Transplantation 50 years later - Progress, challenges, and promises

New England Journal of Medicine

Volumn 351, Issue 26, 2004, Pages 2761-2766

  Sayegh, Mohamed H ^a   Carpenter, Charles B ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; AZATHIOPRINE; CORTICOSTEROID; CORTISONE; MERCAPTOPURINE;

ALLOGRAFT; ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY; BURN; CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOLOGY; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; KIDNEY DONOR; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; MEDICAL PRACTICE; ORGAN DONOR; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKIN GRAFT; SURVIVAL TIME; WHOLE BODY RADIATION;

ANIMALS; GRAFT REJECTION; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; MALE; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; SURVIVAL RATE; TISSUE DONORS; TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY; TWINS, MONOZYGOTIC;

EID: 10844266734     PISSN: 00284793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMon043418     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Merrill JP. The artificial kidney. N Engl J Med 1952;246:17-27.
2. Merrill JP, Murray JE, Harrison JH, Guild WR. Successful homotransplantation of the human kidney between identical twins. JAMA 1956;160:277-82.
3. Morris PJ. Transplantation - a medical miracle of the 20th century. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2678-80.
4. Murray JE, Merrill JP, Harrison JH. Kidney transplantation between seven pairs of identical twins. Ann Surg 1958;148:343-59.
5. Holman E. Protein sensitization in iso-skin grafting: is the latter of practical value? Surg Gynecol Obstet 1924;38:100-6.
6. Merrill JP, Murray JE, Harrison JH, Friedman EA, Dealy JB Jr, Dammin GJ. Successful homotransplantation of the kidney between nonidentical twins. N Engl J Med 1960;262:1251-60.
7. Hamburger J, Vaysse J, Crosnier J, Auvert J, Lalanne CM, Hopper J Jr. Renal homotransplantation in man after radiation of the recipient: experience with six patients since 1959. Am J Med 1962;32:854-71.
8. Schwartz R, Eisner A, Dameshek W. The effect of 6-mercaptopurine on primary and secondary immune responses. J Clin Invest 1959;38:1394-403.
9. Schwartz R, Dameshek W. Drug-induced immunological tolerance. Nature 1959;183:1682-3.
10. Murray JE, Merrill JP, Harrison JH, Wilson RE, Dammin GJ. Prolonged survival of human-kidney homografts by immunosuppressive drug therapy. N Engl J Med 1963;268:1315-23.
11. Kahan BD. Cyclosporine. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1725-38.
12. Shapiro AMJ, Lakey JRT, Ryan EA, et al. Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen. N Engl J Med 2000;343:230-8.
13. Ricordi C, Strom TB. Clinical islet transplantation: advances and immunological challenges. Nat Rev Immunol 2004;4:259-68.
14. Harlan DM, Rother KI. Islet transplantation as a treatment for diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2104.
15. Organ Procurement and Transplant Network. Prevalence of people living with a functioning transplant at end of year, 1993 to 2002. In: OPTN/SRTR 2003 annual report: summary tables, transplant data 1993-2002. Table 1.15. (Accessed December 2, 2004, at http://www.ustransplant.org.)
16. Idem. Unadjusted graft and patient survival at 3 months, 1 year, 3 years, 5 years, and 10 years: standard errors of the survival rates. In: OPTN/SRTR 2003 annual report: summary tables, transplant data 1993-2002. Table 1.14. (Accessed December 2, 2004, at http://www.ustransplant.org.)
17. Idem. OPTN/SRTR2003 annual report summary tables, transplant data 1993-2002. Tables 1.2, 1.3, 1.8, and fast facts about transplants for 2003. (Accessed December 2, 2004, at http://www.ustransplant.org.)
18. Hariharan S, Johnson CP, Bresnahan BA, Taranto SE, McIntosh MJ, Stablein D. Improved graft survival after renal transplantation in the United States, 1988 to 1996. N Engl J Med 2000;342:605-12.
19. Meier-Kriesche HU, Schold JD, Srinivas TR, Kaplan B. Lack of improvement in renal allograft survival despite a marked decrease in acute rejection rates over the most recent era. Am J Transplant 2004;4:378-83.
20. Pascual M, Theruvath T, Kawai T, Tolkoff-Rubin N, Cosimi AB. Strategies to improve long-term outcomes after renal transplantation. N Engl J Med 2002;346:580-90.
21. Vella JP, Spadafora-Ferreira M, Murphy B, et al. Indirect allorecognition of major histocompatibility complex allopeptides in human renal transplant recipients with chronic graft dysfunction. Transplantation 1997;64:795-800.
22. Ciubotariu R, Liu Z, Colovai AI, et al. Persistent allopeptide reactivity and epitope spreading in chronic rejection of organ allografts. J Clin Invest 1998;101:398-405.
23. Reznik SI, Jaramillo A, SivaSai KS, et al. Indirect allorecognition of mismatched donor HLA class II peptides in lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Am J Transplant 2001;1:228-35.
24. Baker RJ, Hernandez-Fuentes MP, Brookes PA, Chaudhry AN, Cook HT, Lechler RI. Loss of direct and maintenance of indirect alloresponses in renal allograft recipients: implications for the pathogenesis of chronic allograft nephropathy. J Immunol 2001;167:7199-206.
25. Gane EJ, Portmann BC, Naoumov NV, et al. Long-term outcome of hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. N Engl J Med 1996;334:815-20.
26. Denton MD, Magee CC, Sayegh MH. Immunosuppressive strategies in transplantation. Lancet 1999;353:1083-91.
27. Lakkis FG, Sayegh MH. Memory T cells: a hurdle to immunologie tolerance. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:2402-10.
28. Sayegh MH, Turka LA. The role of T-cell costimulatory activation pathways in transplant rejection. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1813-21.
29. Briscoe DM, Sayegh MH. A rendezvous before rejection: where do T cells meet transplant antigens? Nat Med 2002;8:220-2.
30. Steele DJR, Laufer TM, Smiley ST, et al. Two levels of help for B cell alloantibody production. J Exp Med 1996;183:699-703.
31. Nankivell BJ, Borrows RJ, Fung CL-S, O'Connell PJ, Allen RDM, Chapman JR. The natural history of chronic allograft nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2326-33.
32. Vincenti F. Immunosuppression minimization: current and future trends in transplant immunosuppression. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:1940-8.
33. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2003;108:2154-69.
34. Bostom AD, Brown RS Jr, Chavers BM, et al. Prevention of post-transplant cardiovascular disease - report and recommendations of an ad hoc group. Am J Transplant 2002;2:491-500.
35. Fishman JA, Rubin RH. Infection in organ-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1741-51.
36. Fishman JA. BK virus nephropathy - polyomavirus adding insult to injury. N Engl J Med 2002;347:527-30.
37. Li B, Hartono C, Ding R, et al. Noninvasive diagnosis of renal-allograft rejection by measurement of messenger RNA for perforin and granzyme B in urine. N Engl J Med 2001;344:947-54.
38. Knechtle SJ, Pirsch JD, Fechner J Jr, et al. Campath-1H induction plus rapamycin monotherapy for renal transplantation: results of a pilot study. Am J Transplant 2003;3:722-30.
39. Kirk AD, Hale DA, Mannon RB, et al. Results from a human renal allograft tolerance trial evaluating the humanized CD52-specific monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1H). Transplantation 2003;76:120-9.
40. Starzl TE, Murase N, Abu-Elmagd K, et al. Tolerogenic immunosuppression for organ transplantation. Lancet 2003;361:1502-10.
41. Rothstein DM, Sayegh MH. T-cell costimulatory pathways in allograft rejection and tolerance. Immunol Rev 2003;196:85-108. [Erratum, Immunol Rev 2004;197:243.]
42. Kreis H, Oberbauer R, Campistol JM, et al. Long-term benefits with sirolimus-based therapy after early cyclosporine withdrawal. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:809-17.
43. Mota A, Arias M, Taskinen EI, et al. Sirolimus-based therapy following early cyclosporine withdrawal provides significantly improved renal histology and function at 3 years. Am J Transplant 2004;4:953-61.
44. Salama AD, Remuzzi G, Harmon WE, Sayegh MH. Challenges to achieving clinical transplantation tolerance. J Clin Invest 2001;108:943-8.
45. Matthews JB, Ramos E, Bluestone JA. Clinical trials of transplant tolerance: slow but steady progress. Am J Transplant 2003;3:794-803.
46. Meier-Kriesche HU, Baliga R, Kaplan B. Decreased renal function is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular death after renal transplantation. Transplantation 2003;75:1291-5.
47. Hariharan S, McBride MA, Cherikh WS, Tolleris CB, Bresnahan BA, Johnson CP. Post-transplant renal function in the first year predicts long-term kidney transplant survival. Kidney Int 2002;62:311-8.
48. Ojo AO, Held PJ, Port FK, et al. Chronic renal failure after transplantation of a nonrenal organ. N Engl J Med 2003;349:931-40.
49. Kasiske BL, Snyder JJ, Gilbertson D, Matas AJ. Diabetes mellitus after kidney transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant 2003;3:178-85.
50. Cosio FG, Pesavento TE, Osei K, Henry ML, Ferguson RM. Post-transplant diabetes mellitus: increasing incidence in renal allograft recipients transplanted in recent years. Kidney Int 2001;59:732-7.
51. Neylan JF, Sayegh MH, Coffman TM, et al. The allocation of cadaver kidneys for transplantation in the United States: consensus and controversy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:2237-43.
52. Ojo AO, Heinrichs D, Emond JC, et al. Organ donation and utilization in the USA. Am J Transplant 2004;4:Suppl 9:27-37.
53. Delmonico FL. Exchanging kidneys - advances in living-donor transplantation. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1812-4.
54. Kasiske BL, Snyder JJ, Matas AJ, Ellison MD, Gill JS, Kausz AT. Preemptive kidney transplantation: the advantage and the advantaged. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:1358-64.
55. Organ Procurement and Transplant Network. Reported deaths and annual death rates per 1,000 patient years at risk: waiting list, 1993 to 2002. In: OPTN/SRTR 2003 annual report: summary tables, transplant data 1993-2002. Table 1.7. (Accessed December 2, 2004, at http://www.ustransplant.org.)