Pharmacotherapies for alcohol problems: A review of research with focus on developments since 1991

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Volumn 20, Issue 5, 1996, Pages 859-876

  Litten, Raye Z ^a   Allen, John ^a   Fertig, Joanne ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Alcohol Withdrawal; Comorbidity; Craving; Medications; Pharmacotherapy

Indexed keywords

2 AMINO 5 PHOSPHONOVALERIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; 5,6 DIHYDRO 5 METHYL 6 OXO 4H IMIDAZO[1,5 A]THIENO[2,3 F][1,4]DIAZEPINE 3 CARBOXYLIC ACID TERT BUTYL ESTER; AMITROLE; BACLOFEN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BROMOCRIPTINE; BUSPIRONE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CHOLECYSTOKININ OCTAPEPTIDE; CORTICOTROPIN DERIVATIVE; DESIPRAMINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DISULFIRAM; DIZOCILPINE; EBIRATIDE; FLUOXETINE; GABOXADOL; IMIPRAMINE; ISOPRENALINE; N METHYL DEXTRO ASPARTIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; N(G) METHYLARGININE; NALTREXONE; OPIATE ANTAGONIST; RO 4513; TALTIRELIN; TIANEPTINE; TIAPRIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL; ALCOHOLISM; ANXIETY NEUROSIS; COMPULSION; DEPRESSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0029831320     PISSN: 01456008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb05264.x     Document Type: Review

References (247)

1. Litten RZ, Allen JP: Pharmacotherapies for alcoholism: Promising agents and clinical issues. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15:620-633, 1991
2. O'Malley SS, Croop RS, Wroblewski JM, Labriola DF, Volpicelli JR: Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence: A combined analysis of two trials. Psychiatr Ann 25:681-688, 1995
3. Croop RS, Labriola DF, Wroblewski JM, Nibbelink DW: An open label usage study of naltrexone as adjunctive pharmacotherapy for individuals with alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:16A, 1995
4. Greb J: A trial of ritanserin in patients with alcohol abuse. Presented at 35th Annual Meeting of New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit Program (NCDEU), Orlando, FL, June 1995
5. Mann K, Chabac S, Lehert P, Potgieter A, Sass H: Acamprosate improves treatment outcome in alcoholics: A pooled analysis of 11 randomized placebo controlled trials in 3338 patients. Presented at 34th Annual Meeting of American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, December 1995
6. Croop R: American and European Clinical Trials of Naltrexone. Presented for symposium International Update: New Findings on Promising Medications at Research Society on Alcoholism, Washington, DC, June 1996
7. Liskow BI, Goodwin DW: Pharmacological treatment of alcohol intoxication, withdrawal and dependence: A critical review. J Stud Alcohol 48:356-370, 1987
8. Schultz TK: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: Clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment, in Miller NS (ed): Comprehensive Handbook of Drug and Alcohol Addiction. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1991, pp 1091-1112
9. Anton RF, Becker HC: Pharmacotherapy and pathophysiology of alcohol withdrawal, in Kranzler HR (ed): The Pharmacology of Alcohol Abuse: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 114. Berlin Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp 315-367
10. Sellers EM, Naranjo CA, Harrison M, Devenyl P, Roach C, Sykora K: Diazepam loading: Simplified treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34:822-826, 1983
11. Wartenberg AA, Nirenberg TD, Liepman MR, Silvia LY, Begin AM, Mond PM: Detoxification of alcoholics: Improving care by symptom-triggered sedation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 14:71-75, 1990
12. Sullivan JT, Swift RM, Lewis DC: Benzodiazepine requirements during alcohol withdrawal syndrome: Clinical implications of using a standardized withdrawal scale. J Clin Psychopharmacol 11:291-295, 1991
13. Saitz R, Mayo-Smith MF, Roberts MS, Redmond HA, Bernard DR, Calkins DR: Individualized treatment for alcohol withdrawal: A randomized double-blind controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 272:519-523, 1994
14. Salloum IM, Cornelius JR, Daley DC, Thase ME: The utility of diazepam loading in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal among psychiatric inpatients. Psychopharmacol Bull 31:305-310, 1995
15. Johnston AL, Thevos AK, Randall CL, Anton RF: Increased severity of alcohol withdrawal in-patient alcoholics with a co-existing anxiety diagnosis. Br J Addict 86:719-725, 1991
16. Whitfield CL, Thompson G, Lamb A, Spencer V, Pfeifer M, Browning-Ferrando M: Detoxification of 1,024 alcoholic patients without psychoactive drugs. J Am Med Assoc 239:1409-1410, 1978
17. Naranjo CA, Sellers EM, Chater K, Iversen P, Roach C, Sykora K: Nonpharmacologic intervention in acute alcohol withdrawal. Clin Pharmacol Ther 34:214-219, 1983
18. Brown ME, Anton RF, Malcolm R, Ballenger JC: Alcohol detoxification and withdrawal seizures: Clinical support for a kindling hypothesis. Biol Psychiatry 23:507-514, 1988
19. Lechtenberg R, Worner TM: Relative kindling effect of detoxification and non-detoxification admissions in alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol 26:221-225, 1991
20. Booth BM, Blow FC: The kindling hypothesis: Further evidence from a U.S. national study of alcoholic men. Alcohol Alcohol 28:593-598, 1993
21. Ulrichsen J, Bech B, Allerup P, Hemmingsen R: Diazepam prevents progression of kindled alcohol withdrawal behaviour. Psychopharmacology 121:451-460, 1995
22. Romach MK, Sellers EM: Management of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Annu Rev Med 42:323-340, 1991
23. Baumgartner GR, Rowen RC: Transdermal clonidine versus chlordiazepoxide in alcohol withdrawal: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. South Med J 84:312-321, 1991
24. Adinoff B: Double-blind study of alprazolam, diazepam, clonidine, and placebo in the alcohol withdrawal syndrome: Preliminary findings. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:873-878, 1994
25. Butler D, Messina FS: Alcohol withdrawal and carbamazepine. Alcohol 3:113-129, 1986
26. Gallant DM: One more look at carbamazepine in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:1174-1175, 1992
27. Malcolm R, Ballenger JC, Sturgis ET, Anton R: Double-blind controlled trial comparing carbamazepine to oxazepam treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 146:617-621, 1989
28. Stuppaeck CH, Pycha R, Miller C, Withworth AB, Oberbauer H, Fleischhacker WW: Carbamazepine versus oxazepam in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal: A double-blind study. Alcohol Alcohol 27:153-158, 1992
29. Fadda F, Colombo G, Mosca E, Gessa FL: Suppression by gamma-hydroxybutyric acid of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Alcohol Alcohol 24:447-451, 1989
30. Gallimberti L, Canton G, Gentile N, Ferri M, Cibin M, Ferrara SD, Fadda F, Gessa GL: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Lancet 2:787-789, 1989
31. Di Bello MG, Gambassi F, Mugnai L, Masini E, Mannaioni PF: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid induced suppression and prevention of alcohol withdrawal syndrome and relief of craving in alcohol dependent patients. Alcologia 7:111-118, 1995
32. Crabbe JC: Antagonism of ethanol withdrawal convulsions in withdrawal seizure prone mice by diazepam and abecarnil. Eur J Pharmacol 221:85-90, 1992
33. Anton R, Kranzler HR, McEvoy JP, Moak DH, Bianca R: A double-blind comparison of abecarnil and diazepam in the treatment of uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal. Presented at 34th Annual Meeting of American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, December 1995
34. Nutt D, Glue P, Wilson S, Groves S, Coupland N, Bailey J: Flumazenil in alcohol withdrawal. Alcohol Alcohol (Suppl 2):337-347, 1993
35. Buck KJ, Heim H, Harris RA: Reversal of alcohol dependence and tolerance by a single administration of flumazenil. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 257:984-989, 1991
36. File SE, Zharkovsky A, Hitchcott PK: Effects of nitrendipine, chlordiazepoxide, flumazenil and baclofen on the increased anxiety resulting from alcohol withdrawal. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol & Biol-Psychiatry 16:87-93, 1992
37. Gerra G, Caccavari R, Volpi R, Maninetti L, Delsignore R, Coiro V: Effectiveness of flumazenil in the treatment of ethanol withdrawal. Curr Ther Res 50:62-66, 1991
38. Tsai G, Gasfriend DR, Coyle JT: The glutamatergic basis of human alcoholism. Am J Psychiatry 152:332-340, 1995
39. Hoffman PL, Rabe CS, Grant KA, Valverius P, Hudspith M, Tabakoff B: Ethanol and the NMDA receptor. Alcohol 7:229-231, 1990
40. Grant KA, Valverius P, Hudspith M, Tabakoff B: Ethanol withdrawal seizures and the NMDA receptor complex. Eur J Pharmacol 176:289-296, 1990
41. Grant KA, Snell LD, Rogawski MA, Thurkauf A, Tabakoff B: Comparison of the effects of the uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist (+)-5-aminocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzl[a,d]cyclophepten-5,10-imine (ADCL) with its structural analogs dizocilpine (MK-801) and carbamazepine on ethanol withdrawal seizures. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260:1017-1022, 1992
42. Liljequist S: The competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, CGP 39551, inhibits ethanol withdrawal seizures. Eur J Pharmacol 192:197-198, 1991
43. Morgan PF, Nadi NS, Karanian J, Linnoila M: Mapping rat brain structures activated during ethanol withdrawal: Role of glutamate and NMDA receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 225:217-223, 1992
44. Ripley TL, Little HJ: Effects on ethanol withdrawal hyperexcitability of chronic treatment with a competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272:112-118, 1995
45. National Institute on Mental Health: Workshop on NMDA receptor antagonists: Neurotoxicity evaluation. Rockville, MD, October 25-26, 1993
46. Sano H, Suzuki Y, Ohara K, Yazaki R, Ishigaki T, Yokoyama T, Ohara K: Circadian variation in plasma homovanillic acid level during and after alcohol withdrawal in alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:1047-1051, 1992
47. Shen RY, Chiodo LA: Acute withdrawal after repeated ethanol treatment reduces the number of spontaneously active dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res 622:289-293, 1993
48. Diana M, Pistis M, Carboni S, Gessa GL, Rossetti ZL: Profound decrement of mesolimbic dopaminergic neuronal activity during ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats: Electrophysiological and biochemical evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7966-7969, 1993
49. Mirovsky Y, Yu YL, Wagner GC, Sekowski AN, Goldberg M, Fisher H: Novel synergistic treatment of ethanol withdrawal seizures in rats with dopamine and serotonin agonists. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:160-163, 1995
50. Peters DH, Faulds D: Tiapride: A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in the management of alcohol dependence syndrome. Drugs 47:1010-1032, 1994
51. Littleton J: Alcohol intoxication and physical dependence: A molecular mystery tour. Br J Addict 84:267-276, 1989
52. Colombo G, Agabio R, Lobina C, Reali R, Melis F, Fadda F, Gessa GL: Effects of the calcium channel antagonist darodipine on ethanol withdrawal in rats. Alcohol Alcohol 30:125-131, 1995
53. Banger M, Benkert O, Roschke J, Herth T, Hebenstreit M, Philipp M, Aldenhoff JB: Nimodipine in acute alcohol withdrawal state. J Psychiatr Res 26:117-123, 1992
54. Bredt DS, Snyder SH: Nitric oxide: A physiologic messenger molecule. Annu Rev Biochem 63:175-195, 1994
55. Adams ML, Sewing BN, Chen J, Meyer ER, Cicero TJ: Nitric oxide-related agents alter alcohol withdrawal in male rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:195-199, 1995
56. Baldwin HA, Rassnick S, Rivier J, Koob GF, Britton KT: CRF antagonist reverses the "anxiogenic" response to ethanol withdrawal in the rat. Psychopharmacology 103:227-232, 1991
57. Rassnick S, Heinrichs SC, Britton KT, Koob GF: Microinjection of a corticotropin-releasing factor antagonist into the central nucleus of the amygdala reverses anxiogenic-like effects of ethanol withdrawal. Brain Res 605:25-32, 1993
58. Pol S, Nalpas B, Berthelot P: Dexamethasone for alcohol withdrawal. Ann Intern Med 114:705-706, 1991
59. Davido A, Cadranel JF, Levy A, Benhamou Y, Gargot D, Leplat P, Valla D, Opolon P: Effects of intravenous administration of dexamethasone in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 18:178-179, 1994
60. Gillman MA, Lichtigfeld FJ: Placebo and analgesic nitrous oxide for treatment of the alcohol withdrawal state. Br J Psychiatry 159:672-675, 1991
61. Lichtigfeld FJ, Gillman MA: Psychotropic analgesic nitrous oxide and neurotransmitter mechanisms involved in the alcohol withdrawal state. Int J Neurosci 76:17-33, 1994
62. Sandyk R: Analgesic nitrous oxide in alcohol withdrawal: The role of melatonin. Int J Neurosci 56:201-205, 1991
63. Aliyev NA: Application of a synthetic analogue of leu-enkephalin (Dalargin) in alcohol withdrawal. Drug Alcohol Depend 30:209-213, 1992
64. Tsueda K, Loyd GE, Heine MF, Duque F, Hass JE, Stocking JE: Opiates in ethanol withdrawal. Anesth Analg 81:874-877, 1995
65. Hungund BL, Mahadik SP: Role of gangliosides in behavioral and biochemical actions of alcohol: Cell membrane structure and function. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:329-339, 1993
66. 1. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:721-726, 1995
67. Gorelick DA: Serotonin uptake blockers and the treatment of alcoholism, in Galanter M (ed): Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Treatment Research, vol 7. New York, Plenum Press, 1989, pp 267-281
68. Naranjo CA, Sellers EM, Roach CA, Woodley DV, Sanchez-Craig M, Sykora K: Zimelidine-induced variations in alcohol intake by nondepressed heavy drinkers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 35:374-381, 1984
69. Naranjo CA, Sellers EM, Sullivan JT, Woodley DV, Kadlec K, Sykora K: The serotonin uptake inhibitor citalopram attenuate ethanol intake. Clin Pharmacol Ther 41:266-274, 1987
70. Naranjo CA, Sullivan JT, Kadlec KE, Woodley-Remus DV, Kennedy G, Sellers EM: Differential effects of viqualine on alcohol intake and other consummately behaviors. Clin Pharmacol Ther 46:301-309, 1989
71. Naranjo CA, Kadlec KE, Sanhueza P, Woodley-Remus D, Sellers EM: Fluoxetine differentially alters alcohol intake and other consummatory behaviors in problem drinkers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 47:490-498, 1990
72. Borg V: Bromocriptine in the prevention of alcohol abuse. Acta Psychiatr Scand 68:100-110, 1983
73. Lhuintre JP, Daoust M, Moore ND, Chretien P, Saligaut C, Tran G, Boismare F, Hillemand B: Ability of calcium bis acetyl homotaurine, a GABA agonist, to prevent relapse in weaned alcoholics. Lancet 1:1014-1016, 1985
74. Volpicelli JR, O'Brien CP, Alterman AI, Hayashida M: Naltrexone and the treatment of alcohol-dependence: Initial observations, in Reid LD (ed): Opioids, Bulimia, and Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1990, pp 195-214
75. Froehlich JC, Li TK: Opioid peptides, in Galanter M (ed): Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Ten Years of Progress, vol 11. New York, Plenum Press, 1993, pp 187-205
76. Volpicelli JR, Clay KL, Watson NT, Volpicelli LA: Naltrexone and the treatment of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Health Res World 18:272-278, 1994
77. Ulm RR, Volpicelli JR, Volpicelli LA: Opiates and alcohol self-administration in animals. J Clin Psychiatry 56(Suppl. 7):5-14, 1995
78. Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M, O'Brien CP: Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:876-880, 1992
79. O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, Schottenfeld RS, Meyer RE, Rounsaville B: Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence: A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:881-887, 1992
80. O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, Rode S, Schottenfeld R, Meyer RE, Rounsaville B: Six month follow-up of naltrexone and psychotherapy for alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:217-224, 1996
81. Volpicelli JR, Clay KL, Watson NT, O'Brien CP: Naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism: Predicting response to naltrexone. J Clin Psychiatry 56 (Suppl. 7):39-44, 1995
82. Jaffe AJ, O'Malley SS, Chang G, Schottenfeld RS, Meyer RE, Rounsaville B: Naltrexone, relapse prevention and supportive therapy with alcoholics: An analysis of patient treatment matching. J Consult Clin Psychol (in press)
83. Volpicelli JR, Watson NT, King AC, Sherman CE, O'Brien CP: Effect of naltrexone on alcohol "high" in alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry 152:613-615, 1995
84. O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Rode S, Rounsaville BJ: The experience of a "slip" among alcoholics on naltrexone versus placebo. Am J Psychiatry 153:281-283, 1996
85. Volpicelli JR, Clay KL, Rhines JS, Volpicelli LA, Alterman AI, O'Brien CP: Naltrexone and alcohol dependence: Role of subject compliance. Arch Gen Psychiatry (in press)
86. Bohn MJ, Kranzler HR, Beazoglou D, Staehler BA: Naltrexone and brief counseling to reduce heavy drinking. Am J Addict 3:91-99, 1994
87. Swift RM, Whelihan W, Kuznetsov O, Buongiorno G, Hsuing H: Naltrexone-induced alterations in human ethanol intoxication. Am J Psychiatry 151:1463-1467, 1994
88. Davidson D, Swift R, Fitz E: Naltrexone increases the latency to drink alcohol in social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res (in press), 1996
89. King AC, Volpicelli JR, Ehrman RN, Alterman A, Watson NT, Frazer A, O'Brien CP: Effects of naltrexone on alcohol drinking: Preliminary findings. Presented at Research Society on Alcoholism, Steamboat Springs, CO, June 1995
90. Doty P, de Wit H: Effects of naltrexone pretreatment on the subjective and performance effects of ethanol in social drinkers. Behav Pharmacol 6:386-394, 1995
91. Mason BJ, Ritvo EC, Morgan RO, Salvato FR, Goldberg G, Welch B, Mantero-Atienza E: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral nalmefene HCl for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:1162-1167, 1994
92. Froelich JC, Li TK: Opioid involvement in alcohol drinking. Ann NY Acad Sci 739:156-167, 1994
93. 2-opioid receptor antagonist naltriben selectively attenuates alcohol intake in rats bred for alcohol preference. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52:153-159, 1995
94. Le Magnen J, Tran G, Durlach J: Lack of effects of Ca-acetyl homotaurinate on chronic and acute toxicities of ethanol in rats. Alcohol 4:103-108, 1987
95. Grant KA, Woolverton WL: Reinforcing and discriminative stimulus effects of Ca-acetyl homotaurine in animals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 32:607-611, 1989
96. Boismane F, Daoust M, Moore N, Saligaut C, Lhuintre JP, Chretien P, Durlach J: A homotaurine derivative reduces the voluntary intake of ethanol by rats: Are cerebral GABA receptors involved? Pharmacol Biochem Behav 21:787-789, 1984
97. Le Magnen J, Tran G, Durlach J, Martin C: Dose-dependent suppression of the high alcohol intake of chronically intoxicated rats by Ca-acetyl homotaurinate. Alcohol 4:97-102, 1987
98. Lhuintre JP, Moore N, Tran G, Steru L, Langrenon S, Daoust M, Parot P, Ladure P, Libert C, Boismare F, Hillemand B: Acamprosate appears to decrease alcohol intake in weaned alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol 25:613-622, 1990
99. Gerra G, Caccavari R, Delsignore R, Bocchi R, Fertonani G, Passeri M: Effects of fluoxetine and Ca-acetyl-homotaurinate on alcohol intake in familial and nonfamilial alcoholic patients. Curr Ther Res 52: 291-295, 1992
100. Pelc I, LeBon O, Verbanck P, Lehert P, Opsomer L: Calcium-acetylhomotaurinate for maintaining abstinence in weaned alcoholic patients: A placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter study, in Naranjo CA, Sellers EM (eds): Novel Pharmacological Interventions for Alcoholism. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1992, pp 348-352
101. Paille FM, Guelfi JD, Perkins AC, Royer R, Steru L, Parot P: Double-blind randomized multicentre trial of acamprosate in maintaining abstinence from alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol 30:239-247, 1995
102. Littleton J: Acamprosate in alcohol dependence: How does it work? Addiction 90:1179-1188, 1995
103. Daoust M, Legrand E, Gewiss M, Heidbreder C, DeWitte P, Tran G, Durbin P: Acamprosate modulates synaptosomal GABA transmission in chronically alcoholized rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 41:669-674, 1992
104. Zeise ML, Kasparov S, Capogna M, Zieglgansberger W: Acamprosate (calcium acetylhomotaurinate) decreases postsynaptic potentials in the rat neocortex: Possible involvement of excitatory amino acid receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 231:47-52, 1993
105. Berton F, Francesconi W, Madamba SG. Zieglgansberger W. Siggins GR: The anti-craving agent acamprosate enhances NMDA-mediated EPSPs in rat nucleus accumbens neurons. Soc Neurosci 21:2101, 1995
106. Litten RZ, Allen JP: Reducing the desire to drink: Pharmacology and neurobiology, in Galanter M (ed): Recent Developments in Alcoholism: Ten Years of Progress, vol 11. New York, Plenum Press, 1993, pp 325-344
107. Naranjo CA, Bremner KE: Serotonin-altering medications and desire, consumption and effects of alcohol-treatment implications, in Jannson B, Jornvall H, Rydberg U, Terenius L, Vallee BL (eds): Toward a Molecular Basis of Alcohol Use and Abuse. Switzerland, Birkhauser Verlag Basel, 1994, pp 209-219
108. Naranjo CA, Poulos CX, Bremner KE, Lanctot KL: Citalopram decreases desirability, liking, and consumption of alcohol in alcohol-dependent drinkers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 51:729-739, 1992
109. Naranjo CA, Bremner KE, Lanctot KL: Effects of citalopram and a brief psycho-social intervention on alcohol intake, dependence and problems. Addiction 90:87-99, 1995
110. Gorelick DA, Paredes A: Effect of fluoxetine on alcohol consumption in male alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:261-265, 1992
111. Balldin J, Berggren U, Engel J, Eriksson M, Hard E, Soderpalm B: Effect of citalopram on alcohol intake in heavy drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:1133-1136, 1994
112. Kranzler HR, Burleson JA, Korner P, Del Boca FK, Bohn MJ, Brown J, Liebowitz N: Placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine as an adjunct to relapse prevention in alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry 152:391-397, 1995
113. Kranzler HR, Burleson J, Brown J: Fluoxetine may increase risk of relapse in high risk/severity alcoholics. Presented at 34th Annual Meeting of American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, December 1995
114. Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey MH, Noumair D, Lieber CS: Age of alcoholism onset. II: Relationship to susceptibility to serotonin precursor availability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:231-236, 1989
115. Linnoila MI, Virkkunen M: Aggression, suicidality, and serotonin. J Clin Psychiatry 53 (Suppl. 10):46-51, 1992
116. Martin PR, Adinoff B, Lane E, Stapleton JM, Bone GAH, Weingartner H, Linnoila M, Eckardt MJ: Fluvoxamine treatment of alcoholic amnestic disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 5:27-33, 1995
117. 3 receptor antagonist, suppresses voluntary ethanol consumption in alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Alcohol 26:107-110, 1991
118. Meert TF: Effects of various serotonergic agents on alcohol intake and alcohol preference in wistar rats selected at two different levels of alcohol preference. Alcohol Alcohol 28:157-170, 1993
119. 3 antagonist ICS 205-930. Alcohol 10:191-196, 1993
120. 3 receptor interactions in animals and humans. Drug Dev Res 30:153-169, 1993
121. 3 receptor antagonists on alcohol drinking in rats. Alcohol 12:387-391, 1995
122. Jankowska E, Kostowski W: The effect of tropisetron injected into the nucleus accumbens septi on ethanol consumption in rats. Alcohol 12:195-198, 1995
123. Jankowska E, Bidzinski A, Kostowski W: Alcohol drinking in rats injected ICV with 6-OHDA: Effect of 8-OHDPAT and tropisetron (ICS 205930). Alcohol 12:121-126, 1995
124. 3 antagonist on drug-induced stimulation of dopamine release. Eur J Pharmacology 164:515-519, 1989
125. 3 receptors attenuates the effects of ethanol on extracellular dopamine. Eur J Pharmacol 187:287-259, 1990
126. 3 receptor blockade: A preliminary study in healthy male volunteers. Psychopharmacology 112:142-144, 1993
127. Doty P, Zacny JP, de Wit H: Effects of ondansetron pretreatment on acute responses to ethanol in social drinkers. Behav Pharmacol 5:461-469, 1994
128. 3 antagonist ondansetron in alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:879-885, 1994
129. Meert TF, Janssen PAJ: Ritanserin, a new therapeutic approach for drug abuse. Part 1: Effects on alcohol. Drug Dev Res 24:235-249, 1991
130. Meert TF, Awouters F, Niemegeers CJE, Schellekens KHL, Janssen PAJ: Ritanserin reduces abuse of alcohol, cocaine, and fentanyl in rats. Pharmacopsychiatria 24:159-163, 1991
131. Panocka I, Massi M: Long-lasting suppression of alcohol preference in rats following serotonin receptor blockade by ritanserin. Brain Res Bull 28:493-496, 1992
132. Lin N, Hubbard JI: The increased ethanol preference in rats induced by choice, darkness, or drugs is reduced by ritanserin. Brain Res Bull 33:633-638, 1994
133. 2 antagonist amperozide. Alcohol 10:117-125, 1993
134. 2 receptor blockade by amperozide suppresses ethanol drinking in genetically preferring rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45:741-747, 1993
135. Myers RD, Lankford MF: Suppression of alcohol preference in high alcohol drinking rats: Efficacy of amperozide versus naltrexone. Neuropsychopharmacology 14:139-149, 1996
136. 2 receptor antagonist. Brain Res Bull 31:595-599, 1993
137. 2 antagonist FG 5893. Alcohol 10:243-248, 1993
138. 2 antagonist Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53:33-40, 1996
139. 2 receptor antagonist, ritanserin, to alter preference for alcohol in drinking rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 45:233-237, 1993
140. Rammsayer T, Vogel WH: Ritanserin and voluntary alcohol intake in rats. Integr Physiol Behav Sci 29:406-414, 1994
141. 2 antagonist, in heavy social drinkers: Desire to drink, alcohol intake and related effects. Addiction 90:893-905, 1995
142. Estevez F, Parrillo S, Giusti M, Monti JM: Single-dose ritanserin and alcohol in healthy volunteers: A placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol 12:541-545, 1995
143. Litten RZ, Allen JP: Dietary factors and alcohol consumption, in Watson RR, Watzl B (eds): Nutrition and Alcohol. Baco Raton, FL, CRC Press, 1992, pp 39-63
144. Ernouf D, Daoust M, Poulain D, Narcisse G: Triptosine, an L-5-hydroxytryptophan derivative, reduces alcohol consumption in alcohol-preferring rats. Alcohol Alcohol 27:273-276, 1992
145. George DT, Lindquist T, Rawlings RR, Eckardt MJ, Moss H, Mathis C, Martin RR, Linnoila M: Pharmacologic maintenance of abstinence in patients with alcoholism: No efficacy of 5-hydroxytryptophan or levodopa. Clin Pharmacol Ther 52:553-560, 1992
146. Fisher H, Hsu HC, Wagner GC: Suppression of ethanol intake in chickens by fenfluramine and dietary tryptophan. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15:1056-1059, 1991
147. Hitzig P: Combined dopamine and serotonin agonists: A synergistic approach to alcoholism and other addictive behaviors. Maryland Med J 42:153-157, 1993
148. Rothman RB: Treatment of alcohol and cocaine addiction by the combination of pemoline and fenfluramine: A preliminary case series. J Subst Abuse Treat 12:449-453, 1995
149. Knapp DJ, Benjamin D, Pohorecky LA: Effects of gepirone on ethanol consumption, exploratory behavior, and motor performance in rats. Drug Dev Res 26:319-341, 1992
150. Svensson L, Fahlke C, Hard E, Engel JA: Involvement of the serotonergic system in ethanol intake in the rat. Alcohol 10:219-224, 1993
151. 1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH DPAT) increase ethanol intake. Psychopharmacology 115:173-179, 1994
152. 4 receptor antagonist, GR113808, reduces ethanol intake in alcohol-preferring rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behavior 52:255-259, 1995
153. Biggio G, Cibin M, Diana M, Fadda F, Ferrara SD, Gallimberti L, Gessa GL, Mereu GP, Rossetti ZL, Serra M: Suppression of voluntary alcohol intake in rats and alcoholics by gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: A non-GABAergic mechanism, in Biggio G, Concas A, Costa E (eds): GABAergic Synaptic Transmission, Advances in Biochemical Psychopharmacology, vol 47. New York, Raven Press, 1992, pp 281-288
154. June HL, Lummis GH, Colker RE, Moore TO, Lewis MJ: Ro15-4513 attenuates the consumption of ethanol in deprived rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15:406-411, 1991
155. June HL, Colker RE, Domangue KR, Perry LE, Hicks LH, June PL, Lewis MJ: Ethanol self-administration in deprived rats: Effects of Ro15-4513 alone, and in combination with flumazenil (Ro15-1788). Alcohol Clin Res Exp Res 16:11-16, 1992
156. Rassnick SR, D'Amico E, Riley E, Koob GF: GABA antagonist and benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist reduce motivated responding for ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:124-130, 1993
157. Petry NM: RO 15-4513 selectively attenuates ethanol, but not sucrose, reinforced responding in a concurrent access procedure: Comparison to other drugs. Psychopharmacology 121:192-203, 1995
158. Wegelius K, Halonen T, Korpi ER: Gamma-vinyl GABA decreases voluntary alcohol consumption in alcohol-preferring AA rats. Pharmacol Toxicol 73:150-152, 1993
159. Boyle AE, Segal R, Smith BR, Amit Z: Bidirectional effects of GABAergic agonists and antagonists on maintenance of voluntary ethanol intake in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 46:179-182, 1993
160. Smith BR, Robidoux J, Amit Z: GABAergic involvement in the acquisition of voluntary ethanol intake in laboratory rats. Alcohol Alcohol 27:227-231, 1992
161. Gallimberti L, Ferri M, Ferrara SD, Fadda F, Gessa GL: Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol dependence: A double-blind study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:673-676, 1992
162. Koob GF: Drugs of abuse: Anatomy, pharmacology and function of reward pathways. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:177-184, 1992
163. Linseman MA: Effects of dopaminergic agents on alcohol consumption by rats in a limited access paradigm. Psychopharmacology 100: 195-200, 1990
164. Levy AD, Murphy JM, McBride WJ, Lumeng L, Li TK: Microinjection of sulpiride into the nucleus accumbens increases ethanol drinking in alcohol-preferring (P) rats. Alcohol Alcohol (Suppl. 1):417-420, 1991
165. Rassnick S, Pulvirenti L, Koob GF: Oral ethanol self-administration in rats is reduced by the administration of dopamine and glutamate receptor antagonists into the nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology 109:92-98, 1992
166. Rassnick S, Pulvirenti L, Koob GF: SDZ-205,152, a novel dopamine receptor agonist, reduces oral ethanol self-administration in rats. Alcohol 10:127-132, 1993
167. 2 dopamine receptor agents on ethanol consumption in the high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) line of rats. Alcohol 10:207-212, 1993
168. Samson HH, Hodge CW, Tolliver GA, Haraguchi M: Effect of dopamine agonists and antagonists on ethanol-reinforced behavior: The involvement of the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res Bull 30:133-141, 1993
169. Ng GYK, George SR: Dopamine receptor agonist reduces ethanol self-administration in the ethanol-preferring C57BL/6J inbred mouse. Eur J Pharmacol 269:365-374, 1994
170. Rassnick S, Stinus L, Koob GF: The effects of 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nucleus accumbens and the mesolimbic dopamine system on oral self-administration of ethanol in the rat. Brain Res 623:16-24, 1993
171. Dongier M, Vachon L, Schwartz G: Bromocriptine in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15:970-977, 1991
172. Powell BJ, Campbell JL, Landon JF, Liskow BI, Thomas HM, Nickel EJ, Dale TM, Penick EC, Samuelson SD, Lacoursiere RB: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of nortriptyline and bromocriptine in male alcoholics subtyped by comorbid psychiatric disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19:462-468, 1995
173. 2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Nature Med 1:337-342, 1995
174. Shaw GK, Majumdar SK, Waller S, MacGarvie J, Dunn G: Tiapride in the long-term management of alcoholics of anxious or depressive temperament. Br J Psychiatry 150:164-168, 1987
175. Shaw GK, Waller S, Majumdar SK, Alberts JL, Latham CJ, Dunn G: Tiapride in the prevention of relapse in recently detoxified alcoholics. Br J Psychiatry 165:515-523, 1994
176. Docherty JM, Harding S, Grupp LA: Reduction of ethanol intake by aerosol inhalation of a β-adrenergic agonist: New route-New treatment approach? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:1051-1054, 1993
177. Wahlstrom G, Nordberg A: Atropine as an inhibitor of voluntary ethanol intake in male rats. Alcohol Alcohol 27:381-391, 1992
178. Rezvani AH, Grady DR, Janowsky DS: Effect of calcium-channel blockers on alcohol consumption in alcohol-drinking monkeys. Alcohol Alcohol 26:261-167, 1991
179. Fadda F, Garau B, Colombo G, Gessa GL: Isradipine and other calcium channel antagonists attenuate ethanol consumption in ethanol-preferring rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26:449-452, 1992
180. Aragon CMG, Amit Z: The effect of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on voluntary ethanol consumption: Evidence for brain catalase involvement in the mechanism of action. Neuropharmacology 31:709-712, 1992
181. Szczepanska R, Grupp LA: Bestatin, an aminopeptidase B inhibitor, selectively reduces alcohol intake in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:434-437, 1993
182. Keung WM, Vallee BL: Daidzin and daidzein suppress free-choice ethanol intake by Syrian Golden hamsters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:10008-10012, 1993
183. Rezvani AH, Overstreet DH, Lee YW: Attenuation of alcohol intake by ibogaine in three strains of alcohol-preferring rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 52:615-620, 1995
184. Rezvani AH, Garbutt JC, Shimoda K, Garges PL, Janowsky DS, Mason GA: Attenuation of alcohol preference in alcohol-preferring rats by a novel TRH analogue, TA-0910. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:326-330, 1992
185. Mason GA, Rezvani AH, Grady DR, Garbutt JC: The subchronic effects of the TRH analog TA-0910 and bromocriptine on alcohol preference in alcohol-preferring rats: Development of tolerance and cross-tolerance. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:1196-1201, 1994
186. 4-10. Alcohol 8:401-404, 1991
187. 4-9 analog) on free-choice ethanol consumption in male and female rats. Life Sci 49:2005-2011, 1991
188. Kulkosky PJ, Holst WE, Smith WG, Dietze MA: Effect of CCK-8 on intake of caffeine, ethanol, and water. Bull Psychon Soc 29:441-444, 1991
189. Kulkosky PJ, Clayborne YJ, Sandoval SL: Cholecystokinin and bombesin inhibit ethanol and food intake in rats selectively bred for ethanol sensitivity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:545-551, 1993
190. Ross AD, Perlanski E, Grupp LA: The amino acid composition of angiotensin alters its ability to reduce alcohol consumption in rats. Alcohol 8:349-354, 1991
191. Grupp LA, Chow SYM: Time-dependent effect of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, abutapril, on voluntary alcohol intake in the rat. Alcohol Alcohol 27:267-271, 1992
192. Robertson JM, Harding S, Grupp LA: Captopril and hydrochlorothiazide (Capozide) combine to enhance the reduction in voluntary alcohol intake in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:951-957, 1993
193. Naranjo CA, Kadlec KE, Sanhueza P, Woodley-Remus D, Sellers EM: Enalapril effects on alcohol intake and other consummatory behaviors in alcoholics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 50:96-106, 1991
194. 8)-Vasopressin. Alcohol Alcohol 27:403-410, 1992
195. Fuller RK, Branchey L, Brightwell DR, Derman RM, Emrick CD, Iber FL, James KE, Lacoursiere RB, Lee KK, Lowenstam I, Maany I, Neiderhiser D, Nocks JJ, Shaw S: Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism: A veterans administration cooperative study. J Am Med Assoc 256:1449-1455, 1986
196. Allen JP, Litten RZ: Techniques to enhance compliance with disulfiram. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:1035-1041, 1992
197. Chick J, Gough K, Falkowski W, Kershaw P, Hore B, Mehta B, Ritson B, Ropner R, Torley D: Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. Br J Psychiatry 161:84-89, 1992
198. Johnsen J, Morland J: Disulfiram implant: A double-blind placebo controlled follow-up on treatment outcome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 15:532-536, 1991
199. Hart BW, Faiman MD: In vivo pharmacodynamic studies of the disulfiram metabolite S-methyl N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide: Inhibition of liver aldehyde dehydrogenase. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:340-345, 1994
200. Fuller RK, Litten RZ: Drugs to decrease alcohol consumption in humans: Aversive agents, in Kranzler HR (ed): The Pharmacology of Alcohol Abuse: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 114. Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp 369-381
201. Annis HM, Peachey JE: The use of calcium carbimide in relapse prevention counselling: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Br J Addict 87:63-72, 1992
202. Ciraulo DA, Barnhiil JG, Jaffe JG: Clinical pharmacokinetics of imipramine and desipramine in alcoholics and normal volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 43:509-518, 1988
203. Dorus W, Ostrow DG, Anton R, Cushman P, Collins JF, Schaefer M, Charles HL, Desai P, Hayashida M, Malkerneker U, Willenbring M, Fiscella R, Sather MR: Lithium treatment of depressed and nondepressed alcoholics. J Am Med Assoc 262:1646-1652, 1989
204. Kranzler HR, Meyer RE: An open trial of buspirone in alcoholics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 9:379-380, 1989
205. Bruno F: Buspirone in the treatment of alcoholic patients. Psychopathology 22:49-59, 1989
206. Mason BJ, Kocsis JH: Desipramine treatment of alcoholism. Psychopharmacol Bull 27:155-161, 1991
207. Mason BJ, Kocsis JH, Ritvo EC, Cutler RB: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of desipramine in primary alcoholics stratified on the presence or absence of major depression. J Am Med Assoc 275:1-7, 1996
208. Nunes EV, McGrath PJ, Quitkin FM, Stewart JP, Harrison W, Tricamo E, Ocepek-Welikson K: Imipramine treatment of alcoholism with comorbid depression. Am J Psychiatry 150:963-965, 1993
209. McGrath PJ, Nunes EV, Stewart JW, Goldman D, Agosti V, Ocepek-Welikson K, Quitkin FM: Imipramine treatment of alcoholics with primary depression: A placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53:232-240, 1996
210. McBride WJ, Murphy JM, Lumeng L, Li T-K: Effects of Ro 15-4513, fluoxetine and desipramine on the intake of ethanol, water and food by the alcohol-preferring (P) and -nonpreferring (NP) lines of rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30:1045-1050, 1988
211. Cornelius JR, Salloum IM, Cornelius MD, Perel JM, Thase ME, Ehler JG, Mann JJ: Fluoxetine trial in suicidal depressed alcoholics. Psychopharmacol Bull 29:195-199, 1993
212. Cornelius JR, Salloum IM, Cornelius MD, Perel JM, Ehler JG, Jarrett PJ, Levin RL, Black A, Mann JJ: Preliminary report: Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in depressed alcoholics. Psychopharmacol Bull 31:297-303, 1995
213. Brady KT, Sonne SC, Roberts JM: Sertraline treatment of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol dependence. J Clin Psychiatry 56:502-504, 1995
214. Tollefson GD, Montague-Clouse J, Tollefson SL: Treatment of comorbid generalized anxiety in a recently detoxified alcoholic population with a selective serotonergic drug (buspirone). J Clin Psychopharmacol 12:19-26, 1992
215. Malcolm R, Anton RF, Randall CL, Johnston A, Brady K, Thevos A: A placebo-controlled trial of buspirone in anxious inpatient alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:1007-1013, 1992
216. Kranzler HR, Burleson JA, Del Boca FK, Babor TF, Korner P, Brown J, Bohn MJ: Buspirone treatment of anxious alcoholics: A placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:720-731, 1994
217. Favre JD, Marey C, Delalleau CB, Loo H: Alcohol and drug dependence-role of the new antidepressant tianeptine. Presented at 36th International Congress Alcohol and Drug Dependence, Glasgow, 1992
218. Malka R, Loo H, Ganry H, Souche A, Marey C, Kamoun A: Long-term administration of tianeptine in depressed patients after alcohol withdrawal. Br J Psychiatry 160 (Suppl. 15):66-71, 1992
219. Peters DH, Faulds D: Tiapride: A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic potential in the management of alcohol dependence syndrome. Drugs 47:1010-1032, 1994
220. Brady KT, Soone SC, Anton R, Ballenger JC: Valproate in the treatment of acute bipolar affective episodes complicated by substance abuse: A pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 56:118-121, 1995
221. Perez-Reyes M, Jeffcoat AR, Myers M, Sihler K, Cook CE: Comparison in humans of the potency and pharmacokinetics of intravenously injected cocaethylene and cocaine. Psychopharmacology 116:428-432, 1994
222. Liebson I, Bigelow G, Flamer R: Alcoholism among methadone patients: A specific treatment method. Am J Psychiatry 130:483-486, 1973
223. Liebson I, Tommasello A, Bigelow GE: A behavioral treatment of alcoholic methadone patients. Ann Intern Med 89:342-344, 1978
224. Bickel WK, Marion I, Lowinson JH: The treatment of alcoholic methadone patients: A review. J Subst Abuse Treat 4:15-19, 1987
225. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA): Methadone maintenance and patients in alcoholism treatment. Alcohol Alert 1 (August):1-4, 1988
226. Carroll K, Ziedonis D, O'Malley S, McCance-Kate E, Gordon L, Rounsaville B: Pharmacologic interventions for alcohol- and cocaine-abusing individuals: A pilot study of disulfiram vs. naltrexone. Am J Addict 2:77-79, 1993
227. Higgins ST, Budney AJ, Bickel WK, Hughes JR, Foerg F: Disulfiram therapy in patients abusing cocaine and alcohol. Am J Psychiatry 150:675-676, 1993
228. A receptors in the actions of alcohol and in alcoholism: Recent advances. Alcohol Alcohol 29:115-129, 1994
229. June HL, Duemler SE, Greene TL, Williams JA, Lin M, Devaraju SL, Chen SHA, Lewis MJ, Murphy JM: Effects of the benzodiazepine inverse agonist RO19-4603 on the maintenance of tolerance to a single dose of ethanol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274:1105-1112, 1995
230. Lheureux P, Askenasi R: Efficacy of flumazenil in acute alcohol intoxication: Double blind placebo-controlled evaluation. Hum Exp Toxicol 10:235-239, 1991
231. Lheureux P, Fontaine J, Askenasi R: Effect of flumazenil in a model of acute alcohol intoxication in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 12:177-180, 1993
232. Khanna JM, Wu PH, Weiner J, Kalant H: NMDA antagonist inhibits rapid tolerance to ethanol. Brain Res Bull 26:643-645, 1991
233. Khanna JM, Mihic SJ, Weiner J, Shah G, Wu PH, Kalant H: Differential inhibition by NMDA antagonists of rapid tolerance to, and cross-tolerance between, ethanol and chlordiazepoxide. Brain Res 574: 251-256, 1992
234. White JM, Smith AM: Modification of the behavioural effects of ethanol by nifedipine. Alcohol Alcohol 27:137-141, 1992
235. Sullivan JT: Effects of verapamil on the acquisition of ethanol tolerance. Life Sci 52:1295-1300, 1993
236. Perez-Reyes M, White WR, Hicks RE: Interaction between ethanol and calcium channel blockers in humans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 16:769-775, 1992
237. Hoffman PL: The influence of neurohypophysial hormones on central nervous system processes of adaptation: Functional tolerance to ethanol. Ann NY Acad Sci 689:300-308, 1993
238. Wallis CJ, Rezazadeh SM, Lai H: GM1 ganglioside reduces ethanol intoxication and the development of ethanol dependence. Alcohol 12:573-580, 1995
239. Melchior CL, Ritzmann RF: Dehydroepiandrosterone is an anxiolytic in mice on the plus maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 47:437-441, 1994
240. Melchior CL, Ritzmann RF: Pregnenolone and pregnenolone sulfate, alone and with ethanol, in mice on the plus-maze. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 48:893-897, 1994
241. Melchior CL, Ritzmann RF: Neurosteroids block the memory-impairing effects of ethanol in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 53:51-56, 1996
242. Lipkin R: Herbal agent limits alcohol absorption. Sci News 148: 135, 1995
243. Hughes JR: Clinical implications of the association between smoking and alcoholism, in Fertig JB, Allen JP (eds): Alcohol and Tobacco: From Basic Science to Clinical Practice, Research Monograph No. 30, Bethesda, MD, NIH Publication No. 95-3931, 1995, pp 171-185
244. Ciraulo DA, Alderson LM, Chapron DJ, Jaffe JH, Subbarao B, Kramer PA: Imipramine disposition in alcoholics. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2:2-7, 1982
245. Mattson ME, Allen JP, Longabaugh R, Nickless CJ, Connors GJ, Kadden RM: A chronological review of empirical studies matching alcoholic clients to treatment. J Stud Alcohol (Suppl. 12):16-29, 1994
246. O'Malley S: Naltrexone therapy for alcoholism. Presented at 148th Annual Meeting of American Psychiatric Association, Miami, FL, May 1995
247. Merikangas KR, Gelernter CS: Comorbidity for alcoholism and depression. Psychiatr Clin North Am 13:613-632