메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 73-101

Toxicological evaluation and risk assessment of chemical mixtures

Author keywords

Combination toxicology; Complex mixtures; Isoboles; Physiologically based toxicokinetic modeling; Response surface analysis; Simple mixtures; Weight of evidence approach

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL COMPOUND;

EID: 0031886290     PISSN: 10408444     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408449891344164     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (213)

References (85)
  • 1
    • 0001989984 scopus 로고
    • Toxicological consequences of combined exposure to environmental pollutants
    • Krishnan, K. and Brodeur, J., Toxicological consequences of combined exposure to environmental pollutants, Arch. Complex Environ. Studies, 3, 1-104, 1991.
    • (1991) Arch. Complex Environ. Studies , vol.3 , pp. 1-104
    • Krishnan, K.1    Brodeur, J.2
  • 2
    • 0001781532 scopus 로고
    • Introduction to the toxicology of chemical mixtures
    • Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego
    • Yang, R. S. H., Introduction to the toxicology of chemical mixtures, in: Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures, Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, 1-10.
    • (1994) Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures , pp. 1-10
    • Yang, R.S.H.1
  • 4
    • 77957188480 scopus 로고
    • Risk assessment of chemical mixtures: Biologic and toxicologic issues
    • Mumtaz, M. M., Sipes, I. G., Clewell, H. J., and Yang, R. S. H., Risk assessment of chemical mixtures: biologic and toxicologic issues, Fund. Appl. Toxicol., 21, 258-269, 1993.
    • (1993) Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.21 , pp. 258-269
    • Mumtaz, M.M.1    Sipes, I.G.2    Clewell, H.J.3    Yang, R.S.H.4
  • 6
    • 0029618087 scopus 로고
    • Toxicology of chemical mixtures: Challenges for today and the future
    • Feron, V. J., Groten, J. P., Jonker, D., Cassee, F. R., and van Bladeren, P. J., Toxicology of chemical mixtures: challenges for today and the future, Toxicology, 105, 415-427, 1995.
    • (1995) Toxicology , vol.105 , pp. 415-427
    • Feron, V.J.1    Groten, J.P.2    Jonker, D.3    Cassee, F.R.4    Van Bladeren, P.J.5
  • 7
    • 0028944662 scopus 로고
    • Safety evaluation of the mixture of chemicals at a specific workplace: Theoretical considerations and a suggested two-step procedure
    • Feron, V. J., Woutersen, R. A., Arts, J. H. E., Cassee, F. R., de Vrijer, FI., and van Bladeren, P. J., Safety evaluation of the mixture of chemicals at a specific workplace: theoretical considerations and a suggested two-step procedure, Toxicol. Lett., 76, 47-55, 1995.
    • (1995) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.76 , pp. 47-55
    • Feron, V.J.1    Woutersen, R.A.2    Arts, J.H.E.3    Cassee, F.R.4    De Vrijer, F.I.5    Van Bladeren, P.J.6
  • 8
  • 10
    • 0018425119 scopus 로고
    • Exploitable mechanisms in combined radiotherapy-chemotherapy, the concept of additivity
    • Steel, G. G. and Peckham, M. J., Exploitable mechanisms in combined radiotherapy-chemotherapy, the concept of additivity, Int. J. Radiation Oncol. Biol. Phys., 5, 85-91, 1979.
    • (1979) Int. J. Radiation Oncol. Biol. Phys. , vol.5 , pp. 85-91
    • Steel, G.G.1    Peckham, M.J.2
  • 11
    • 0030432891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental designs and risk assessment in combination toxicology: Panel discussion
    • Henschler, D., Bolt, H. M., Jonker, D., Pieters, M. N., and Groten, J. P., Experimental designs and risk assessment in combination toxicology: panel discussion, Food Chem. Toxicol., 34, 1183-1185, 1996.
    • (1996) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.34 , pp. 1183-1185
    • Henschler, D.1    Bolt, H.M.2    Jonker, D.3    Pieters, M.N.4    Groten, J.P.5
  • 12
    • 0025602635 scopus 로고
    • A view point on the extrapolation of toxicological data from animals to man
    • Feron, V. J., van Bladeren, P. J., and Hermus, R. J. J., A view point on the extrapolation of toxicological data from animals to man, Food Chem. Toxicol., 28, 783-788, 1990.
    • (1990) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.28 , pp. 783-788
    • Feron, V.J.1    Van Bladeren, P.J.2    Hermus, R.J.J.3
  • 13
    • 0001372176 scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures, US Environmental Protection Agency
    • US EPA, Guidelines for the Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures, US Environmental Protection Agency, Fed. Regist., 51(185), 34014-34025, 1986.
    • (1986) Fed. Regist. , vol.51 , Issue.185 , pp. 34014-34025
  • 15
    • 0011178221 scopus 로고
    • Risk assessment of simple (defined) mixtures of chemicals
    • Burgat-Sacaze, V., Descotes, J., Gaussens, P., and Leslie, G. B., Eds. Faculté de Médicine et de Pharmacie, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon
    • Feron, V. J., Groten, J. P., Jonker, D., Cassee, F. R., and van Bladeren, P. J., Risk assessment of simple (defined) mixtures of chemicals, in Toxicology and Air Pollution: Risk Assessment, Burgat-Sacaze, V., Descotes, J., Gaussens, P., and Leslie, G. B., Eds. Faculté de Médicine et de Pharmacie, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, 1995, 31-42.
    • (1995) Toxicology and Air Pollution: Risk Assessment , pp. 31-42
    • Feron, V.J.1    Groten, J.P.2    Jonker, D.3    Cassee, F.R.4    Van Bladeren, P.J.5
  • 16
    • 84946384873 scopus 로고
    • The toxicity of poisons applied jointly
    • Bliss, C. I., The toxicity of poisons applied jointly, Ann. Appl. Biol., 26, 585-615, 1939.
    • (1939) Ann. Appl. Biol. , vol.26 , pp. 585-615
    • Bliss, C.I.1
  • 17
    • 0002712294 scopus 로고
    • Approaches and challenges in risk assessments of chemical mixtures
    • Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego
    • Mumtaz, M. M., DeRosa, C. T., and Durkin, P. R., Approaches and challenges in risk assessments of chemical mixtures, in Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures, Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, 565-598.
    • (1994) Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures , pp. 565-598
    • Mumtaz, M.M.1    DeRosa, C.T.2    Durkin, P.R.3
  • 18
    • 84970341014 scopus 로고
    • Assessing the toxicity of mixtures of chemicals
    • Krewski, D. and Franklin, C., Eds., Gordon and Breach Science Publ., New York
    • Kodell, R. L. and Pound, J. G., Assessing the toxicity of mixtures of chemicals, in Statistical Methods in Toxicological Research, Krewski, D. and Franklin, C., Eds., Gordon and Breach Science Publ., New York, 1988.
    • (1988) Statistical Methods in Toxicological Research
    • Kodell, R.L.1    Pound, J.G.2
  • 19
    • 0021275783 scopus 로고
    • Synergism in carcinogenesis
    • Reif, A. E., Synergism in carcinogenesis, J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 73, 25-39, 1984.
    • (1984) J. Nat. Cancer Inst. , vol.73 , pp. 25-39
    • Reif, A.E.1
  • 20
    • 15644372285 scopus 로고
    • Concentration and response addition of mixtures of toxicants using lethality, growth and organ system studies
    • Washington, DC
    • Weber, L. J., Anderson, P., Muska, C., Yinger, E. K., and She-Hon, D., Concentration and response addition of mixtures of toxicants using lethality, growth and organ system studies. Presented at the ASA/EPA Conference on Joint Toxicity, Washington, DC, 1987.
    • (1987) ASA/EPA Conference on Joint Toxicity
    • Weber, L.J.1    Anderson, P.2    Muska, C.3    Yinger, E.K.4    She-Hon, D.5
  • 21
    • 0029995223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensory irritation to mixtures of formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetaldehyde in rats
    • Cassee, F. R., Arts, J. H. E., Groten, J. P., and Feron, V. J., Sensory irritation to mixtures of formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetaldehyde in rats, Arch. Toxicol., 70, 329-337, 1996.
    • (1996) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.70 , pp. 329-337
    • Cassee, F.R.1    Arts, J.H.E.2    Groten, J.P.3    Feron, V.J.4
  • 22
    • 0025066165 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of experimental combined toxicity by use of dose frequency curves: Comparison with theoretical additivity as well as independence
    • Pöch, G., Dittrich, P., Reiffenstein, R. J., Lenk, W., and Schuster, A., Evaluation of experimental combined toxicity by use of dose frequency curves: comparison with theoretical additivity as well as independence, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 68, 1338-1345, 1990.
    • (1990) Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. , vol.68 , pp. 1338-1345
    • Pöch, G.1    Dittrich, P.2    Reiffenstein, R.J.3    Lenk, W.4    Schuster, A.5
  • 25
    • 0023636239 scopus 로고
    • Toxicological studies of chemical mixtures of environmental concern at the National Toxicology Program: Health effects of groundwater contaminants
    • Yang, R. S. H. and Rauckman, E. J., Toxicological studies of chemical mixtures of environmental concern at the National Toxicology Program: Health effects of groundwater contaminants, Toxicology, 7, 15-34, 1987.
    • (1987) Toxicology , vol.7 , pp. 15-34
    • Yang, R.S.H.1    Rauckman, E.J.2
  • 26
    • 0027498952 scopus 로고
    • Acute (24 h) toxicity of a combination of four nephrotoxicants in rats compared with the toxicity of the individual compounds
    • Jonker, D., Jones, M. A., van Bladeren, P. J., Woutersen, R. A., Til, H. P., and Feron, V. J., Acute (24 h) toxicity of a combination of four nephrotoxicants in rats compared with the toxicity of the individual compounds, Food Chem. Toxicol., 31, 45-52, 1993.
    • (1993) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.31 , pp. 45-52
    • Jonker, D.1    Jones, M.A.2    Van Bladeren, P.J.3    Woutersen, R.A.4    Til, H.P.5    Feron, V.J.6
  • 27
    • 0027410377 scopus 로고
    • Subacute (4-week) oral toxicity of a combination of four nephrotoxins in rats: Comparison with the toxicity of the individual compounds
    • Jonker, D., Woutersen, R. A., van Bladeren, P. J., Til, H. P., and Feron, V. J., Subacute (4-week) oral toxicity of a combination of four nephrotoxins in rats: comparison with the toxicity of the individual compounds, Food Chem. Toxicol., 31, 125-136, 1993.
    • (1993) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.31 , pp. 125-136
    • Jonker, D.1    Woutersen, R.A.2    Van Bladeren, P.J.3    Til, H.P.4    Feron, V.J.5
  • 28
    • 0027319367 scopus 로고
    • Toxicological evaluation of mixtures of ten widely used pesticides
    • Chaturvedi, A. K., Toxicological evaluation of mixtures of ten widely used pesticides, J. Appl. Toxicol., 13, 183-188, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.13 , pp. 183-188
    • Chaturvedi, A.K.1
  • 30
    • 0028851257 scopus 로고
    • Effect of ingestion of 20 pesticides in combination at acceptable daily intake levels on rat liver carcinogenesis
    • Ito, N., Hasegawa, K., Imaida, K., Kurat, Y., Hagiwara, A., and Shirai, T., Effect of ingestion of 20 pesticides in combination at acceptable daily intake levels on rat liver carcinogenesis, Food Chem. Toxicol., 33, 159-163, 1995.
    • (1995) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.33 , pp. 159-163
    • Ito, N.1    Hasegawa, K.2    Imaida, K.3    Kurat, Y.4    Hagiwara, A.5    Shirai, T.6
  • 31
    • 77956811940 scopus 로고
    • In vitro approaches for the prediction of human drug metabolism. Chap. 31
    • Miners, J. O., Veronese, M. E. and Bricket, D. J., In vitro approaches for the prediction of human drug metabolism. Chap. 31. Annual Reports in Medical Chemistry, 29, 307-316, 1994.
    • (1994) Annual Reports in Medical Chemistry , vol.29 , pp. 307-316
    • Miners, J.O.1    Veronese, M.E.2    Bricket, D.J.3
  • 32
    • 0027942060 scopus 로고
    • Relevance of in vitro kinetic parameters to in vivo metabolism of xenobiotics
    • Houston, J. B., Relevance of in vitro kinetic parameters to in vivo metabolism of xenobiotics, Toxic. In Vitro, 8, 507-512, 1994.
    • (1994) Toxic. in Vitro , vol.8 , pp. 507-512
    • Houston, J.B.1
  • 33
    • 0028342648 scopus 로고
    • Relevance of in vitro drug metabolism data in predicting in vivo metabolic clearance
    • Houston, J. B., Relevance of in vitro drug metabolism data in predicting in vivo metabolic clearance, Biochem. Pharmacol., 47, 1469-1479, 1994.
    • (1994) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.47 , pp. 1469-1479
    • Houston, J.B.1
  • 34
    • 0029085760 scopus 로고
    • Applying simulation modeling to problems in toxicology and risk assessment - A short perspective
    • Andersen, M. E., Clewell, III, H. J., and Frederick, C. G., Applying simulation modeling to problems in toxicology and risk assessment - a short perspective. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 133, 181-187, 1995.
    • (1995) Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , vol.133 , pp. 181-187
    • Andersen, M.E.1    Clewell III, H.J.2    Frederick, C.G.3
  • 35
    • 0029086833 scopus 로고
    • Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling in health risk assessment and characterization of hazardous substances
    • Leung, W.-W and Paustenbach, D.J., Physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling in health risk assessment and characterization of hazardous substances, Toxicol. Lett., 79, 55-65, 1995.
    • (1995) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.79 , pp. 55-65
    • Leung, W.-W.1    Paustenbach, D.J.2
  • 36
    • 0029116405 scopus 로고
    • Extrapolation of physiological parameters for physiologically based simulation models
    • Fiserova-Bergerova, V., Extrapolation of physiological parameters for physiologically based simulation models, Toxicol. Lett., 79, 77-86, 1995.
    • (1995) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.79 , pp. 77-86
    • Fiserova-Bergerova, V.1
  • 37
    • 0029090599 scopus 로고
    • The application of physiologically based pharmacokinetc/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling for exploring risk assessment approaches of chemical mixtures
    • Yang, R. S. H., El-Masri, H.A., Thomas, R. S., Constan, A. A. and Tessari, J. D., The application of physiologically based pharmacokinetc/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling for exploring risk assessment approaches of chemical mixtures, Toxicol. Lett., 79, 193-200, 1995.
    • (1995) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.79 , pp. 193-200
    • Yang, R.S.H.1    El-Masri, H.A.2    Thomas, R.S.3    Constan, A.A.4    Tessari, J.D.5
  • 40
    • 0025540484 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic factors in cancer susceptibility
    • Wolf, C. R., Metabolic factors in cancer susceptibility, Cancer Surv., 9, 437-473, 1990.
    • (1990) Cancer Surv. , vol.9 , pp. 437-473
    • Wolf, C.R.1
  • 41
    • 0029828739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in cytochrome P450-mediated biotransformation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene by rat and man: Implications for human risk assessment
    • Hissink, A. M., Oudshoorn, M. J., Van Ommen, B., Haenen, G. R. M. M., and Van Bladeren, P. J., Differences in cytochrome P450-mediated biotransformation of 1,2-dichlorobenzene by rat and man: implications for human risk assessment, Chem. Res. Tox., 9(8), 1249-1256, 1996.
    • (1996) Chem. Res. Tox. , vol.9 , Issue.8 , pp. 1249-1256
    • Hissink, A.M.1    Oudshoorn, M.J.2    Van Ommen, B.3    Haenen, G.R.M.M.4    Van Bladeren, P.J.5
  • 42
    • 0024253724 scopus 로고
    • A straightforward method for the study of drug interactions: An isobolographic analysis primer
    • Gessner, P. K., A straightforward method for the study of drug interactions: an isobolographic analysis primer, J. Am. Col. Toxicol., 7, 987-1012, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Am. Col. Toxicol. , vol.7 , pp. 987-1012
    • Gessner, P.K.1
  • 43
    • 0019750732 scopus 로고
    • Criteria for analyzing interactions between biologically active agents
    • Berenbaum, M. C., Criteria for analyzing interactions between biologically active agents, Adv. Cancer. Res., 35, 269-335, 1981.
    • (1981) Adv. Cancer. Res. , vol.35 , pp. 269-335
    • Berenbaum, M.C.1
  • 44
    • 0025113618 scopus 로고
    • Application of a new approach for the quantitation of drug synergism to the combination of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum and 1-β-arabinofuranosylcytosine
    • Greco, W. R., Park, H. S., and Rustum, Y. M., Application of a new approach for the quantitation of drug synergism to the combination of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum and 1-β-arabinofuranosylcytosine, Cancer Res., 50, 5318-5327, 1990.
    • (1990) Cancer Res. , vol.50 , pp. 5318-5327
    • Greco, W.R.1    Park, H.S.2    Rustum, Y.M.3
  • 45
    • 0029036955 scopus 로고
    • The search for synergy: A critical review from a response surface perspective
    • Greco, W. R., Bravo, G., and Parsons, J. C., The search for synergy: a critical review from a response surface perspective, Pharmacol. Rev., 47, 332-385, 1995.
    • (1995) Pharmacol. Rev. , vol.47 , pp. 332-385
    • Greco, W.R.1    Bravo, G.2    Parsons, J.C.3
  • 46
    • 15644383224 scopus 로고
    • Inappropriate and wrong conclusions derived from isobolograms
    • Pöch, G. and Reiffenstein, R. J., Inappropriate and wrong conclusions derived from isobolograms, Arch. Complex Environ. Studies, 6, 33-36, 1994.
    • (1994) Arch. Complex Environ. Studies , vol.6 , pp. 33-36
    • Pöch, G.1    Reiffenstein, R.J.2
  • 47
    • 0001663843 scopus 로고
    • The problem of synergism and antagonism of combined drugs
    • Loewe, S., The problem of synergism and antagonism of combined drugs, Arzneim. Forsch., 3, 285-290, 1953.
    • (1953) Arzneim. Forsch. , vol.3 , pp. 285-290
    • Loewe, S.1
  • 48
    • 0018932843 scopus 로고
    • Isobologram analysis of the combined effects of anti-tumor platinum complexes and ionizing radiation on mammalian cells
    • Smuziel, I. and Nias, A. H. W., Isobologram analysis of the combined effects of anti-tumor platinum complexes and ionizing radiation on mammalian cells, Br. J. Cancer, 42, 292-296, 1980.
    • (1980) Br. J. Cancer , vol.42 , pp. 292-296
    • Smuziel, I.1    Nias, A.H.W.2
  • 49
    • 0025096373 scopus 로고
    • Interpreting plots of a multidimensional dose response surface in a parallel coordinate system
    • Gennings, C., Dawson, K. S., Carter, W. H., and Myers, R. H., Interpreting plots of a multidimensional dose response surface in a parallel coordinate system, Biometrics, 46, 719-735, 1990.
    • (1990) Biometrics , vol.46 , pp. 719-735
    • Gennings, C.1    Dawson, K.S.2    Carter, W.H.3    Myers, R.H.4
  • 50
    • 0002762816 scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of combined effects with respect to independent action
    • Pöch, G., Evaluation of combined effects with respect to independent action, Arch. Compl. Environ. Studies, 3, 65-74, 1991.
    • (1991) Arch. Compl. Environ. Studies , vol.3 , pp. 65-74
    • Pöch, G.1
  • 52
    • 0003239528 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of chemical combinations: Relating isobolograms to response surfaces
    • Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego
    • Carter, W .H. and Gennings, C., Analysis of chemical combinations: relating isobolograms to response surfaces, in: Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures, Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, 643-664.
    • (1994) Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures , pp. 643-664
    • Carter, W.H.1    Gennings, C.2
  • 53
    • 0025341593 scopus 로고
    • Statistical modeling of the effects of drug combinations
    • Plummer, J. L. and Short, T. G., Statistical modeling of the effects of drug combinations. J. Pharmacol. Methods, 23, 297-309, 1990.
    • (1990) J. Pharmacol. Methods , vol.23 , pp. 297-309
    • Plummer, J.L.1    Short, T.G.2
  • 54
    • 0030292124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical designs in combination toxicology: A matter of choice
    • Schoen, E. D., Statistical designs in combination toxicology: a matter of choice, Food Chem. Toxicol., 34, 1059-1065, 1996.
    • (1996) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.34 , pp. 1059-1065
    • Schoen, E.D.1
  • 56
    • 0001132203 scopus 로고
    • Statistical methods for toxicological evaluation
    • Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego
    • Svengaard, D. J. and Hertzberg, R. C., Statistical methods for toxicological evaluation, in: Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures, Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1994 599-642.
    • (1994) Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures , pp. 599-642
    • Svengaard, D.J.1    Hertzberg, R.C.2
  • 57
    • 15644369628 scopus 로고
    • Mechanistic linkage between DNA adducts, mutations in oncogenes, and tumorgenesis of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in strain A/J mice
    • Chemical Mixtures and Quantitative Risk Assessment, November 7 to 10, Raleigh, NC
    • Nesnow, S., Mechanistic linkage between DNA adducts, mutations in oncogenes, and tumorgenesis of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in strain A/J mice, in Chemical Mixtures and Quantitative Risk Assessment, Abstract of the Second Annual HERL Symposium, November 7 to 10, Raleigh, NC, 1994.
    • (1994) Second Annual HERL Symposium
    • Nesnow, S.1
  • 58
    • 77957176119 scopus 로고
    • Nonadditive developmental toxicity of mixtures of trichloroethylene di(2-ethyl-hexyl)phtalate, and heptachlor in a 5x5x5 design
    • Narotsky, M. G., Weller, E. A., Chinchilli, V. M., and Kevlock, R. J., Nonadditive developmental toxicity of mixtures of trichloroethylene (di(2-ethyl-hexyl)phtalate, and heptachlor in a 5x5x5 design, Fund. Appl. Toxicol., 27, 203-216, 1995.
    • (1995) Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.27 , pp. 203-216
    • Narotsky, M.G.1    Weller, E.A.2    Chinchilli, V.M.3    Kevlock, R.J.4
  • 59
    • 0029969210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhalation experiments with mixtures of hydrocarbons. Experimental design, statistics and interpretation of kinetics and possible interactions
    • Eide, I. and Zahlsew, K., Inhalation experiments with mixtures of hydrocarbons. Experimental design, statistics and interpretation of kinetics and possible interactions. Arch. Toxicol., 70, 397-404, 1996.
    • (1996) Arch. Toxicol. , vol.70 , pp. 397-404
    • Eide, I.1    Zahlsew, K.2
  • 60
    • 0001131698 scopus 로고
    • The design of optimum multifactorial experiments
    • Plackett, R. L. and Burman, J. P., The design of optimum multifactorial experiments, Biomatrika, 33, 305-339, 1946.
    • (1946) Biomatrika , vol.33 , pp. 305-339
    • Plackett, R.L.1    Burman, J.P.2
  • 61
    • 0025806063 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of dietary Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Se with the accumulation and oral toxicity of cadmium in rats
    • Groten, J. P., Sinkeldam, E. J., Muys, T., Luten, J. B., and van Bladeren, P. J., Interaction of dietary Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Se with the accumulation and oral toxicity of cadmium in rats, Food Chem. Toxicol., 29, 249-258, 1991.
    • (1991) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.29 , pp. 249-258
    • Groten, J.P.1    Sinkeldam, E.J.2    Muys, T.3    Luten, J.B.4    Van Bladeren, P.J.5
  • 62
    • 0025167153 scopus 로고
    • A strategy for ranking environmentally occurring chemicals. III. Multivariate quantitative structure-activity relationships for halogenated aliphatics
    • Eriksson, L., Jonsson, Hellberg, E. J., Lindgren, F., Skagerberg, B., Sjöström, M., Wold, S., and Berglind, R., A strategy for ranking environmentally occurring chemicals. III. Multivariate quantitative structure-activity relationships for halogenated aliphatics, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 9, 1339-1351, 1991.
    • (1991) Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , vol.9 , pp. 1339-1351
    • Eriksson, L.1    Jonsson2    Hellberg, E.J.3    Lindgren, F.4    Skagerberg, B.5    Sjöström, M.6    Wold, S.7    Berglind, R.8
  • 63
    • 15644381902 scopus 로고
    • Subacute toxicity of a combination of nine chemicals in rats: A two-level factorial design to predict interactive effects
    • Abstract no. 1153
    • Groten, J. P., Schoen, E. D., van Bladeren, P. J., and Feron, V. J., Subacute toxicity of a combination of nine chemicals in rats: a two-level factorial design to predict interactive effects, Toxicologist, Abstract no. 1153, 1994.
    • (1994) Toxicologist
    • Groten, J.P.1    Schoen, E.D.2    Van Bladeren, P.J.3    Feron, V.J.4
  • 64
    • 26844505987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subacute toxicity of a combination of nine chemicals in rats: Detecting interactive effects with a two-level factorial design
    • Groten, J. P., Schoen, E. D., van Bladeren, P. J., Kuper, F. C. F., van Zorge, J. A., and Feron, V. J., Subacute toxicity of a combination of nine chemicals in rats: detecting interactive effects with a two-level factorial design, Fund. Appl. Toxicol., 36, 15-29, 1997.
    • (1997) Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.36 , pp. 15-29
    • Groten, J.P.1    Schoen, E.D.2    Van Bladeren, P.J.3    Kuper, F.C.F.4    Van Zorge, J.A.5    Feron, V.J.6
  • 65
    • 0022398019 scopus 로고
    • The expected effect of a combination of agents: The general solution
    • Berenbaum, M. C., The expected effect of a combination of agents: the general solution, J. Theor. Biol., 114, 413-431, 1985.
    • (1985) J. Theor. Biol. , vol.114 , pp. 413-431
    • Berenbaum, M.C.1
  • 66
    • 15644364863 scopus 로고
    • An efficient experimental design for detecting departure from additivity in mixtures of many chemicals
    • Chemical Mixtures and Quantitative Risk Assessment, November 7 to 10, Raleigh, NC
    • Gennings, C., An efficient experimental design for detecting departure from additivity in mixtures of many chemicals, in Chemical Mixtures and Quantitative Risk Assessment, Abstract of the Second Annual HERI symposium, November 7 to 10, 1994, Raleigh, NC.
    • (1994) Second Annual HERI Symposium
    • Gennings, C.1
  • 67
    • 0001797744 scopus 로고
    • Potential effects of chemical mixtures on the carcinogenic process within the context of the mathematical model
    • Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego
    • Portier, J. C. and Sherman, C. D., Potential effects of chemical mixtures on the carcinogenic process within the context of the mathematical model, in: Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures, Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, 665-686.
    • (1994) Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures , pp. 665-686
    • Portier, J.C.1    Sherman, C.D.2
  • 69
    • 0030292267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex mixtures: Hazard identification and risk assessment
    • Fay, R. M. and Feron, V. J., Complex mixtures: hazard identification and risk assessment, Food Chem. Toxicol., 34, 1175-1176, 1996
    • (1996) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.34 , pp. 1175-1176
    • Fay, R.M.1    Feron, V.J.2
  • 70
    • 0025695667 scopus 로고
    • 4-week oral toxicity study of a combination of eight chemicals in rats: Comparison with the toxicity of the individual compounds
    • Jonker, D., Woutersen, R. A., van Bladeren, P. J., Til, H. P., and Feron, V. J., 4-week oral toxicity study of a combination of eight chemicals in rats: comparison with the toxicity of the individual compounds, Food Chem. Toxicol., 28, 623-631, 1990.
    • (1990) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.28 , pp. 623-631
    • Jonker, D.1    Woutersen, R.A.2    Van Bladeren, P.J.3    Til, H.P.4    Feron, V.J.5
  • 71
    • 17544399773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of factorial designs in combination toxicity studies
    • Groten, J. P., Schoen, E. D., and Feron, V. J., Use of factorial designs in combination toxicity studies, Food Chem. Toxicol., 34, 1083-1089, 1996.
    • (1996) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.34 , pp. 1083-1089
    • Groten, J.P.1    Schoen, E.D.2    Feron, V.J.3
  • 72
    • 85033042101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the nasal epithelium of rats exposed by inhalation to mixtures of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein
    • Cassee, F. R., Groten, J. P., and Feron, V. J., Changes in the nasal epithelium of rats exposed by inhalation to mixtures of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein, Fund. Appl. Toxicol., 29, 208-218, 1996.
    • (1996) Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.29 , pp. 208-218
    • Cassee, F.R.1    Groten, J.P.2    Feron, V.J.3
  • 73
    • 0004754673 scopus 로고
    • Combined exposure of rat upper respiratory tract epithelium to aldehydes
    • Cassee, F. R., Groten, J. P., and Feron, V. J., Combined exposure of rat upper respiratory tract epithelium to aldehydes, Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 13, 726, 1994.
    • (1994) Hum. Exp. Toxicol. , vol.13 , pp. 726
    • Cassee, F.R.1    Groten, J.P.2    Feron, V.J.3
  • 74
    • 0029833147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of formaldehyde and acrolein mixtures: In vitro studies using nasal epethelial cells
    • 73a. Cassee, F. R., Stenhuis, W. H., Groten, J. P., and Feron, V. J., Toxicity of formaldehyde and acrolein mixtures: in vitro studies using nasal epethelial cells. Exp. Toxic. Pathol., 48, 481-483, 1996.
    • (1996) Exp. Toxic. Pathol. , vol.48 , pp. 481-483
    • Cassee, F.R.1    Stenhuis, W.H.2    Groten, J.P.3    Feron, V.J.4
  • 75
    • 0030292209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxicity of mixtures of nephrotoxicants with similar or dissimilar mode of action
    • Jonker, D., Woutersen, R. A., and Feron, V. J., Toxicity of mixtures of nephrotoxicants with similar or dissimilar mode of action, Food Chem. Toxicol., 34, 1075-1082, 1996.
    • (1996) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.34 , pp. 1075-1082
    • Jonker, D.1    Woutersen, R.A.2    Feron, V.J.3
  • 77
    • 0027000809 scopus 로고
    • A weight of evidence approach for assessing interactions in chemical mixtures
    • Mumtaz, M. M. and Durkin, P. D., A weight of evidence approach for assessing interactions in chemical mixtures, Toxicol. Ind. Health, 8, 377-406, 1992.
    • (1992) Toxicol. Ind. Health , vol.8 , pp. 377-406
    • Mumtaz, M.M.1    Durkin, P.D.2
  • 78
    • 0029127586 scopus 로고
    • Chemical mixtures: Current risk assessment methodologies and future directions
    • Seed, J., Brown, R. P., Olin, S. S., and Foran, J. A., Chemical mixtures: current risk assessment methodologies and future directions, Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 22, 76-94, 1995.
    • (1995) Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.22 , pp. 76-94
    • Seed, J.1    Brown, R.P.2    Olin, S.S.3    Foran, J.A.4
  • 79
    • 0030291970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Public health implications of hazardous waste sites: Findings, assessment and research
    • DeRosa, C. R., Johnson, B. L., Fay, M., Hansen, H., and Mumtaz, Public health implications of hazardous waste sites: findings, assessment and research, Food Chem. Toxicol., 34, 1131-1138, 1996.
    • (1996) Food Chem. Toxicol. , vol.34 , pp. 1131-1138
    • DeRosa, C.R.1    Johnson, B.L.2    Fay, M.3    Hansen, H.4    Mumtaz5
  • 80
    • 15644362552 scopus 로고
    • Foreword
    • Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego
    • McClellan, R. O., Foreword, in Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures, Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, xxi-xxiv.
    • (1994) Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures
    • McClellan, R.O.1
  • 81
    • 0028240309 scopus 로고
    • Biochemical and histopathological changes in nasal epithelium of rats after 3-day intermittent exposure to formaldehyde and ozone alone or in combination
    • Cassee, F. R. and V. J. Feron, Biochemical and histopathological changes in nasal epithelium of rats after 3-day intermittent exposure to formaldehyde and ozone alone or in combination, Toxicol. Lett., 72, 257-268, 1994.
    • (1994) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.72 , pp. 257-268
    • Cassee, F.R.1    Feron, V.J.2
  • 83
    • 0003077777 scopus 로고
    • Nephrotoxicity resulting from multiple chemical exposures and chemical interactions
    • Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego
    • Simmons, J. E., Nephrotoxicity resulting from multiple chemical exposures and chemical interactions, in Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures, Yang, R. S. H., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1994, 335-360.
    • (1994) Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures , pp. 335-360
    • Simmons, J.E.1
  • 84
    • 0023692368 scopus 로고
    • Effects of exercise exposure on toxic interactions between inhaled oxidant and aldehyde air pollutants
    • Mautz, W. J., Kleinman, M. T., Phalen, R. F., and Crocker, T. T., Effects of exercise exposure on toxic interactions between inhaled oxidant and aldehyde air pollutants, J. Toxicol. Environm. Health, 25, 165-177, 1988.
    • (1988) J. Toxicol. Environm. Health , vol.25 , pp. 165-177
    • Mautz, W.J.1    Kleinman, M.T.2    Phalen, R.F.3    Crocker, T.T.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.