3. Office of Applied Studies. Results from the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: national findings. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2003; DHHS publication no. SMA 03-3836.
4. Grant BF. Prevalence and correlates of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol dependence in the United States. J Stud Alcohol. 1997; 58:464-73.
5. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS et al. Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. JAMA. 1990; 264:2511-8.
6. Grant BF, Harford TC, Dawson DA et al. Prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol use and dependence: United States, 1992. Epidemiologic bulletin no. 35. Alcohol Health Res World. 1994; 18:243-8.
7. Miller WR, Walters ST, Bennett ME. How effective is alcoholism treatment in the United States? J Stud Alcohol. 2001; 62:211-20.
8. DSM-IV: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2003.
9. Swift RM. Drug therapy in alcohol dependence. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340:1482-90.
10. Finney JW, Hahn AC, Moos RH. The effectiveness of inpatient and outpatient treatment for alcohol abuse: the need to focus on mediators and moderators of setting effects. Addiction. 1996; 91:1773-96.
11. West SL, Garbutt JC, Carey TS et al. Pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence. Evidence report number 3. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1999 Jan; AHCPR publication no. 99 E004.
12. Litten RZ, Allen J, Fertig J. Pharmacotherapies for alcohol problems: a review of research with focus on developments since 1991. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996; 20:859-76.
13. Chick J, Erickson CK. Conference summary: Consensus Conference on Alcohol Dependence and the Role of Pharmacotherapy in Its Treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996; 20:391-402.
14. Enoch MA. Pharmacogenomics of alcohol response and addiction. Am J Pharmacogenom. 2003; 3:217-32.
15. Heath AC. Genetic influences on alcoholism risk: a review on adoption and twin studies. Alcohol Health Res World. 1995; 19:166-71.
16. Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Madden PA et al. Genetic and environmental contributions to alcohol dependence risk in a national twin sample: consistency of findings in men and women. Psychol Med. 1997; 27:1381-96.
17. Severino G, Chillotti C, Stochino ME et al. Pharmacogenomics: state of the research and perspectives in clinical application. Neurol Sci. 2003; 24(suppl 2):S146-8.
18. Enoch MA, Goldman D. The genetics of alcoholism and alcohol abuse. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2001; 3:144-51.
19. Hoffman PL, Rabe CS, Grant KA et al. Ethanol and the NMDA receptor. Alcohol. 1990; 7:229-31.
20. Suzdak PD, Schwartz RD, Skolnick P et al. Ethanol stimulates gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-mediated chloride transport in rat brain synaptoneurosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1986; 83:4071-5.
21. A receptor. Alcohol Health Res World. 1997; 21:127-31.
22. Parsian A, Zhang ZH. Human chromosomes 11p15 and 4p12 and alcohol dependence: possible association with the GABRB1 gene. Am J Med Genet. 1999; 88:533-8.
23. Buck KJ, Hood HM. Genetic association of a GABA(A) receptor gamma2 subunit variant with severity of acute physiological dependence on alcohol. Mamm Genome. 1998; 9:975-8.
24. Schuckit MA, Mazzanti C, Smith TL et al. Selective genotyping for the role of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, and GABA alpha 6 receptors and the serotonin transporter in the level of response to alcohol: a pilot study. Biol Psychiatry. 1999; 45:647-51.
25. Loh EW, Ball D. Role of the GABA (A)beta2, GABA(A)alpha6, GABA(A) alpha1 and GABA(A)gamma2 receptor subunit genes cluster in drug responses and the development of alcohol dependence. Neurochem Int. 2000; 37:413-23.
26. Loh EW, Smith I I, Murray R et al. Association between variants at the GABAAbeta2, GABAAalpha6 and GABAAgamma2 gene cluster and alcohol dependence in a Scottish population. Mol Psychiatry. 2000; 5:452.
27. Sander T, Ball D, Murray R et al. Association analysis of sequence variants of GABA(A) alpha6, beta2, and gamma2 gene cluster and alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999; 23:427-31.
28. Dick DM, Edenberg HJ, Xuei X et al. Association of GABRG3 with alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004; 28:4-9.
29. Tsai G, Gastfriend DR, Coyle JT. The glutamatergic basis of human alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry. 1995; 152:332-40.
30. Sander T, Ostapowicz A, Samochowiec J et al. Genetic variation of the glutamate transporter EAAT2 gene and vulnerability to alcohol dependence. Psychiatr Genet. 2000; 10:103-7.
31. Nestler EJ, Guitart X, Ortiz J et al. Second messenger and protein phosphorylation mechanisms underlying possible genetic vulnerability to alcoholism. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994; 708:108-18.
32. Basavarajappa BS, Hungund BL. Neuromodulatory role of the endocannabinoid signaling system in alcoholism: an overview. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002; 66:287-99.
33. Thiele TE, Badia-Elder NE. A role for neuropeptide Y in alcohol intake control: evidence from human and animal research. Physiol Behav. 2003; 79:95-101.
34. Naassila M, Pierrefiche O, Ledent C et al. Decreased alcohol self-administration and increased alcohol sensitivity and withdrawal in CB1 receptor knockout mice. Neuropharmacology. 2004; 46:243-53.
35. Wang L, Liu J, Harvey-White J et al. Endocannabinoid signaling via cannabinoid receptor 1 is involved in ethanol preference and its age-dependent decline in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003; 100:1393-8.
36. Koob GF, Weiss F. Neuropharmacology of cocaine and ethanol dependence. Recent Dev Alcohol. 1992; 10:201-33.
37. Samson HH, Hodge CW. The role of the mesoaccumbens dopamine system in ethanol reinforcement: studies using the techniques of microinjection and voltammetry. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. 1993; 2:469-74.
38. Wise RA, Bozarth MA. A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction. Psychol Rev. 1987; 94:469-92.
39. Robinson TE, Berridge KC. The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Res Rev. 1993; 18:247-91.
40. Koob GF, Le Moal M. Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001; 24:97-129.
41. Chao J, Nestler EJ. Molecular neurobiology of drug addiction. Annu Rev Med. 2004; 55:113-32.
42. Fuller RK, Branchey L, Brightwell DR et al. Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. A Veterans Administration cooperative study. JAMA. 1986; 256:1449-55.
43. O'Malley S, Jaffe AJ, Chang G et al. Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992; 49:881-7.
44. Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M et al. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism (1992). Results from a multicenter usage study. The Naltrexone Usage Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992; 49:876-80.
45. Kranzler HR, Armeli S, Tennen H et al. Targeted naltrexone for early problem drinkers J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003; 23:294-304.
46. Lhuintre JP, Moore N, Tran G et al. Acamprosate appears to decrease alcohol intake in weaned alcoholics. Alcohol. 1990; 25:613-22.
47. Sass H, Soyka M, Mann K et al. Relapse prevention by acamprosate. Results from a placebo controlled study on alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychol. 1996; 53:673-80.
48. Pelc I, Verbanck P, LeBon O et al. Efficacy and safety of acamprosate in the treatment of detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. A 90-day placebo-controlled dose finding study. Br J Psychiatry. 1997; 171:73-7.
49. Fawcett J, Kravitz HM, McGuire M et al. Pharmacological treatments for alcoholism: revisiting lithium and considering buspirone. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000; 24:666-74.
50. Kranzlet HR, Burleson JA, Korner P et al. Placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine as an adjunct to relapse prevention in alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry. 1995; 152:391-7.
51. Cornelius JR, Salloum IM, Ehler JG et al. Fluoxetine in depressed alcoholics. A double-blind placebo controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997; 23:193-203.
52. Pettinati H, Volpicelli J, Kranzler H et al. Sertraline treatment for alcohol dependence. Interactive effects of medication and alcoholic subtype. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000; 24:1041-9.
53. Johnson BA, Roache J, Javors MA et al. Ondansetron for reduction of drinking among biologically predisposed patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000; 284:963-71.
54. Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Bowden CL et al. Oral topiramate for treatment of alcohol dependence: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003; 361:1677-85.
55. Garbutt JC, West SL, Carey TS et al. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: a review of the evidence. JAMA. 1999; 28:1318-25.
56. Kranzler H, Van Kirk J. Efficacy of naltrexone and acamprosate for alcoholism treatment: a meta analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001; 25:1335-41.
57. Neumark YD, Friedlander Y, Thomasson HR et al. Association of the ADH2*2 allele with reduced ethanol consumption in Jewish men in Israel: a pilot study. J Stud Alcohol. 1998; 59:133-9.
58. Monteiro MG, Klein JL, Schuckit MA. High levels of sensitivity to alcohol in young adult Jewish men: a pilot study. J Stud Alcohol. 1991; 52:464-9.
59. Thomasson HR, Crabb DW, Edenberg HJ et al. Alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphisms and alcoholism. Behav Genet. 1993; 23:131-6.
60. Agarwal DP. Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol metabolizing enzymes. Pathol Biol. 2001; 49:703-9.
61. Fuller RK, Gordis E. Does disulfiram have a role in alcoholism treatment today? Addiction. 2004; 99:21-34.
62. Kosten TR, George TP, Kosten TA. The potential of dopamine agonists in drug addiction. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2002; 11:491-9.
63. Petrakis IL, Carroll KM, Nich C et al. Disulfiram treatment for cocaine dependence in methadone-maintained opioid addicts. Addiction. 2000; 95:219-28.
64. Aguirre JC, Del Arbol JL, Raya J et al. Plasma beta-endorphin levels in chronic alcoholics. Alcohol. 1990; 7:409-12.
65. Gianoulakis C, Beliveau D, Angelogianni P et al. Different pituitary beta-endorphin and adrenal cortisol response to ethanol in individuals with high and low risk for future development of alcoholism. Life Sci. 1989; 45:1097-109.
66. Monti PM, Rohsenow DJ, Swift RM et al. Naltrexone and cue exposure with coping and communication skills training for alcoholics: treatment process and 1-year outcomes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001; 25:1634-47.
67. Davidson D, Palfai T, Bird C et al. Effects of naltrexone on alcohol self-administration in heavy drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999; 23:193-203.
68. Kranzler HR, Modesto-Lowe V, Van Kirk J. Naltrexone vs. nefazodone for treatment of alcohol dependence. A placebo-controlled trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2000; 22:493-503.
69. Krystal JH, Cramer JA, Krol WF et al. Veterans Affairs Naltrexone Cooperative Study 425 Group. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. N Engl J Med. 2001; 345:1734-9.
70. O'Malley SS, Froehlich JC. Advances in the use of naltrexone: an integration of preclinical and clinical findings. Recent Dev Alcohol. 2003; 16:217-45.
71. Bartus RT, Emerich DF, Hotz J et al. Vivitrex, an injectable, extended-release formulation of naltrexone, provides pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evidence of efficacy for 1 month in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003; 28:1973-82.
72. Bond C, LaForge KS, Tian M et al. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in the human mu opioid receptor gene alters beta-endorphin binding and activity: possible implications for opiate addiction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998; 95:9608-13.
73. Oslin DW, Berrettini W, Kranzler HR et al. A functional polymorphism of the mu-opioid receptor gene is associated with naltrexone response in alcohol-dependent patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003; 28:1546-52.
74. Koob GF, Sanna PP, Bloom FE. Neuroscience of addiction. Neuron. 1998; 21:467-76.
75. Stein L, Belluzzi JD. Cellular investigations of behavioral reinforcement. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1989; 13:69-80.
76. Kelso SR, Brown TH. Differential conditioning of associative synaptic enhancement in hippocampal brain slices. Science. 1986; 232:85-7.
77. Ungless MA, Whistler JL, Malenka JM et al. Single cocaine exposure in vivo induces long-term potentiation in dopamine neurons. Nature. 2001; 411:583-7.
78. Saal D, Dong Y, Bonci A et al. Drugs of abuse and stress trigger a common synaptic adaptation in dopamine neurons. Neuron. 2003; 37:577-82.
79. Kauer JA. Addictive drugs and stress trigger a common change at VTA synapses. Neuron. 2003; 37:549-50.
80. Krystal JH, Petrakis IL, Mason G et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors and alcoholism: reward, dependence, treatment, and vulnerability. Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 99:79-94.
81. Daost M, Legrand E, Gewiss M et al. Acamprosate modulates synaptosomal GABA transmission in chronically alcoholised rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1992; 41:669-74.
82. Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N. Neuropharmacological treatments for alcoholism: scientific basis and clinical findings. Psychopharmacology. 2000; 149:327-44.
83. Whitworth AB, Fischer F, Lesch OM et al. Comparison of acamprosate and placebo in long-term treatment of alcohol dependence. Lancet. 1996; 347:1438-42.
84. Paille FM, Guelfi JD, Perkins AC et al. Double-blind randomized multicentre trial of acamprosate in maintaining abstinence from alcohol. Alcohol. 1995; 30:239-47.
85. Forest Laboratories and Merck KGaA announce positive outcome of FDA advisory committee's review of acamprosate data, www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/ stories.pl?ACCT=105&STORY=/www/story/05-10-2002/0001725689 (accessed 2004 Jan 24).
86. COMBINE Study Research Group. Testing combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence (the COMBINE study): a pilot feasibility study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2003; 27:1123-31.
87. Carmen B, Angeles M, Ana M et al. Efficacy and safety of naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a systematic review. Addiction. 2004; 99:811-28.