Management of the draining ear in children

Pediatric Annals

Volumn 33, Issue 12, 2004, Pages 843-853

  Schroeder, Ashley ^a,b   Darrow, David H ^c,d  

^a NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER PORTSMOUTH   (United States)

^b LAC+USC Medical Center   (United States)

^c EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF THE KING S DAUGHTERS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; AZLOCILLIN; CEFTAZIDIME; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CIPRODEX; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLOTRIMAZOLE; COLISTIN; CORTISPORIN; DEXAMETHASONE; DEXAMETHASONE PLUS TOBRAMYCIN; FLUOCINONIDE; FRAMYCETIN; GENTAMICIN; GLUCOSE; HYDROCORTISONE; MEZLOCILLIN; NEOMYCIN; OFLOXACIN; OTOCORT; PEDIOTIC; PENICILLIN G SODIUM; PIPERACILLIN; POLYMYXIN B; STEROID; STREPTOMYCIN; SULBACTAM; SULFATHIAZOLE; SULFATHIAZOLE ASCORBATE; TICARCILLIN; TOBRAMYCIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VOSOL;

ASPERGILLUS; BACTERIAL COLONIZATION; BACTERIUM ISOLATE; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CHOLESTEATOMA; DEBRIDEMENT; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; EAR DISEASE; EARDRUM; ESCHERICHIA COLI; EXTERNAL OTITIS; FOREIGN BODY; GRANULAR MYRINGITIS; GRANULATION TISSUE; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE; HUMAN; MASTOIDECTOMY; OTITIS MEDIA; OTORRHEA; PERILYMPH FISTULA; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; PUS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; TYMPANOPLASTY; TYMPANOSTOMY TUBE;

EID: 10644263141     PISSN: 00904481     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3928/0090-4481-20041201-10     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Ah-Tye C, Paradise JL, Colborn DK. Otorrhea in young children after tympanostomy-tube placement for persistent middle-ear effusion: prevalence, incidence, and duration. Pediatrics. 2001;107(6):1251-1258.
2. Rosenfeld RM. Surgical prevention of otitis media. Vaccine. 2001;19(Suppl 1):S134-S139.
3. Balkany TH, Barkin RM, Suzuki BH, Watson WJ. A prospective study of infection following tympanostomy and tube insertion. Am J Otol. 1983;4(4):288-291.
4. Kinsella JB, Fenton J, Donnelly MJ, McShane DP. Tympanostomy tubes and early post-operative otorrhea. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1994;30(2):111-114.
5. Giebink GS, Daly K, Buran DJ, Satz M, Ayre T. Predictors for postoperative otorrhea following tympanostomy tube insertion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118(5): 491-494.
6. Scott BA, Strunk CL. Posttympanostomy otorrhea: the efficacy of canal preparation. Laryngoscope. 1992;102(10):1003-1007.
7. Garcia P, Gates GA, Schechtman KB. Does topical antibiotic prophylaxis reduce post-tympanostomy tube otorrhea? Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1994;103(1):54-58.
8. Gross RD, Burgess LP, Holtel MR, et al. Saline irrigation in the prevention of otorrhea after tympanostomy tube placement. Laryngoscope. 2000;110(2 pt 1):246-249.
9. Post JC. Direct evidence of bacterial biofilms in otitis media. Laryngoscope. 2001; 111(12):2083-2094.
10. Poole MD. Treatment of otorrhea associated with tubes or perforations. Ear Nose Throat J. 1993;72(3):225-226.
11. Mandel EM, Casselbrant ML, Kurs-Lasky M. Acute otorrhea: bacteriology of a common complication of tympanostomy tubes. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1994;103(9):713-718.
12. Schneider ML. Bacteriology of otorrhea from tympanostomy tubes. Arch Otolaryngol Head NeckSurg. 1989;115(10):1225-1226.
13. Ruohola A, Heikkinen T, Meurman O, et al. Antibiotic treatment of acute otorrhea through tympanostomy tube: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study with daily follow-up. Pediatrics 2003;111(5 pt 1):1061-1067.
14. Roland PS. The formation and management of middle ear granulation tissue in chronic ear disease. Ear Nose Throat J. 2004;83(1 Suppl):5-8.
15. Salata JA, Derkay CS. Water precautions in children with tympanostomy tubes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122(3): 276-280.
16. Jaffe BF. Are water and tympanostomy tubes compatible? Laryngoscope. 1981;91(4): 563-564.
17. Lounsbury BR Swimming unprotected with long-shafted middle ear ventilation tubes. Laryngoscope. 1985;95(3):340-343.
18. Becker GD, Eckberg TJ, Goldware RR. Swimming and tympanostomy tubes: a prospective study. Laryngoscope. 1987;97(6): 740-741.
19. Marks MJ, Mills RP. Swimming and grommets. JR Soc Med 1983;76(1):23-26.
20. Golz A, Ghersin T, Joachims HZ, et al. Prophylactic treatment after ventilation tube insertion: comparison of various methods. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;119(1): 117-120.
21. Lee D, Youk A, Goldstein NA. A meta-analysis of swimming and water precautions. Laryngoscope. 1999;109(4):536-540.
22. Kenna MA, Bluestone CD, Reilly JS, Lusk RP. Medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma in children. Laryngoscope. 1986;96(2):146-151.
23. Fliss DM, Dagan R, Houri Z, Lieberman A. Medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma in children. J Pediatr. 1990;116(6):991-996.
24. Kimmelman CP. Office management of the draining ear. Otol Clin N Am. 1992;25(4): 739-744.
25. Dagan R, Fliss DM, Einhorn M, Kraus M, Leiberman A. Outpatient management of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992;11(7):542-546.
26. Ma KH, Tang PS, Chan KW. Aural tuberculosis. Am J Otol. 1990;11(3):174-177.
27. Kenna MA, Rosane BA, Bluestone CD. Medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma in children - update 1992. Am J Otol. 1993;14(5):469-473.
28. Golz A, Goldenberg D, Netzer A, et al. Cholesteatomas associated with ventilation tube insertion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999;125(7):754-757.
29. Skedros DG, Cass SP, Hirsch BE, Kelly RH. Beta-2 transferrin assay in clinical management of cerebral spinal fluid and perilymphatic fluid leaks. J Otolaryngol. 1993; 22(5):341-344.
30. Weber PC, Kelly RH, Bluestone CD, Bassiouny M. Beta 2-transferrin confirms perilymphatic fistula in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;110(4):381-385.
31. Levenson MJ, Desloge RB, Parisier SC. Beta-2 transferrin: Limitations of use as a clinical marker for perilymph. Laryngoscope. 1996; 106(2 pt 1):159-161.
32. Buchman CA, Luxford WM. Hirsch BE, Fucci MJ, Kelly RH. Beta-2 transferrin assay in the identification of perilymph. Am J Otol. 1999;20(2):174-178.
33. Salit IE, Miller B, Wigmore M, Smith JA. Bacterial flora of the external canal in diabetics ics and non-diabetics. Laryngoscope. 1982;92(6 pt 1):672-673.
34. Stroman DW, Roland PS, Dohar J, Burt W. Microbiology of normal external auditory canal. Laryngoscope. 2001;111(11 pt 1): 2054-2059.
35. Sundstrom J, Jacobson K, Munck-Wikland E, Ringertz S. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in otitis external a particular variety of the bacteria? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122(8):833-836.
36. Brook I, Yocum P, Shah K. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteriology of otorrhea associated with tympanostomy tubes in children. Acta Otolaryngol. 1998;118(2):206-210.
37. Dohar J. Microbiology of otorrhea in children with tympanostomy tubes: implications for therapy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;67(12):1317-1323.
38. Schneider ML. Bacteriology of otorrhea from tympanostomy tubes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1989;115(10):1225-1226.
39. Clark WB, Brook I, Bianki D, Thompson DH. Microbiology of otitis externa. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;116(1):23-25.
40. Fliss DM, Dagan R, Meidan N, Leiberman A. Aerobic bacteriology of chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1992; 101(10):866-869.
41. Arguedas A, Loaiza C, Herrera JF, Mohs E. Antimicrobial therapy for children with chronic suppurative otitis media without cholesteatoma. Ped Infect Dis J. 1994; 13(10):878-881.
42. Ohyama M, Furuta S, Ueno K, et al. Ofloxacin otic solution in patients with otitis media: an analysis of drug concentrations. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999; 125(3):337-340.
43. Hebert RL 2nd, Vick ML, King GE, Bent JP 3rd. Tympanostomy tubes and otic suspensions: do they reach the middle ear space? Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000; 122(3):330-3.
44. Myer CM 3rd. Historical perspective on the use of otic antimicrobial agents. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20(1):98-101.
45. Wright CG, Meyerhoff WL. Ototoxicity of otic drops applied to the middle ear in the chinchilla. Am J Otolaryngol. 1984;5(3): 166-176.
46. Wright CG, Meyerhoff WL, Burns DK. Middle ear cholesteatoma: an animal model. Am J Otolaryngol. 1985;6(5):327-341.
47. Vernon J, Brummett R, Walsh T. The ototoxic potential of propylene glycol in guinea pigs. Arch Otolaryngol. 1978;104(12): 726-729.
48. Pickett BP, Shinn JB, Smith MF. Ear drop Ototoxicity: Reality or myth? Am J Otol. 1997;18(6):782-791.
49. Linder TE, Zwicky S, Brandle P. Ototoxicity of ear drops: a clinical perspective. Am J Otol. 1995;16(5):653-657.
50. Podoshin L, Fradis M, Ben David J. Ototoxicity of ear drops in patients suffering from chronic otitis media. J Laryngol Otol. 1989;103(1):46-50.
51. Roland PS. Clinical Ototoxicity of topical antibiotic drops. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1994;110(6):598-602.
52. Lundy LB, Graham MD. Ototoxicity and ototopical medications: a survey of otolaryngologists. Am J Otol. 1993;14(2):141-146.
53. Charnock DR. Early postoperative otorrhea after tympanostomy tube placement: a comparison of topical ophthalmic and otic drops. Ear Nose Throat J. 1997;76(12):870-871.
54. Huffman RA, Goldofsky E. Topical ophthalmologics in otology. Ear Nose Throat J. 1991;70(4):205-210.
55. Roland PS, Stewart MG, Hannley M, et al. Consensus panel on role of potentially ototoxic antibiotics for topical middle ear use: Introduction, methodology, and recommendations. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(3 Suppl):S51-S56.
56. Roland PS, Anon JB, Moe RD, et al. Topical ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone is superior to ciprofloxacin alone in pediatric patients with acute otitis media and otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes. Laryngoscope. 2003; 113(12):2116-122.
57. Simpson KL, Markham A. Ofloxacin otic solution: A review of its use in the management of ear infections. Drugs. 1999;58(3):509-531.
58. Goldblatt EL, Dohar J, Nozza, et al. Topical ofloxacin versus systemic amoxicillin/clavulanate in purulent otorrhea in children with tympanostomy tubes. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1998;46(1-2):91-101.
59. Tong MC, Woo JK, van Hasselt CA. A double-blind comparative study of ofloxacin otic drops versus neomycin-polymyxin B-hydrocortisone otic drops in the medical management of chronic suppurative otitis media. J Laryngol Otol. 1996;110(4):309-314.
60. Brownlee RE, Hulka GF, Prazma J, Pillsbury HC 3rd. Ciprofloxacin: use as a topical otic preparation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118(4):392-396.
61. Barlow DW, Ducken LG, Kreig S, Gates GA. Ototoxicity of topical otomicrobial agents. Acta Otolaryngol. 1995;115(2):231-235.
62. Claes J, Govaerts PJ, Van de Heyning PH, Peelers S. Lack of ciprofloxacin Ototoxicity after repeated ototopical application. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35(5): 1014-1016.
63. Dohar JE, Alper CM, Rose EA, et al. Treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media with topical ciprofloxacin. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1998;107(10 pt 1):865-871.
64. Klein JO. In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of topical ofloxacin and other ototopical agents. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20(1):102-103.
65. Gaillot O, Berche P. In vitro susceptibility to ciprofloxacin of bacterial strains isolated from chronic otitis media and chronic sinusitis. Drugs 1995;49(suppl 2):200-202.
66. Jacobs MR, Bajaksouzian S, Zilles A, et al. Susceptibilities of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae to 10 oral antimicrobial agents based on pharmacodynamic parameters: 1997 U.S. surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43(8):1901-1908.
67. Thornsberry C, Ogilvie PT, Holley HP, Sahm DF. Survey of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis isolates to 26 antimicrobial agents: a prospective U.S. study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43(11):2612-2623.
68. Fremaux A, Sissia G, Geslin P. In-vitro bacteriostatic activity of levofloxacin and three other fluoroquinolones against penicillin-susceptible and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;43(Suppl C):9-14.
69. Thomson KS, Chartrand SA, Sanders CC, Block SL. In-vitro activity of levofloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae with various levels of penicillin resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;43(Suppl C):15-19.
70. Kitzis MD, Goldstein FW, Miegi M, Acar JF. In-vitro activity of levofloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone: evaluation against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;43(Suppl C): 21-26.
71. Roland PS, Kreisler LS, Reese B, et al. Topical ciprofloxacin/ dexamethasone otic suspension is superior to ofloxacin otic solution in the treatment of children with acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes. Pediatrics. 2004;113(1 pt 1):e40-e46.
72. Dohar JE, Kenna MA, Wadowsky RM. In vitro susceptibility of aural isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to commonly used ototopical antibiotics. Am J Otol. 1996;17(2): 207-209.
73. Indudharan R, Haq JA, Aiyar S. Antibiotics in chronic suppurative otitis media: a bacteriologic study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1999;108(5):440-444.
74. Dohar JE, Garner ET, Nielsen RW, Biel MA, Seidlin M. Topical ofloxacin treatment of otorrhea in children with tympanostomy tubes. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999;125(5):537-545.
75. Zipfel TE, Wood WE, Street DF, et al. The effect of topical ciprofloxacin on postoperative otorrhea after tympanostomy tube insertion. Am J Otol. 1999;20(4):416-420.
76. Wintermeyer SM, Hart MC, Nahata MC. Efficacy of ototopical ciprofloxacin in patients with otorrhea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1997;116(4):450-453.
77. Matsumoto Y, Suzuki Y, Ishii Y, et al. Antimicrobial activity of ofloxacin against recent clinical isolates from otitis media and otitis externa. Jpn J Antibiot. 1998;51(9):561-575.
78. Jang CH, Park SY. Emergence of ciprofloxacin-resistant pseudomonas in chronic suppurative otitis media. Clin Otolaryngol. 2004;29(4):321-323.
79. Hwang JH, Tsai HY, Liu TC. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in discharging ears. Acta Otolaryngol. 2002;122(8):827-830.
80. Hwang JH, Chu CK, Liu TC. Changes in bacteriology of discharging ears. J Laryngol Otol. 2002;116(9):686-689.
81. Roland PS, Dohar JE, Lanier BJ, et al. Topical ciprofloxacin/ dexamethasone otic suspension is superior to ofloxacin otic solution in the treatment of granulation tissue in children with acute otitis media with otorrhea through tympanostomy tubes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004;130(6):736-741.
82. Dohar JE, Kenna MA, Wadowsky RM. Therapeutic implications in the treatment of aural Pseudomonas infections based on in vitro susceptibility patterns. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;121(9):1022-1025.
83. Package information. Cipro® (ciprofloxacin). West Haven, CT; Miles, Inc.; 1993.