Low versus high CD4 cell count as starting point for introduction of antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor settings: A scenario-based analysis

Antiviral Therapy

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 43-50

  Bogaards, Johannes A ^a   Weverling, Gerrit Jan ^a   Geskus, Ronald B ^b   Miedema, Frank ^c   Lange, Joep M A ^a   Bossuyt, Patrick M M ^a   Goudsmit, Jaap ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b MUNICIPAL HEALTH SERVICE   (Netherlands)

^c NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CD4 ANTIGEN;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; LEUKOCYTE COUNT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESOURCE ALLOCATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COHORT STUDIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; HIV INFECTIONS; HOMOSEXUALITY, MALE; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; INCIDENCE; MALE; MEDICALLY UNDERSERVED AREA; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 12244296147     PISSN: 13596535     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Sepkowitz KA. AIDS - the first 20 years. New England Journal of Medicine 2001; 344:1764-1772.
2. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. AIDS epidemic update: December 2000. Issued December 2000. ISBN: 92-9173-008-4.
3. Binswanger HP. HIV/AIDS treatment for millions. Science 2001; 292:221-223.
4. Sachs JD. A new global commitment to disease control in Africa. Nature Medicine 2001; 7:521-523.
5. Gallant JE. Strategies for long-term success in the treatment of HIV infection. Journal of the American Medical Association 2000; 283:1329-1334.
6. Ho DD. Time to hit HIV, early and hard. New England Journal of Medicine 1995; 333:450-451.
7. Hoen B, Dumon B, Harzic M, Venet A, Dubeaux B, Lascoux C, Bourezane Y, Ragnaud JM, Bicart-See A, Raffi F, Beauvais L, Fleury H & Sereni D. Highly active antiretroviral treatment initiated early in the course of symptomatic primary HIV-1 infection: results of the ANRS 053 Trial. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999; 180: 1342-1346.
8. Rosenberg ES, Altfeld M, Poon SH, Phillips MN, Wilkes BM, Eldridge RL, Robbins GK, D'Aquila RT, Goulder PJ & Walker BD. Immune control of HIV-1 after early treatment of acute infection. Nature 2000; 407:523-526.
9. Carr A & Cooper DA. Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 2000; 356:1423-1430.
10. de Ronde A, van Dooren M, van der Hoek L, Bouwhuis D, de Rooij E, van Gemen B, de Boer R & Goudsmit J. Establishment of new transmissible and drug-sensitive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 wild types due to transmission of nucleoside analogue-resistant virus. Journal of Virology 2001; 75:595-602.
11. Mellors JW, Muñoz A, Giorgi JV, Margolick JB, Tassoni CJ, Gupta P, Kingsley LA, Todd JA, Saah AJ, Detels R, Phair JP & Rinaldo CR Jr. Plasma viral load and CD4+ lymphocytes as prognostic markers of HIV-1 infection. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997; 126:946-954.
12. Yong FH, Taylor JM, Bryant JL, Chmiel JS, Gange SJ & Hoover D. Dependence of the hazard of AIDS on markers. AIDS 1997; 11:217-228.
13. World Health Organization. Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: guidelines for a public health approach. International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care Monthly 2002; 8:168-175.
14. Yeni PG, Hammer SM, Carpenter CC, Cooper DA, Fischl MA, Gatell JM, Gazzard BG, Hirsch MS, Jacobsen DM, Katzenstein DA, Montaner JS, Richman DD, Saag MS, Schechter M, Schooley RT, Thompson MA, Vella S & Volberding PA. Antiretroviral treatment for adult HIV infection in 2002. Updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel. Journal of the American Medical Association 2002; 288:222-235.
15. Dybul M, Fauci AS, Bartlett JG, Kaplan JE & Pau AK. Guidelines for using antiretroviral agents among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. The Panel on Clinical Practices for the Treatment of HIV. Annals of Internal Medicine 2002; 137:381-433.
16. Sekaly RP & Rooke R. CD4. In Encyclopedia of Immunology 2nd Edition. Edited by PJ Delves & IM Roitt. 1998; pp. 468-472. Academic Press.
17. Jenny-Avital ER & Beatrice ST. Erroneously low or undetectable plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) ribonucleic acid load, determined by polymerase chain reaction, in West African and American patients with non-B subtype HIV-1 infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001; 32:1227-1230.
18. van Griensven GJ, Tielman RA, Goudsmit J, van der Noordaa J, de Wolf F, de Vroome EM & Coutinho RA. Risk factors and prevalence of HIV antibodies in homosexual men in the Netherlands. American Journal of Epidemiology 1987; 125:1048-1057.
19. Centers for Disease Control. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 1992; 41:1-19.
20. Grant AD, Djomand G, Smets P, Kadio A, Coulibaly M, Kakou A, Maurice C, Whitaker JP, Sylla-Koko F, Bonard D, Wiktor SZ, Hayes RJ, De Cock KM & Greenberg AE. Profound immunosuppression across the spectrum of opportunistic disease among hospitalized HIV-infected adults in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. AIDS 1997; 11:1357-1364.
21. Adu-Sarkodie Y, Sangare A, d'Almeida OA & Kanmogne GD. Distribution of CD4+ T-lymphocytes levels in patients with clinical symptoms of AIDS in three West African countries. Journal of Clinical Virology 1998; 11:173-181.
22. van der Ryst E, Kotze M, Joubert G, Steyn M, Pieters H, van der Westhuizen M, van Staden M & Venter C. Correlation among total lymphocyte count, absolute CD4+ count, and CD4+ percentage in a group of HIV-1-infected South African patients. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes & Human Retrovirology 1998; 19:238-244.
23. McNeil AJ. Bayes estimates for immunological progression rates in HIV disease. Statistics in Medicine 1997; 16:2555-2572.
24. Taylor JM & Law N. Does the covariance structure matter in longitudinal modelling of future CD4 counts? Statistics in Medicine 1998; 17:2381-2394.
25. van Leeuwen R, van den Hurk PJ, Mulder JW, Roos MTL, Schellekens PT, Reiss P & Lange JM. Opportunistic diseases as measure of immunodeficiency in HIV infection. In Immunodeficiency in HIV infection and AIDS. EC/FERS/MRC workshop on immunodeficiency in HIV-1 infections, Windsor, UK, 1991. Edited by G Janossy, B Autran & F Miedema. 1992; pp. 54-63. Basel: Karger.
26. Gottlieb GS, Sow PS, Hawes SE, Ndoye I, Redman M, Coll-Seck AM, Faye-Niang MA, Diop A, Kuypers JM, Critchlow CW, Respess R, Mullins JI & Kiviat NB. Equal plasma viral loads predict a similar rate of CD4+ T cell decline in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1- and HIV-2-infected individuals from Senegal, West Africa. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002; 185:905-914.
27. Laurent C, Bourgeois A, Faye MA, Mougnutou R, Seydi M, Gueye M, Liegeois F, Kane CT, Butel C, Mbuagbaw J, Zekeng L, Mboup S, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Peeters M & Delaporte E. No difference in clinical progression between patients infected with the predominant Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 circulating recombinant form (CRF) 02_AG strain and patients not infected with CRF02_AG, in Western and West-Central Africa: a four-year prospective multicenter study. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002; 186:486-492.
28. Kaleebu P, French N, Mahe C, Yirrell D, Watera C, Lyagoba F, Nakiyingi J, Rutebemberwa A, Morgan D, Weber J, Gilks C & Whitworth J. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 envelope subtypes A and D on disease progression in a large cohort of HIV-1-positive persons in Uganda. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002; 185:1244-1250.
29. Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B & Whitworth JA. Progression to symptomatic disease in people infected with HIV-1 in rural Uganda: prospective cohort study. British Medical Journal 2002; 324:193-196.
30. Del Amo J, Petruckevitch A, Phillips AN, Johnson AM, Stephenson J, Desmond N, Hanscheid T, Low N, Newell A, Obasi A, Paine K, Pym A, Theodore CM & De Cock KM. Disease progression and survival in HIV-1-infected Africans in London. AIDS 1998; 12:1203-1209.
31. Del Amo J, Petruckevitch A, Phillips AN, Johnson AM, Stephenson JM, Desmond N, Hanscheid T, Low N, Newell A, Obasi A, Paine K, Pym A, Theodore CM & De Cock KM. Spectrum of disease in Africans with AIDS in London. AIDS 1996; 10:1563-1569.
32. Kassa E, Rinke de Wit TF, Hailu E, Girma M, Messele T, Mariam HG, Yohannes S, Jurriaans S, Yeneneh H, Coutinho RA & Fontanet AL. Evaluation of the World Health Organization staging system for HIV infection and disease in Ethiopia: association between clinical stages and laboratory markers. AIDS 1999; 13:381-389.
33. Weverling GJ, Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, Kirk O, Gonzales-Lahoz J, d'Arminio Monforte A, Proenca R, Phillips AN, Lundgren JD & Reiss P. Discontinuation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis after start of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. EuroSIDA Study Group. Lancet 1999; 353:1293-1298.
34. Furrer H, Egger M, Opravil M, Bernasconi E, Hirschel B, Battegay M, Telenti A, Vernazza PL, Rickenbach M, Flepp M & Malinverni R. Discontinuation of primary prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1 infected adults treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340:1301-1306.
35. Gray RH, Wawer MJ, Brookmeyer R, Sewankambo NK, Serwadda D, Wabwire-Mangen F, Lutalo T, Li X, van Cott T, Quinn TC & Rakai Project Team. Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. Lancet 2001; 357:1149-1153.
36. Diagbouga S, Durand G, Sanou PT, Dahourou H & Ledru E. Evaluation of a quantitative determination of CD4 and CD8 molecules as an alternative to CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts in Africans. Tropical Medicine & International Health 1999; 4:79-84.
37. Murphy EL, Collier AC, Kalish LA, Assmann SF, Para MF, Flanigan TP, Kumar PN, Mintz L, Wallach FR, Nemo GJ & Viral Activation Transfusion Study Investigators. Highly active antiretroviral therapy decreases mortality and morbidity in patients with advanced HIV disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001; 135:17-26.
38. Hogg RS, Yip B, Chan KJ, Wood E, Craib KJ, O'Shaughnessy MV & Montaner JS. Rates of disease progression by baseline CD4 cell count and viral load after initiating triple-drug therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001; 286:2568-2577.
39. Schwartländer B, Ghys PD, Pisani E, Kiessling S, Lazzari S, Carael M & Kaldor JM. HIV surveillance in hard-to-reach populations. AIDS 2001; 15(Suppl. 3):S1-3.
40. Lamptey PR. Reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV in poor countries. British Medical Journal 2002; 324:207-211.