Metabolic syndrome, a cardiovascular disease risk factor: Role of adipocytokines and impact of diet and physical activity

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 808-829

  Robinson, Lindsay E ^a   Graham, Terry E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Adipose tissue; Cytokines; Exercise; IL 6; Inflammation; Insulin resistance syndrome; Nutrition; Obesity; PAI 1; Skeletal muscle; TNF

Indexed keywords

ADRENALIN; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CATECHOLAMINE; CYTOKINE; HORMONE; INTERLEUKIN 6; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIETARY INTAKE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPID METABOLISM; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS;

EID: 11844249999     PISSN: 10667814     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/h04-053     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (74)

1. Abate, N. (2000). Obesity and cardiovascular disease. Pathogenetic role of the metabolic syndrome and therapeutic implications. J. Diabetes Complications 14: 154-174.
2. Adamopoulos, S., Parissis, J., Karatzas, D., Kroupis, C., Georgiadis, M., Karavolias, G., Paraskevaidis, J., Koniavitou, K., Coats, A.J., and Kremastinos, D.T. (2002). Physical training modulates proinflammatory cytokines and the soluble Fas/soluble Fas ligand system in patients with chronic heart failure. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39: 653-663.
3. Alberti, K.G., and Zimmet, P.Z. (1998). Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet. Med. 15: 539-553.
4. Ardern, C.I., Katzmarzyk, P.T., Janssen, I., and Ross, R. (2003). Discrimination of health risk by combined body mass index and waist circumference. Obes. Res. 11: 135-142.
5. Bastard, J.P., Jardel, C., Bruckert, E., Blondy, P., Capeau, J., Laville, M., Vidal, H., and Hainque, B. (2000). Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 3338-3342.
6. Berliner, J.A., Navab, M., Fogelman, A.M., Frank, J.S., Demer, L.L., Edwards, P.A., Watson, A.D., and Lusis, A.J. (1995). Atherosclerosis: Basic mechanisms. Oxidation, inflammation, and genetics. Circulation 91: 2488-2496.
7. Birgel, M., Gottschling-Zeller, H., Rohrig, K., and Hauner, H. (2000). Role of cytokines in the regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression and secretion in newly differentiated subcutaneous human adipocytes. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20: 1682-1687.
8. Bruun, J.M., Verdich, C., Toubro, S., Astrup, A., and Richelsen, B. (2003). Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Effect of weight loss in obese men. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 148: 535-542.
9. Calder, P.C. (1997). n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytokine production in health and disease. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 41: 203-234.
10. Camus, J.P. (1966). [Gout, diabetes, hyperlipemia: A metabolic trisyndrome]. Rev. Rhum. Mal Osteoartic. 33: 10-14.
11. Das, U.N. (2002). Is metabolic syndrome X an inflammatory condition? Exp. Biol. Med. 227: 989-997.
12. Endres, S., Ghorbani, R., Kelley, V.E., Georgilis, K., Lonnemann, G., van der Meer, J.W., Cannon, J.G., Rogers, T.S., Klempner, M.S., Weber, P.C., Schaefer, E.J., Wolff, S.M., and Dinarello, C.A. (1989). The effect of dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the synthesis of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor by mononuclear cells. N. Engl. J. Med. 320: 265-271.
13. Esposito, K., Pontillo, A., Ciotola, M., Di Palo, C., Grella, E., Nicoletti, G., and Giugliano, D. (2002). Weight loss reduces interleukin-18 levels in obese women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87: 3864-3866.
14. Esposito, K., Pontillo, A., Giugliano, F., Giugliano, G., Marfella, R., Nicoletti, G., and Giugliano, D. (2003a). Association of low interleukin-10 levels with the metabolic syndrome in obese women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 1055-1058.
15. Esposito, K., Pontillo, A., Di Palo, C., Giugliano, G., Masella, M., Marfella, R., and Giugliano, D. (2003b). Effect of weight loss and lifestyle changes on vascular inflammatory markers in obese women: A randomized trial. JAMA 289: 1799-1804.
16. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. (2001). Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 285: 2486-2497.
17. Faraj, M., Havel, P.J., Phelis, S., Blank, D., Sniderman, A.D., and Cianflone, K. (2003). Plasma acylation-stimulating protein, adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin before and after weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery in morbidly obese subjects. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88: 1594-1602.
18. Febbraio, M.A., and Pedersen, B.K. (2002). Muscle-derived interleukin-6: Mechanisms for activation and possible biological roles. FASEB J. 16: 1335-1347.
19. Festa, A., D'Agostino, R., Jr., Tracy, R.P., and Haffner, S.M. (2002). Elevated levels of acute-phase proteins and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict the development of type 2 diabetes: The insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Diabetes 51: 1131-1137.
20. Ford, E.S., Giles, W.H., and Dietz, W.H. (2002). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 287: 356-359.
21. Fried, S.K., Bunkin, D.A., and Greenberg, A.S. (1998). Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: Depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 847-850.
22. Fruhbeck, G., Gomez-Ambrosi, J., Muruzabal, F.J., and Burrell, M.A. (2001). The adipocyte: A model for integration of endocrine and metabolic signaling in energy metabolism regulation. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 280: E827-E847.
23. Geffken, D.F., Cushman, M., Burke, G.L., Polak, J.F., Sakkinen, P.A., and Tracy, R.P. (2001). Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population. Am. J. Epidemiol. 153: 242-250.
24. Gottschling-Zeller, H., Birgel, M., Rohrig, K., and Hauner, H. (2000). Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta 1 on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 secretion from subcutaneous and omental human fat cells in suspension culture. Metabolism 49: 666-671.
25. Greenberg, A.S., Nordan, R.P, McIntosh, J., Calvo, J.C., Scow, R.O., and Jablons, D. (1992). Interleukin 6 reduces lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue of mice in vivo and in 3T3-L1 adipocytes: A possible role for interleukin 6 in cancer cachexia. Cancer Res. 52: 4113-4116.
26. Haffner, S.M. (1996). The insulin resistance syndrome revisited. Diabetes Care 19: 275-277.
27. Han, S.N., Leka, L.S., Lichtenstein, A.H., Ausman, L.M., Schaefer, E.J., and Meydani, S.N. (2002). Effect of hydrogenated and saturated, relative to polyunsaturated, fat on immune and inflammatory responses of adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia. J. Lipid Res. 43: 445-452.
28. Hotamisligil, G.S., Arner, P., Caro, J.F., Atkinson, R.L., and Spiegelman, B.M. (1995). Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 95: 2409-2415.
29. Hotamisligil, G.S. (1999). Mechanisms of TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 107: 119-125.
30. Hotta, K., Funahashi, T., Arita, Y., Takahashi, M., Matsuda, M., Okamoto, Y., Iwahashi, H., Kuriyama, H., Ouchi, N., Maeda, K., Nishida, M., Kihara, S., Sakai, N., Nakajima, T., Hasegawa, K., Muraguchi, M., Ohmoto, Y., Nakamura, T., Yamashita, S., Hanafusa, T., and Matsuzawa, Y. (2000). Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 20: 1595-1599.
31. Hube, F., Birgel, M., Lee, Y.M., and Hauner, H. (1999). Expression pattern of tumour necrosis factor receptors in subcutaneous and omental human adipose tissue: Role of obesity and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 29: 672-678.
32. Hulver, M.W., Zheng, D., Tanner, C.J., Houmard, J.A., Kraus, W.E., Slentz, C.A., Sinha, M.K., Pories, W.J., MacDonald, K.G., and Dohm, G.L. (2002). Adiponectin is not altered with exercise training despite enhanced insulin action. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 283: E861-E865.
33. Isomaa, B., Almgren, P., Tuomi, T., Forsen, B., Lahti, K., Nissen, M., Taskinen, M.R., and Groop, L. (2001). Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 24: 683-689.
34. Keller, C., Keller, P., Marshal, S., and Pedersen, B.K. (2003). IL-6 gene expression in human adipose tissue in response to exercise - Effect of carbohydrate ingestion. J. Physiol. Jun 6 [Epub ahead of print].
35. Kern, P.A., Saghizadeh, M., Ong, J.M., Bosch, R.J., Deem, R., and Simsolo, R.B. (1995). The expression of tumor necrosis factor in human adipose tissue. Regulation by obesity, weight loss, and relationship to lipoprotein lipase. J. Clin. Invest. 95: 2111-2119.
36. Knowler, W.C., Barrett-Connor, E., Fowler, S.E., Hamman, R.F., Lachin, J.M., Walker, E.A., and Nathan, D.M. (2002). Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N. Engl. J. Med. 346: 393-403.
37. Lemieux, S. (2001). Contribution of visceral obesity to the insulin resistance syndrome. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 26: 273-290.
38. Lindahl, B., Nilsson, T.K., Jansson, J.H., Asplund, K., and Hallmans, G. (1999). Improved fibrinolysis by intense lifestyle intervention. A randomized trial in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. J. Intern. Med. 246: 105-112.
39. Liu, L.S., Spelleken, M., Rohrig, K., Hauner, H., and Eckel, J. (1998). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha acutely inhibits insulin signaling in human adipocytes: Implication of the p80 tumor necrosis factor receptor. Diabetes 47: 515-522.
40. Masuzaki, H., Paterson, J., Shinyama, H., Morton, N.M., Mullins, J.J., Seckl, J.R., and Flier, J.S. (2001). A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science 294: 2166-2170.
41. Mavri, A., Alessi, M.C., Bastelica, D., Geel-Georgelin, O., Fina, F., Sentocnik, J.T., Stegnar, M., and Juhan-Vague, I. (2001). Subcutaneous abdominal, but not femoral fat expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is related to plasma PAI-1 levels and insulin resistance and decreases after weight loss. Diabetologia 44: 2025-2031.
42. Mohamed-Ali, V., Goodrick, S., Rawesh, A., Katz, D.R., Miles, J.M., Yudkin, J.S., Klein, S., and Coppack, S.W. (1997). Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82: 4196-4200.
43. Mohamed-Ali, V., Pinkney, J.H., and Coppack, S.W. (1998). Adipose tissue as an endocrine and paracrine organ. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 22: 1145-1158.
44. Mori, Y., Murakawa, Y., Yokoyama, J., Tajima, N., Ikeda, Y., Nobukata, H., Ishikawa, T., and Shibutani, Y. (1999). Effect of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester on insulin resistance and hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Metabolism 48: 1089-1095.
45. Morin, C.L., Eckel, R.H., Marcel, T., and Pagliassotti, M.J. (1997). High fat diets elevate adipose tissue-derived tumor necrosis factor-alpha activity. Endocrinology 138: 4665-4671.
46. Nobukata, H., Ishikawa, T., Obata, M., and Shibutani, Y. (2000). Long-term administration of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester prevents diabetes and abnormalities of blood coagulation in male WBN/Kob rats. Metabolism 49: 912-919.
47. Nonogaki, K., Fuller, G.M., Fuentes, N.L., Moser, A.H., Staprans, I., Grunfeld, C., and Feingold, K.R. (1995). Interleukin-6 stimulates hepatic triglyceride secretion in rats. Endocrinology 136: 2143-2149.
48. Novak, T.E., Babcock, T.A., Jho, D.H., Helton, W.S., and Espat, N.J. (2003). NF-kappa B inhibition by omega-3 fatty acids modulates LPS-stimulated macrophage TNF-alpha transcription. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 284: L84-L89.
49. Ostrowski, K., Rohde, T., Asp, S., Schjerling, P., and Pedersen, B.K. (1999). Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in strenuous exercise in humans. J. Physiol. 515(Pt. 1): 287-291.
50. Pedersen, B.K., and Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2000). Exercise and the immune system: Regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol. Rev. 80: 1055-1081.
51. Reaven, G.M. (1988). Banting Lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37: 1595-1607.
52. Riccardi, G., and Rivellese, A.A. (2000). Dietary treatment of the metabolic syndrome - The optimal diet. Br. J. Nutr. 83(Suppl. 1): S143-S148.
53. Ridker, P.M., Hennekens, C.H., Buring, J.E., and Rifai, N. (2000). C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 342: 836-843.
54. Ridker, P.M., Rifai, N., Rose, L., Buring, J.E., and Cook, N.R. (2002). Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N. Engl. J. Med. 347: 1557-1565.
55. Salmeron, J., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E.B., Colditz, G.A., Spiegelman, D., Jenkins, D.J., Stampfer, M.J., Wing, A.L., and Willett, W.C. (1997). Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care 20: 545-550.
56. Samad, F., and Loskutoff, D.J. (1996). Tissue distribution and regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in obese mice. Mol. Med. 2: 568-582.
57. Samuelsson, L., Gottsater, A., and Lindgarde, F. (2003). Decreasing levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 during lowering of body mass index with orlistat or placebo in obese subjects with cardiovascular risk factors. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 5: 195-201.
58. Scherer, P.E., Williams, S., Fogliano, M., Baldini, G., and Lodish, H.F. (1995). A novel serum protein similar to Clq, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 26746-26749.
59. Stampfer, M.J., Hu, F.B., Manson, J.E., Rimm, E.B., and Willett, W.C. (2000). Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N. Engl. J. Med. 343: 16-22.
60. Steensberg, A., Keller, C., Starkie, R.L., Osada, T., Febbraio, M.A., and Pedersen, B.K. (2002). IL-6 and TNF-alpha expression in, and release from, contracting human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 283: E1272-E1278.
61. Storlien, L.H., Kriketos, A.D., Jenkins, A.B., Baur, L.A., Pan, D.A., Tapsell, L.C., and Calvert, G.D. (1997). Does dietary fat influence insulin action? Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 827: 287-301.
62. Straczkowski, M., Kowalska, I., Dzienis-Straczkowska, S., Stepien, A., Skibinska, E., Szelachowska, M., and Kinalska, I. (2001). Changes in tumor necrosis factor-alpha system and insulin sensitivity during an exercise training program in obese women with normal and impaired glucose tolerance. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 145: 273-280.
63. Tracy, R.P. (2001). Is visceral adiposity the "enemy within"? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21: 881-883.
64. Tsukui, S., Kanda, T., Nara, M., Nishino, M., Kondo, T., and Kobayashi, I. (2000). Moderate-intensity regular exercise decreases serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and HbA1c levels in healthy women. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 24: 1207-1211.
65. Vague, J. (1956). The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: A factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculons disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 4: 20-34.
66. Van Snick, J. (1996). Interleukin-6: An overview. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8: 253-278.
67. Vessby, B., Unsitupa, M., Hermansen, K., Riccardi, G., Rivellese, A.A., Tapsell, L.C., Nalsen, C., Berglund, L., Louheranta, A., Rasmussen, B.M., Calvert, G.D., Maffetone, A., Pedersen, E., Gustafsson, I.B., and Storlien, L.H. (2001). Substituting dietary saturated for monounsaturated fat impairs insulin sensitivity in healthy men and women: The KANWU Study. Diabetologia 44: 312-319.
68. Whaley, M.H., Kampert, J.B., Kohl, H.W., III, and Blair, S.N. (1999). Physical fitness and clustering of risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31: 287-293.
69. Wiman, B., Chmielewska, J., and Ranby, M. (1984). Inactivation of tissue plasminogen activator in plasma. Demonstration of a complex with a new rapid inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 259: 3644-3647.
70. Yang, W.S., Lee, W.J., Funahashi, T., Tanaka, S., Matsuzawa, Y., Chao, C.L., Chen, C.L., Tai, T.Y., and Chuang, L.M. (2001). Weight reduction increases plasma levels of an adipose-derived anti-inflammatory protein, adiponectin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 3815-3819.
71. Yudkin, J.S. (1999). Abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis in insulin resistance. Evidence for a common antecedent? Diabetes Care 22(Suppl. 3): C25-C30.
72. Yudkin, J.S., Kumari, M., Humphries, S.E., and Mohamed-Ali, V. (2000). Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: Is interleukin-6 the link? Atherosclerosis 148: 209-214.
73. Yudkin, J.S., Stehouwer, C.D., Emeis, J.J., and Coppack, S.W. (1999). C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: Associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: A potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 19: 972-978.
74. Ziccardi, P., Nappo, F., Giugliano, G., Esposito, K., Marfella, R., Cioffi, M., D'Andrea, F., Molinari, A.M., and Giugliano, D. (2002). Reduction of inflammatory cytokine concentrations and improvement of endothelial functions in obese women after weight loss over one year. Circulation 105: 804-809.