The management of alcoholic liver disease

Journal of Hepatology, Supplement

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2003, Pages

  Stewart, Stephen F ^a   Day, Christopher P ^a  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACAMPROSATE; ACETYLCYSTEINE; ALBUMIN; ALLOPURINOL; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANABOLIC AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBIC ACID; CASPASE INHIBITOR; COLCHICINE; CORTICOSTEROID; DEFEROXAMINE; GLUCAGON; INFLIXIMAB; INSULIN; MITOGENIC AGENT; NALTREXONE; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; RETINOL; S ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; SELENIUM; SILYMARIN; VASOCONSTRICTOR AGENT; ZINC; ALDEHYDE OXIDASE; CYTOCHROME P450 2E1; XANTHINE OXIDASE;

ALCOHOL LIVER CIRRHOSIS; ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRINKING BEHAVIOR; DRUG MECHANISM; FATTY LIVER; HEPATORENAL SYNDROME; HUMAN; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREOPERATIVE CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; PUBLIC OPINION; RECIDIVISM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TREATMENT CONTRAINDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLISM; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ENTERIC FEEDING; HEPATOMEGALY; LIVER BIOPSY; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER INJURY; PATHOGENESIS; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; SURVIVAL RATE;

HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS, ALCOHOLIC; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 10644277012     PISSN: 01695185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Lieber CS. Alcoholic liver disease: a public health issue in need of a public health approach. Semin Liver Dis 1993;13:105-107.
2. Williams GD, Debakey SF. Changes in levels of alcohol consumption: United States, 1983-1988. Br J Addic 1992;87:643-648.
3. Lieber CS, et al. Effects of prolonged ethanol intake: production of fatty liver despite adequate diets. J Clin Invest 1965;44:1009-1021.
4. Teli MR, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver: a follow-up study. Hepatology 1995;22:1714-1719.
5. Bruguera M, et al. Asymptomatic liver disease in alcoholics. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1977;101:644-647.
6. Alexander JF, et al. Natural history of alcoholic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1971;56:515-525.
7. Powell WJJ, Klatskin G, et al. Duration of survival in patients with Laennec's cirrhosis. Influence of alcohol withdrawal, and possible effects of recent changes in general management of the disease. Am J Med 1968;44:406-420.
8. Pares A, et al. Histological course of alcoholic hepatitis. Influence of abstinence, sex and extent of hepatic damage. J Hepatol 1986;2:33-42.
9. Party RCoPW. ALCOHOL - can the NHS afford it? 2001.
10. Wilk AI, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized control trials addressing brief interventions in heavy alcohol drinkers. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12:274-283.
11. Moyer A, et al. Brief interventions for alcohol problems: a meta-analytic review of controlled investigations in treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking populations. Addiction 2002;97:279-292.
12. Fleming MF, et al. Benefit-cost analysis of brief physician advice with problem drinkers in primary care settings. Med Care 2000;38:7-18.
13. Kadden RM. Project MATCH: treatment main effects and matching results. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1996;20:196A-197A.
14. O'Malley SS, et al. Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence. A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:881-887.
15. Sass H, et al. Relapse prevention by acamprosate. Results from a placebo-controlled study on alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:673-680.
16. Garbutt JC, et al. Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: a review of the evidence. J Am Med Assoc 1999;281:1318-1325.
17. Delgrange T, et al. Effect of acute administration of acamprosate on the risk of encephalopathy and on arterial pressure in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1992;16:687-691.
18. Chick J, et al. Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:84-89.
19. Fuller RK, et al. Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. A veterans administration cooperative study. J Am Med Assoc 1986;256:1449-1455.
20. Peachey JE, Sellers EM. The disulfiram and calcium carbimide acetaldehyde-mediated ethanol reactions. Pharmacol Ther 1981;15:89-97.
21. Wodak AD, et al. Severity of alcohol dependence in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1983;287:1420-1422.
22. Day CP. Moderate alcohol intake is not deleterious in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 1996;24:443A.
23. Maddrey WC, et al. Corticosteroid therapy of alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1978;75:193-199.
24. Ramond MJ, et al. A randomized trial of prednisolone in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1992;326:507-512.
25. Mathurin P, et al. Survival and prognostic factors in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis treated with prednisolone. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1847-1853.
26. Carithers Jr RL, et al. Methylprednisolone therapy in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. A randomized multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med 1989;110:685-690.
27. Goldberg S, et al. VA cooperative study on alcoholic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1986;81:1029-1034.
28. Orrego H, et al. Prognosis of alcoholic cirrhosis in the presence and absence of alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1987;92:208-214.
29. Stewart S, et al. Alcoholic liver disease: new insights into mechanisms and preventative strategies. Trends Mol Med 2001;7:408-413.
30. Adachi Y, et al. Inactivation of Kupffer cells prevents early alcohol-induced liver injury. Hepatology 1994;20:453-460.
31. Adachi Y, et al. Antibiotics prevent liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol. Gastroenterology 1995;108:218-224.
32. Yin M, et al. Essential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Gastroenterology 1999;117:942-952.
33. Yin M, Bradford BU, Wheeler MD, Uesugi T, Goyert SM, Thurman RG. Important role of CD14 receptor in early alcohol-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2000;32:408A.
34. Tsukamoto H, Lu SC. Current concepts in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver injury. FASEB J 2001;15:1335-1349.
35. Ray A, Prefontaine KE. Physical association and functional antagonism between the p65 subunit of transcription factor NF-kappa B and the glucocorticoid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:752-756.
36. Ghosh S. Regulation of inducible gene expression by the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Immunol Res 1999;19:183-189.
37. Reynolds T, et al. Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterol Int 1989;2:208-216.
38. Imperiale TF, McCullough AJ. Do corticosteroids reduce mortality from alcoholic hepatitis? A meta-analysis of the randomized trials. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:299-307.
39. Daures JP, et al. Corticoid therapy in the treatment of acute alcoholic hepatitis. Results of a meta-analysis. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1991;15:223-228.
40. Christensen E, Gluud C. Glucocorticosteroids are not effective in alcoholic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:3065-3066.
41. Mathurin P, et al. Corticosteroids improve short-term survival in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis (AH): individual data analysis of the last three randomized placebo controlled double blind trials of corticosteroids in severe AH. J Hepatol 2002;36:480-487.
42. Iimuro Y, et al. Antibodies to tumor necrosis factor alfa attenuate hepatic necrosis and inflammation caused by chronic exposure to ethanol in the rat. Hepatology 1997;26:1530-1537.
43. McClain CJ, Cohen DA. Increased tumor necrosis factor production by monocytes in alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 1989;9:349-351.
44. Bird GL, et al. Increased plasma tumor necrosis factor in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Ann Intern Med 1990;112:917-920.
45. Strieter RM, et al. Cellular and molecular regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by pentoxifylline. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988;155:1230-1236.
46. Akriviadis E, et al. Pentoxifylline improves short-term survival in severe acute alcoholic hepatitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2000;119:1637-1648.
47. Mutimer D, Neuberger J. Acute liver failure: improving outcome despite a paucity of treatment options. Q J Med 1993;86:409-411.
48. Mendenhall CL, et al. Protein-calorie malnutrition associated with alcoholic hepatitis. Veterans administration cooperative study group on alcoholic hepatitis. Am J Med 1984;76:211-222.
49. Nasrallah SM, Galambos JT. Aminoacid therapy of alcoholic hepatitis. Lancet 1980;2:1276-1277.
50. Diehl AM, et al. Effect of parenteral amino acid supplementation in alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 1985;5:57-63.
51. Cabre E, et al. Effect of total enteral nutrition on the short-term outcome of severely malnourished cirrhotics. A randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1990;98:715-720.
52. Cabre E, et al. Short- and long-term outcome of severe alcohol-induced hepatitis treated with steroids or enteral nutrition: a multi-center randomized trial. Hepatology 2000;32:36-42.
53. Ekstrom G, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Rat liver microsomal NADPH-supported oxidase activity and lipid peroxidation dependent on ethanol-inducible cytochrome P-450 (P-450IIE1). Biochem Pharmacol 1989;38:1313-1319.
54. Slater TF, et al. Changes in liver nucleotide concentrations in experimental liver injury. Biochem J 1964;93:267-270.
55. Albano E, et al. Spin trapping of free radical species produced during the microsomal metabolism of ethanol. Chem Biol Interact 1988;65:223-234.
56. Halliwell B. Free radicals, antioxidants, and human disease: curiosity, cause, or consequence? [see comments]. Lancet 1994;344:721-724.
57. Parola M, Robino G. Oxidative stress-related molecules and liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2001;35:297-306.
58. Clot P, et al. Monitoring oxidative damage in patients with liver cirrhosis and different daily alcohol intake. Gut 1994;35:1637-1643.
59. Paradis V, et al. In situ detection of lipid peroxidation by-products in chronic liver diseases. Hepatology 1997;26:135-142.
60. Situnayake RD, et al. Lipid peroxidation and hepatic antioxidants in alcoholic liver disease. Gut 1990;31:1311-1317.
61. Paredes SR, et al. S-adenosyl-L-methionine: its effect on aminole-vulinate dehydratase and glutathione in acute ethanol intoxication. Alcohol 1987;4:81-85.
62. Dworkin B, et al. Low blood selenium levels in alcoholics with and without advanced liver disease. Correlations with clinical and nutritional status. Dig Dis Sci 1985;30:838-844.
63. Thurnham DI, et al. The use of different lipids to express serum tocopherol: lipid ratios for the measurement of vitamin E status. Ann Clin Biochem 1986;23:514-520.
64. Leo MA, Lieber CS. Hepatic vitamin A depletion in alcoholic liver injury. N Engl J Med 1982;307:597-601.
65. Bianchi GP, et al. Reduced ubiquinone plasma levels in patients with liver cirrhosis and in chronic alcoholics. Liver 1994;14:138-140.
66. Wenzel G, et al. Alcohol-induced toxic hepatitis - a 'free radical' associated disease. Lowering fatality by adjuvant antioxidant therapy. Z die Gesamte Innere Med Ihre Grenzgeb 1993;48:490-496.
67. Phillips M, et al. Antioxidants versus corticosteroids in the treatment f severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomised trial. Hepatology 2001;34:250A.
68. Stewart SF, et al. A trial of antioxidant therapy alone or with corticosteroids in acute alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 2002;36:16.
69. Fang JW, et al. Hepatocyte proliferation as an indicator of outcome in acute alcoholic hepatitis. Lancet 1994;343:820-823.
70. Simek J, et al. Influence of protracted infusion of glucose and insulin on the composition and regeneration activity of liver after partial hepatectomy in rats. Nature 1967;213:910-911.
71. Farivar M, et al. Effect of insulin and glucagon on fulminant murine hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1976;295:1517-1519.
72. Feher J, et al. A prospective multicenter study of insulin and glucagon infusion therapy in acute alcoholic hepatitis. J Hepatol 1987;5:224-231.
73. Trinchet JC, et al. Treatment of severe alcoholic hepatitis by infusion of insulin and glucagon: a multicenter sequential trial. Hepatology 1992:15:76-81.
74. Bird G, et al. Insulin and glucagon infusion in acute alcoholic hepatitis: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Hepatology 1991;14:1097-1101.
75. Rambaldi A, et al. Anabolic-androgenic steroids for alcoholic liver disease: a Cochrane review. Am J Gastroenterol 1674;97:1674-1681.
76. Israel Y, et al. Experimental alcohol-induced hepatic necrosis: suppression by propylthiouracil. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1975;72:1137-1141.
77. Orrego H, et al. Effect of short-term therapy with propylthiouracil in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1979;76:105-115.
78. Halle P, et al. Double-blind, controlled trial of propylthiouracil in patients with severe acute alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1982;82:925-931.
79. Jalan R, et al. Clinical and cytokine response to anti-TNF antibody therapy in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 2001;34:441A.
80. Spahr L, et al. Combination of steroids with infliximab or placebo in severe alcoholic hepatitis: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Hepatol 2002;37:448-455.
81. Keane J, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1098-1104.
82. Akerman P, et al. Antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibit liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Am J Physiol 1992;263:G579-G585.
83. Heemann U, et al. Albumin dialysis in cirrhosis with superimposed acute liver injury: a prospective, controlled study. Hepatology 2002;36:949-958.
84. Mutimer DJ, et al. Managing severe alcoholic hepatitis complicated by renal failure. Q J Med 1993:86:649-656.
85. Ortega R, et al. Terlipressin therapy with and without albumin for patients with hepatorenal syndrome: results of a prospective, nonrandomized study. Hepatology 2002;36:941-948.
86. Uriz J, et al. Terlipressin plus albumin infusion: an effective and safe therapy of hepatorenal syndrome. J Hepatol 2000;33:43-48.
87. Guevara M, et al. Reversibility of hepatorenal syndrome by prolonged administration of ornipressin and plasma volume expansion. Hepatology 1998;27:35-41.
88. Saunders JB, et al. A 20-year prospective study of cirrhosis. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1981;282:263-266.
89. Orrego H, et al. Long-term treatment of alcoholic liver disease with propylthiouracil. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1421-1427.
90. Ehrlich HP, et al. Effects of antimicrotubular agents on the secretion of collagen. A biochemical and morphological study. J Cell Biol 1974;62:390-405.
91. Diegelmann RF, Peterkofsky B. Inhibition of collagen secretion from bone and cultured fibroblasts by microtubular disruptive drugs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1972;69:892-896.
92. Kershenobich D, et al. Colchicine in the treatment of cirrhosis of the liver. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1709-1713.
93. Akriviadis EA, et al. Failure of colchicine to improve short-term survival in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterology 1990;99:811-818.
94. Trinchet JC, et al. Treatment of alcoholic hepatitis with colchicines. Results of a randomized double blind trial. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1989;13:551-555.
95. Cortez-Pinto H, et al. Lack of effect of colchicine in alcoholic cirrhosis: final results of a double blind randomized trial. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;14:377-381.
96. Rambaldi A, Gluud C. Colchicine for alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001;3.
97. Carini R, et al. Lipid peroxidation and irreversible damage in the rat hepatocyte model. Protection by the silybin-phospholipid complex IdB 1016. Biochem Pharmacol 1992;43:2111-2115.
98. Pietrangelo A, et al. Antioxidant activity of silybin in vivo during long-term iron overload in rats. Gastroenterology 1995;109:1941-1949.
99. Masini A, et al. Iron-induced oxidant stress leads to irreversible mitochondrial dysfunctions and fibrosis in the liver of chronic iron-dosed gerbils. The effect of silybin. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2000;32:175-182.
100. Ferenci P, et al. Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. J Hepatol 1989;9:105-113.
101. Pares A, et al. Effects of silymarin in alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver: results of a controlled, double-blind, randomized and multicenter trial. J Hepatol 1998;28:615-621.
102. Mato JM, et al. S-adenosylmethionine in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. J Hepatol 1999;30:1081-1089.
103. Lieber CS, et al. Phosphatidylcholine protects against fibrosis and cirrhosis in the baboon. Gastroenterology 1994;106:152-159.
104. Li J, et al. Polyunsaturated lecithin prevents acetaldehyde-mediated hepatic collagen accumulation by stimulating collagenase activity in cultured lipocytes. Hepatology 1992;15:373-381.
105. Lieber CS. Alcoholic liver disease: new insights in pathogenesis lead to new treatments. J Hepatol 2000;32:113-128.
106. Starzl TE, et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis. J Am Med Assoc 1988;260:2542-2544.
107. ELTR. (2001) www.ELTR.org.
108. Belle SH, et al. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease in the United States: 1988 to 1995. Liver Transpl Surg 1997;3:212-219.
109. Neuberger J, et al. Transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2002;36:130-137.
110. Wiesner RH, et al. Liver transplantation for end-stage alcoholic liver disease: an assessment of outcomes. Liver Transpl Surg 1997;3:231-239.
111. Bird GL, et al. Liver transplantation in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: selection criteria and rates of survival and relapse. Br Med J 1990;301:15-17.
112. Propst A, et al. Prognosis and life expectancy in chronic liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40:1805-1815.
113. Poynard T, et al. Evaluation of efficacy of liver transplantation in alcoholic cirrhosis by a case-control study and simulated controls. Lancet 1994;344:502-507.
114. Berlakovich GA, et al. Efficacy of liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis with respect to recidivism and compliance. Transplant Proc 1994;58:560-565.
115. Gerhardt TC, et al. Alcohol use following liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis. Transplant Proc 1996;62:1060-1063.
116. Lucey MR, et al. Alcohol use after liver transplantation in alcoholics: a clinical cohort follow-up study. Hepatology 1997;25:1223-1227.
117. Kumar S, et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 1990;11:159-164.
118. Osorio RW, et al. Predicting recidivism after orthotopic liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 1994;20:105-110.
119. Foster PF, et al. Prediction of abstinence from ethanol in alcoholic recipients following liver transplantation. Hepatology 1997;25:1469-1477.
120. Anand AC, et al. Liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease: evaluation of a selection protocol. Hepatology 1997;25:1478-1484.
121. Pageaux GP, et al. Alcoholic cirrhosis is a good indication for liver transplantation, even for cases of recidivism. Gut 1999;45:421-426.
122. Burra P, et al. Histological features after liver transplantation in alcoholic cirrhotics. J Hepatol 2001;34:716-722.
123. Neuberger J, et al. Assessing priorities for allocation of donor liver grafts: survey of public and clinicians. Br Med J 1998;317:172-175.
124. Veldt BJ, et al. Indication of liver transplantation in severe alcoholic liver cirrhosis: quantitative evaluation and optimal timing. J Hepatol 2002;36:93-98.
125. Lucey MR. Is liver transplantation an appropriate treatment for acute alcoholic hepatitis? J Hepatol 2002;36:829-831.
126. Shakil AO, et al. Survival and quality of life after liver transplantation for acute alcoholic hepatitis. Liver Transpl Surg 1997;3:240-244.
127. Tome S, et al. Influence of superimposed alcoholic hepatitis on the outcome of liver transplantation for end-stage alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 2002;36:793-798.