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note
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Reaction times were determined by the disappearance of starting material as observed by TLC. Each reaction was assayed every 5 min for the first 30 min, then every 30 min for an additional 3 h. After 3 h each reaction was assayed every 6 h to an ultimate time of 42 h.
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56
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0042376028
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Reactions that are sluggish often result in the formation of ester byproducts presumably arising from the slow oxidation of the alkyl zinc reagent by adventitious oxygen; for a similar example, see: Katritzky, A. R.; Luo, Z. Heterocydes 2001, 55, 1467-1474.
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11844258408
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note
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On the basis of our previous report, trifluorotoluene seems to be an effective promoter if used in higher concentration (30 mol % trifluorotoluene and 1 mol % catalyst).
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note
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Qualitative observations suggest bpy is the generally preferred ligand for succinic anhydrides and pyphos is the preferred ligand for glutaric anhydrides.
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note
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Currently, alkenyl and alkynyl zinc reagents are beyond the scope of this transformation.
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note
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It should be noted that generation of aryllithium reagents from aryl iodides by treatment with n-butyllithium leads to no observed product.
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note
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2 was used for consistency in our studies regarding the substrate scope.
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3 cross-coupling reactions, see: Refs 23 and 26.
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