International issues on human health effects of exposure to chemical mixtures

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 110, Issue SUPPL. 6, 2002, Pages 893-899

  Feron, Victor J ^a   Cassee, Flemming R ^b   Groten, John P ^a   van Vliet, Petronella W ^c   van Zorge, Job A ^d  

^a TNO   (Netherlands)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^c Health Council of the Netherlands   (Netherlands)

^d Spatial Planning and the Environment ^*  (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Airports; Classification; Flavors; Irritants; Mathematics; Mixtures; Models; Statistics; Toxicogenomics; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER; ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL; FLAVORING AGENT; FOOD ADDITIVE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

AIR POLLUTANT; AIRBORNE PARTICLE; AIRPORT; AMBIENT AIR; COMPUTER PREDICTION; COMPUTER PROGRAM; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ECOTOXICOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; FOOD INTAKE; GENE EXPRESSION; HEALTH HAZARD; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; NOSE CANCER; PARTICLE SIZE; PATTERN RECOGNITION; POPULATION EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; RESEARCH; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; WATER TREATMENT;

EID: 12244276790     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.02110s6893     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Feron VJ, Cassee FR, Groten JP. Toxicology of chemical mixtures: international perspective. Environ Health Perspect 106(suppl 6):1281-1289 (1998).
2. Health Council of The Netherlands. Combined exposure to various chemicals in the environment. In: Establishment of Health-Based Recommendations for Setting Standards for Non-Carcinogenic Substances. The Hague:Health Council of The Netherlands, 1985;55-73.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Guidelines for the health risk assessment of chemical mixtures. Fed Reg 51 (185):34014-34025 (1986).
4. U.S. EPA. Technical Support Document on Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. EPA/600/8-90/064. Washington, DC:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990.
5. Calabrese EJ. Multiple Chemical Interactions. Chelsea, MI:Lewis Publishers, 1991.
6. Yang RSH. Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures. Case Studies, Mechanisms, and Novel Approaches. San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1994.
7. Yang RSH. Some current approaches for studying combination toxicology in mixtures. Food Chem Toxicol 34:1037-1044 (1996).
8. Cassee FR, Groten JP, Van Bladeren PJ, Feron VJ. Toxicological evaluation and risk assessment of chemical mixtures. Crit Rev Toxicol 28:73-101 (1998).
9. Reif AE. Synergism in carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst 73:25-39 (1984).
10. Eisenbrand G, Hofer M, Kroes R, Shuker L. Assessing health risks from environmental exposure to chemicals: the example of drinking water. Food Chem Toxicol 38 (suppl 1):S1-S110 (2000).
11. Kool HJ, Van Kreijil CF, Oers H. Mutagenic activity in drinking water in The Netherlands. Toxicol Environ Chem 7:111-129 (1984).
12. Kligerman AD. In vivo cytogenetic effects from exposure to chemical mixtures. In: Toxicology of Chemicals Mixtures. Case Studies, Mechanisms and Novel Approaches (Yang RSH, ed). San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1994;219-243.
13. Kool HJ, Kuper F, Van Haeringer H, Koeman JH. A carcinogenicity study with mutagenic organic concentrates of drinking water in The Netherlands. Food Chem Toxicol 23:79-85 (1985).
14. Lauer WC, Wolfe GW, Condie LW. Health effect studies on recycled drinking water from secondary wastewater. In: Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures. Case Studies, Mechanisms and Novel Approaches (Yang RSH, ed). San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1994; 63-81.
15. NTP. Toxicity Studies of a Chemical Mixture of 25 Groundwater Contaminants in Drinking Water to F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice. Technical Report Series. Research Triangle Park, NC:National Toxicology Program, 1993.
16. Mauderly JL, Jones RK, Griffith WC, Henderson RF, McClellan RO. Diesel exhaust is a pulmonary carcinogen in rats exposed chronically by inhalation. Fundam Appl Toxicol 9:208-221 (1987).
17. Lewis TR, Green FHY, Moorman WJ, Burg JR, Lynch DW. A chronic inhalation toxicity study of diesel engine emissions and coal tar dust, alone and in combination. J Am Coll Toxicol 8:345-375 (1989).
18. Dalbey WE, Nettesheim P, Griesemer R, Caton JE, Guerin MR. Chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke by F344 rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 48:383-391 (1980).
19. Heinrich U, Muhle H, Takenaka S, Ernst H, Fuhst R, Mohr U, Pott F, Stöber W. Chronic effects on the respiratory tract of hamsters, mice and rats after long-term inhalation of high concentrations of filtered and unfiltered diesel engine emissions. J Appl Toxicol 6:383-395 (1986).
20. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Polynuclear aromatic compounds. Part 4. Bitumens, coal tars and derived products, shale-oils and soots. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum 35:1-247 (1985).
21. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and some nitroarenes. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum 46 (1989).
22. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Coffee, Tea, Mate, Methylxanthines and Methylgloxal. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum 51 (1991).
23. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Chlorinated Drinking-Water; Chlorination By-products; Some Other Halogenated Compounds; Cobalt and Cobalt Compounds. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum 52 (1991).
24. Humphrey CDN, Levy LS, Faux SP. Potential carcinogenicity of foundry fumes: a comparative in vitro-in vivo study. Food Chem Toxicol 34:1103-1111 (1996).
25. Heinrich U, Peters L, Creutzenberg O, Dasenbrock C, Honymann HG. Inhalation exposure of rats to tar/pitch condensation aerosol or carbon black alone or in combination with irritant gases. In: Toxic and Carcinogenic Effects of Solid Particles in the Respiratory Tract (Dungworth DL, Mauderly JL, Oberdöster G, eds). Washington, DC:ILSI Press, 1994;433-441.
26. Wyzga RE, Goldstein S. Assessing the carcinogenic potency of environmental coal tars, by-products of coal gasification. In: Toxicology of Chemicals Mixtures. Case Studies, Mechanisms and Novel Approaches (Yang RSH, ed). San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1994;83-97.
27. Huff J. Carcinogenic hazards from eating fish and shellfish contaminated with disparate and complex chemical mixtures. In: Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures. Case Studies, Mechanisms and Novel Approaches (Yang RSH, ed). San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1994;157-194.
28. Henderson RF, Mauderly JL. Diesel exhaust an approach for the study of the toxicity of chemical mixtures. In: Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures. Case Studies, Mechanisms and Novel Approaches (Yang RSH, ed). San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1994;119-133.
29. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Tobacco Smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risk Chem Hum 38 (1986).
30. Dontenwill W. Experimental investigations on the effect of cigarette smoke inhalation on small laboratory animals. In: Inhalation Carcinogenesis (Hanna MG, Nettesheim P, Gilbert JR, eds). Proceedings of a Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Conference on Relation of Inhalation Exposure to Carcinogenesis, 8-11 October 1969, Gatlinburg, Tennessee. Oak Ridge, TN:U.S. Atomic Energy Commissions, 1970;389-412.
31. Dontenwill W, Chevalier HJ, Harke HP, Lafrenz G, Reckzeh G, Schneider b. Investigations on the effects of chronic cigarette-smoke inhalation in Syrian golden hamsters. J Natl Cancer Inst 51:1781-1807 (1973).
32. Dontenwill W, Elmenhorst H, Harke HP, Reckzeh G, Weber KH, Misfeld J, Timm J. Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die tumorerzeugende Wirkung von Zigarettenrauch-Kondensaten an der Mäsehaut. III: Mitteilung: Untersuchungen zur Identifizierung und Anreicherung tumorauslösender Fraktionen. Z Krebsforsch 73:305-314 (1970).
33. Wynder EL, Hoffman D. Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke. Studies in Experimental Carcinogenesis. New York:Academic Press, 1967.
34. Teuschler, LK, Groten JP, Hertzberg RC, Mumtaz MM, Rice G. Environmental chemical mixtures risk assessment: current approaches and emerging issues. Comments Toxicol 7:453-493 (2001).
35. Dressler V, Müller G, Sühnel J. CombiTool - a new computer program for analyzing combination experiments with biologically active agents. Comput Biomed Res 32:145-160 (1999).
36. Sühnel J. Assessment of interaction of biologically active agents by means of the isobole approach: fundamental assumptions and recent developments. Arch Complex Environ Stud 4:35-47 (1992).
37. Sühnel J. Evaluation of interaction in olfactory and taste mixtures. Chem Senses 18:131-149 (1993).
38. Sühnel J. Parallel dose-response curves in combination experiments. Bull Math Biol 60:197-211 (1998).
39. Sühnel J. Zero interaction response surfaces for combined-action assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 34:1151-1153 (1996).
40. Miedema HME. Unpublished data.
41. Krantz DH, Luce RD, Suppes P, Tversky A. Foundations of Measurements, Vol I. New York:Academic Press, 1971.
42. Suppes P, Krantz DH, Luce R, Tverski A. Foundations of Measurements, Vol II. San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1989.
43. Luce RD, Krantz DH, Suppes P, Tverski A. Foundations of Measurements Representation, Axiomatization and Invariance, Vol III. San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1990.
44. Whitby KT, Husar RB, Liu BYH. Aerosol size distribution of Los Angeles smog. J Colloid Interface Sci 39:177-204 (1972).
45. Sioutas C, Koutrakis P, Godleski JJ, Ferguson ST, Kim CS, Burton RM. Fine particle concentrators for inhalation exposures - effect of particle size and composition. J Aerosol Sci 28:1057-1071 (1997).
46. Amdur MO, Silverman L, Drinker P. Inhalation of sulfuric acid mist. Arch Environ Health 18:407-412 (1958).
47. Amdur MO. The animals tried to tell us. Herbert E. Stokinger Lecture. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 4:189-197 (1989).
48. Chen LC, Qu Q, Amdur MO. Alteration of pulmonary macrophage intracellular pH following inhalation exposure to sulfuric acid/ozone mixtures. Exp Lung Res 21:113-128 (1995).
49. Last JA, Hyde DM, Guth DJ, Warren DL. Synergistic interaction of ozone and respirable aerosols on rat lungs. I: Importance of aerosol acidity. Toxicology 39:247-257 (1986).
50. Vincent R, Bjarnason SG, Adamson IYR, Hedgecock C, Kumarathasan P, Guenerte J, Potvin M, Goegan P, Bouthillier L. Acute pulmonary toxicity of urban particulate matter and ozone. Am J Pathol 151:1563-1570 (1997).
51. Madden MC, Richards JH, Daily LA, Hatch GE, Ghio AJ. Effects of ozone on diesel exhaust particle toxicity in rat lung. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 168:140-148 (2000).
52. Linn WS, Anderson KR, Shamoo DA, Edwards JA, Webb TL, Hackney JD, Gong H Jr. Controlled exposures of young asthmatics to mixed oxidant gases and acid aerosols. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 152:885-891. (1995).
53. Frampton MW, Morrow PE, Cox C, Levy PC, Condemi JJ, Speers D, Gibbs FR, Utell MJ. Sulfuric acid aerosols followed by ozone exposure in healhy an asthmatic subjects. Environ Res 69:1-14 (1995).
54. Linn WS, Gong H Jr, Shamoo DA, Anderson KR, Avol EL. Chamber exposures of children to mixed ozone, sulfer dioxide, and sulfuric acid. Arch Environ Health 52:179-187 (1997).
55. Kleinman MT, Bhalla TK, Mautz WJ, Phalen RF. Cellular and immunologic injury with PM-10 inhalation. Inhal Toxicol 7:589-602 (1995).
56. Bolarin DM, Bhalla DK, Kleinman MT. Effects of repeated exposures of geriatric rats to ozone and particle containing atmospheres: an analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage and plasma proteins. Inhal Toxicol 9:423-434 (1997).
57. Arts JHE, Spoor SM, Muijser H, Kleinman MT, van Bree L, Cassee FR. Short-term inhalation exposure of healthy and compromised rats and mice to fine and ultrafine carbon particles. Inhal Toxicol 12:261-266 (2000).
58. Cain WS, Schiet FT, Olsson MJ, de Wijk RA. Comparison of models of odor interaction. Chem Senses 20:625-637 (1995).
59. Cometto-Muñiz JE, Cain WS, Abraham MH, Gola JMR. Chemosensory detectability of 1-butanol and 2-heptanone singly and in binary mixtures. Physiol Behavior 67:269-276 (1999).
60. Berglund B, Olsson MJ. Odor - intensity interaction in binary and tertiary mixtures. Percept Psychophys 53:475-482 (1993).
61. Patterson MQ, Stevens JC, Cain WS, Cometto-Muñiz JE. Detection thresholds for an olfactory mixture and its three constituent compounds. Chem Senses 18:723-734 (1993).
62. Cassee FR, Arts JHE, Groten JP, Feron VJ. Sensory irritation to mixture of formaldehyde, acrolein and acetaldehyde in rats. Arch Toxicol 71:329-337 (1996).
63. Wold S, Sjöström M, Eriksson, L. Partial least square projections to latent structures (PLS) in chemistry. In: The Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry. Chichester, UK:Wiley and Sons, 1999;2006-2021.
64. Hilsenbeek SG, Friederichs WE, Schiff R, O'Connell P, Hansen RK, Osborne CK, Fuqua SAW. Statistical analysis of array expressions data as applied to the problem of tamoxifen resistance. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:453-459 (1999).
65. Wen XI, Fuhrman S, Michaels GS, Carr DB, Smith S, Barker JL, Somogyi R. Large-scale temporal gene expression mapping of central nervous system development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:334-339 (1998).
66. Stevens JL, Liu H, Halleck M, Bowes RC, Chen QM, van de Water B. Linking gene expression to mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicol Lett 112-113:479-486 (2000).
67. Pennie WD, Tugwood GJA, Kimber OI. The principles and practice of toxicogenomics: applications and opportunities. Toxicol Sci 54:277-283 (2000).
68. Bartosiewicz M, Trounstine M, Barker D, Johnston R, Buckpitt A. Development of a toxicological gene array and quantitative assessment of this technology. Arch Biochem Biophys 376:66-73 (2000).
69. Groten JP, Feron VJ, Sühnel J. Toxicology of simple and complex mixtures. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:316-322 (2001).
70. Anderson NL, Copple DC, Bendele RA, Probst GS, Richardson FC. Covalent protein modifications and gene expression changes in rodent liver following administration of methpyrilene: a study using two-dimensional electrophoresis. Fundam Appl Toxicol 18:570-580 (1992).
71. Steiner S, Aicher L, Raymackers J, Meheus L, Esquer-Blasco R, Anderson NL, Cordier A. Cyclosporine A decreases the protein level of the calcium binding protein calbindin-D 28Da in rat kidney. Biochem Pharmacol 51:253-258 (1996).
72. Van der Werf MJ, Schuren FHJ, Bijlsma S, Tas AC, van Ommen B. Nutrigenomics: application of genomics technologies in nutritional sciences and food technology. J Food Sci 66:772-780 (2001).
73. Groten JP, Jonker D, Mumtaz MM, El-Masri HA, DeRosa CT, Durkin PR. Evaluation of the weight of evidence method for assessing the toxicity of a mixture of lead, mercury, benzene, and trichloroethylene in sub-acute oral toxicity studies in rats. The Toxicologists 60:415 (2001).
74. Weinberg H. Disinfection by-products in drinking water: the analytical challenge. Anal Chem News Features, December 1:801A-808A (1999).
75. Calderon RL. the epidemiology of chemical contaminants of drinking water. Food Chem Toxicol 38:S13-S20 (2000).
76. Dayan AD. Future problems requiring scientific consideration. Food Chem Toxicol 38:S101-S106 (2000).
77. Groten JP. Mixtures and interactions. Food Chem Toxicol 38:S65-S71 (2000).
78. Feron VJ, Groten JP, van Bladeren PJ. Exposure of humans to complex chemical mixtures: hazard identification and risk assessment. Arch Toxicol 20(suppl):363-373 (1998).
79. International Life Sciences Institute. The toxicity and risk assessment of complex mixtures in drinking water. A report prepared by the ILSI Risk Science Institute under a co-operative agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. Washington, DC:ILSL Risk Science Institute, 1998.
80. International Life Sciences Institute. Assessing the toxicity of exposure to mixtures of disinfection by-products. Research recommendations. A report prepared by the ILSI Risk Science Institute under a co-operative agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. Washington, DC: ILSL Risk Science Institute, 1998.
81. Health Council of The Netherlands. Public Health Impact of Large Airports. Report no 1999/14E. The Hague:Health Council of The Netherlands, 1999.
82. Health Council of The Netherlands. Public Health Impact of Large Airports:Evaluation. The Hague-Health Council of The Netherlands, 2000.
83. Health Council of The Netherlands. Berlin Brandenburg International (BBI). In: Public Health Impact of Large Airports. Report no 1999/14E. The Hague: Health Council of The Netherlands, 1999;154-157.
84. Evans G, Bullinger M, Hygge S. Chronic noise exposure and physiological response: a prospective study of children living under environmental stress. Psychol Sci 9:75-77 (1998).
85. Meis M. Zur Wirkung von Lärm auf das Gedachtnis [PhD Thesis]. Munich:Munich University, 1997.
86. Franssen EAM, Lebret E, Staatsen BAM. Health Impact Assessment Schiphol Airport. RIVM draft report, Bilthoven:Rijksinstituut voor de Volksgezondheid en het Milieu (National Institute of Public Health and the Environment), 1999.
87. Newberne P, Smith RL, Doull J, Goodman JL, Munro IC, Portoghese PS, Wagner BM, Weil CS, Woods LA, Adams TB, et al. GRAS flavoring substances 18. Food Technol 52:65-92 (1998).
88. Kroes R, Galli C, Munro I, Schilter B, Tran L-A, Walker R, Würtzen G. Threshold of toxicological concern for chemical substances present in the diet: a practical tool for assessing the need for toxicity testing. Food Chem Toxicol 38:255-312 (2000).
89. Cramer GM, Ford RA, Hall RL. Estimation of toxic hazard - a decision tree approach. Food Chem Toxicol 16:255-276 (1978).
90. Munro IC, Ford RA, Kennepohl E, Sprenger JG. Correlation of structural class with no-observed-effect levels: a proposal for establishing a threshold of concern. Food Chem Toxicol 34:829-867 (1996).
91. Munro IC, Shubik P, Hall R. Principles for the safety evaluation of flavoring substances. Food Chem Toxicol 36:529-540 (1998).
92. Groten JP, Butler W, Feron VJ, Kozianowski G, Renwick AG, Walker R. An analysis of the possibility for health implications of joint actions and interactions between food additives. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 31:77-91 (2000).
93. Woutersen RA, van Garderen-Hoetmer A, Slootweg PJ, Feron VJ. Upper respiratory tract carcinogenesis in experimental animals and in humans. In: Carcinogenesis (Waalkens LP, Ward JM, eds). New York:Raven Press, 1994;215-264.
94. Kuper CF, Woutersen RA, Slootweg PJ, Feron VJ. Carcinogenic response of the nasal cavity to inhaled chemical mixtures. Mutat Res 380:19-26 (1997).
95. Wolf J, Schmezer P, Fengel D, Schröder, HG, Scheithauer H, Wöste P. The role of combination effects on the etiology of malignant tumors in the wood-working industry. Acta-Otolaryngol (Stockh) 118:1-16 (1998).
96. 't Mannetje A, Kogevinas M, Luce D, Demers PA, Bégin D, Bolm-Audorff U, Comba P, Gérin M, Hardell L, Hayes RB, et al. Sinonasal cancer, occupation, and tobacco smoking in European women and men. Am J Ind Med 36:101-107 (1999).
97. Zeng W, Mclaughlin JK, Chow W, Chien HT, Blot WJ. Risk factors for cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses among white men in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 138:965-972 (1993).
98. Stellman SD, Demers PA, Colin D, Boffetta P. Cancer mortality and wood dust exposure among participants in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study- II (CPS-II). Am J Ind Med 34:229-237 (1998).
99. Coggins CRE, Fouillet XLM, Lam R, Morgan KT. Cigarette smoke induced pathology of the respiratory tract: a comparison of the effects of the particulate and vapour phases. Toxicology 16:83-101 (1980).
100. Coggins CRE, Doolittle DJ, Lee CK, Ayres PH, Mosberg AT. Histophatology, urine mutagenicity, and bone marrow cytogenetics of mice exposed nose-only to smoke from cigarettes that burn or heat tobacco. Inhal Toxicol 2:407-431 (1990).
101. Coggins CRE, Ayres PH, Mosberg AT, Sagartz JW, Hayes AW. Subchronic inhalation study using aged and diluted sidestream smoke from a reference cigarette. Inhal Toxicol 5:77-96 (1993).
102. Von Meyerinck L, Scherer G, Adlkofer F, Wenzel-Hartung R, Brune H, Thomas C. Exposure of rats and hamsters to sidestream smoke from cigarettes in a subchronic inhalation study. Exp Pathol 37:186-189 (1989).
103. Wehner AP, Renne RA, Greenspan BJ, DeFored HS, Ragan HA, Westerberg RB, Wright CW, Buschbom RL. Comparative subchronic inhalation bioassay in hamsters of a cigarette that heats only tobacco. Inhal Toxicol 2:255-284 (1990).
104. Klein RG, Schmezer P, Hermann R, Waas P, Spiegelhalder B, Bartsch H. Strong nasal carcinogenicity and genotoxicity of 1-nitroso-4-methylpiperazine after low dose inhalation in rats. Carcinogenesis 20:1629-1631 (1999).
105. Nielsen GD, Hansen LF, Wolkoff P. Chemical and biological evaluation of building material emissions. II: Approaches for setting indoor air standards or guidelines for chemicals. Indoor Air 7:17-32 (1997).
106. Health Council of The Netherlands. Vluchtige Organische Verbindingen uit Bouwmaterialen in Bedrijfsruimten (Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Environments). Publ no. 2000/10. The Hague:Health Council of The Netherlands, 2000 [Summary in English].
107. WHO. Air quality guidelines for Europe. 2nd ed. WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 91. Copenhagen:World Health Organization, 2000.
108. OECD. Programme on harmonisation of classification and labelling: achievements and approaches for work to do. Document ENV/JM(2000)39, OLIS: 06-Oct-2000, Dist.: 09- Oct-2000, Paris:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2000.
109. OECD. Harmonised Integrated Classification System for Human Health and Environmental Hazards of Chemical Substances and Mixtures. Document ENV/JM/ MONO(2001)6. Paris:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001.
110. Groten JP, Cassee FR, van Bladeren PJ, DeRosa C, Feron VJ. Mixtures. In: Toxicology (Marquardt H, Schäfer SG, McClellan R, Welsh F, eds). San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1999;257-270.
111. Cassee FR, Sühnel J, Groten PJ, Feron VJ. Toxicology of chemical mixtures. In: General and Applied Toxicology (Ballantyne B, Marrs TC, Syversen T, eds). London: MacMillan References Ltd, 1999;303-319.
112. Health Council of The Netherlands. Exposure to Combinations of Substances: A System for Assessing Health Risks. Publ. no. 2002/05. The Hague:Health Council of The Netherlands. In press.
113. Mumtaz MM, Durkin PR. A weight-of-evidence scheme for assessing interactions in chemical mixtures. Toxicol Ind Health 8:377-406 (1992).
114. Mumtaz MM, DeRosa CT, Durkin PR. Approaches and challenges in risk assessment of chemical mixtures. In: Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures. Case Studies, Mechanisms and Novel Approaches (Yang RSH, ed). San Diego, CA:Academic Press, 1994;565-597.