Endocrine modulators of necrotic neuron death

Brain Pathology

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 481-491

  Chan, Roger S ^a   Huey, Edward D ^a   Maecker, Heather L ^a   Cortopassi, Karen M ^a   Howard, Sarah A ^a   Iyer, Asha M ^a   McIntosh, Laura J ^a   Ajilore, Olu A ^a   Brooke, Sheila M ^a   Sapolsky, Robert M ^a  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATECHOLAMINE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; ESTROGEN; GLUCOCORTICOID; INSULIN; THYROID HORMONE;

BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CELL DEATH; CONFERENCE PAPER; ENDOCRINE FUNCTION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; NERVE CELL;

EID: 10544250247     PISSN: 10156305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1996.tb00877.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (137)

1. Aldenhoff J, Groul D, Rivier J, Vale W, Siggins G (1983) CRF decreases postburst hyperpolarizations and excites hippocampal neurones. Science 221: 875-877
2. Amoroso D, Kindel G, Wulfert E, Hanin I (1994) Long-term exposure to high levels of corticosterone aggravates AF64A-induced cholinergic hypofunction in rat hippocampus in vivo Brain Res 661: 9-16
3. Aus der Muhlen K, Ockenfels H (1969) Morphologische Veranderungen im Diencephalon und Telencephalon nach Storngen des regelkreises Adenohypophyse-Nebennierenrinde III. Ergebnisee beim Meerschweinchen nach Verabreichung von Cortison und Hydrocortison. Z Zellforsch 93: 126-140
4. Behl C, Davis J, Lesley R, Schubert D (1994) Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid beta protein toxicity. Cell 77: 817-827
5. Behl C, Trapp T, Skutella T, Holsboer F (1995) Amyloid s protein toxicity and activated glucocorticoid receptors in hippocampal neurons. Soc Nsci Ab 21: 401-3
6. Bennett M, Lehman J, Mlady G, Rose G (1993) Synergy between corticosterone and sodium azide in producing a place laming deficit in the Morris water maze Soc Nsci Ab 19: 78.12
7. Blomqvist P, Lindvall O, Wieloch T (1985) Lesions of the locus coeruleus system aggravate ischemic damage in the rat brain. Neurosci Lett 58: 353-358
8. Bouhaddi K, Thomopoulos P, Fages C, Khelil M, Tardy M (1988) insulin effect on GABA uptake in astroglial primary cultures. Neurochem Res 13: 1119-1124
9. Bremner J, Randall P., Scott T, Bronen R, Seibyl J, Southwick S, Delaney R, McCarthy G, Charney D, Innis R (1995) MRI-based measurement of hippocampal voluem in patients with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychaitry 152. 973-981
10. Cechetto D (1993) Experimental cerebral ischemic lesions and autonomic and cardiac effects in cats and rats Stroke 24: 16-9
11. Choi D (1990) Cerebral hypoxia: some new approaches and unanswered questions. J Neurosci 10: 2493-2499
12. Choi D (1992) Excitotoxic cell death. J Neurobiol 23: 1261-1276.
13. Chou Y, Lin W, Sapolsky R. (1994) Glucocorticoids increase extracellular [3H]D-aspartate overflow in hippocampal cultures during cyanide-induced ischemia Brain Res 654: 8-15
14. Cosi C, Spoerri P, Comelli M, Guidolin D, Skaper S (1993) Glucocorticoids depress activity-dependent expression of BDNF mRNA in hippocampal neurones NeuroReport 4 527-531
15. Crafts S, Newcomer J, Kanne S, Dagogo-Jack S, Cryer P, Sheline Y, Luby J, Dagogo-Jack A, Alderson A (1996) Memory improvement following induced hypernsulinemia in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobio Aging 17: 123-130
16. Dash R, Maecker H, Smith A, Weiss F, Ngai A, Winn R, Sapolsky R (1995) Glucocorticoids block the compensatory release of inhibitory neurotransmitters following an excitotoxic insult to the hippocampus. Soc Nsci Ab 21: 347.9
17. de Courten-Myers G, Kleinholz M, Wagner K, Xi G, Myers R (1994) Efficacious experimental stroke treatment with high-dose methylprednisolone. Stroke 25. 487-493
18. DeGroot L, Larsen P, Refetoff S (1984) The Thyroid and Its Diseases. Wiley: New York.
19. DeKosky S, Scheff S, Cotman C (1984) Elevated corticosterone levels: A mechanism for impaired sprouting in the aged hippocampus. Neuroendocrinology 38: 33-41
20. Ehlers C, Henrikson S, Wang M, Rivier J, Vale W, Bloom F (1983) CRF produces increases in brain excitability and convulsive seizures in rats. Brain Res 278: 332-338
21. Elliott E, Mattson M, Vanderklish P, Lynch G, Chang I, Sapolsky R (1993) Corticosterone exacerbates kainate-induced alterations in hippocampal tau immunoreactivity and spectrin proteolysis in vivo. J Neurochem 61: 57-64
22. Elliott E, Sapolsky R (1992) Corticosterone enhances kainic acid-induced calcium mobilization in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 59: 1033-1039
23. Elliott E, Sapolsky R (1993) Corticosterone impairs hippocampal neuronal calcium regulation: Possible mediating mechanisms. Brain Research 602: 84-89
24. Feibel, J, Hardy, P and Campbell, R (1977) Prognostic value of the stress response following stroke. JAMA 238: 1374-1376
25. Freo U, Holloway H, Kalogeras K, Rapoport S, Soncrant T (1992) Adrenalectomy or metyrapone-pretreatment abolishes cerebral metabolic responses to the serotonin agonist DOI in the hippocampus. Brain Research 586: 256-261
26. Garvey W, Huecksteadt T, Lima F, Birnbaum M (1989) Expression of a glucose transporter gene cloned from brain in cellular models of insulin resistance. Dexamethasone decreases transporter mRNA in primary cultured adipocytes. Molec Endo 3: 1132-1137
27. Gluckman P, Klempt N, Gaun J (1992) A role of IGF-I in the rescue of CNS neurons following hypoxic-ischemic iniury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 182: 593-599
28. Goodman Y, Bruce A, Cheng B, Mattson M (1996) Estrogens attenuate excitotoxicity, oxidative injury, and amyloid B-peptide toxicity in hippocampal neurons J Neurochem (in press)
29. Goodman Y, Steiner M, Steiner S, Mattson M (1994) Nondihydroguaiaretic acid protects hippocampal neurons against amyloid β-peptide toxicity, and attenuates free radical and calcium accumulation. Brain Res 654: 171-176
30. Grunstein H, James D, Storlien L, Smythe G, Kraegen E (1985) Hyperinsulinemia suppresses glucose utilization in specific brain regions: In vivo studies using the euglycemic clamp in the rat. Endocrinology 116: 604-610
31. Gurvits T, Shenton M, Hokama H, Ohta H, Lasko N, Gilbertson M, Orr S, Kikinis R, Jolescz F, McCarley R, Pitman R (1996) Magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry (in press)
32. Hall E (1990) Steroids and neuronal destruction or stabilization In Steroids and Neuronal Activity (Ciba Foundation Symposium 153) pp 206-215, Wiley: Chichester
33. Hamilton M, Tranmer BI, Auer R (1995) Insulin reductionof cerebralinfarction due to transient focal ischemia J Neurosurgery 82: 262-268
34. Henderson V, Paganini-Hill A, Emanuel C, Dunn M, Buckwalter J (1994) Estrogen replacement therapy in older women. Comparisons between Alzheimer's disease cases and nondemented control subjects. Arch Neurol 51: 896-900
35. Hensley K, Carney J, Mattson M, Aksenova M, Harris M, Wu J, Floyd R, Butterfield D (1994) A model of β-amyloid aggregation and neurotoxicity based on free radical generation by the peptide: relevance to Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 3270-3274
36. Hoffman W, Baughman V, Albrecht F (1993) Of catecholamines and nitrous oxide ventilation during incomplete brain ischemia in rats. Anesthesia Analgesia 77: 908
37. Horner H, Munck A, Lienhard G (1987) Dexamethasone causes translocation of glucose transporters from the plasma membrane to an intracellular site in human fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 262: 17696-17703
38. Horner H, Packan D, Sapolsky R (1990) Glucocorticoids inhibit glucose transport in cultured hippocampal neurons and glia. Neuroendocrinology 52: 57-62
39. Hortnagl H, Berger M, Havelec L, Hornykiewicz O (1993) Role of glucocorticoids in the cholinergic degeneration in rat hippocampus induced by ethylcholine aziridinium (AF64A). J Neurosci 13: 2939-2946
40. Joels M, de Kloet E (1992) Coordinative mineralocorticoid and lgucoocrticoid receptor-mediated control of responss to serotonin in rat hippocampus. Neuroendocrinology 55: 344-350
41. Joels M, de Kloet E (1993) Corticosteroid actions on amino acid-mediated transmission in rat CA1 hippocampal cells. J Neurosci 13: 4082-4090
42. Johnson M, Stone D, Bush L, Hanson G, Gibb J (1989) Glucocorticoids and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced neurotoxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 161: 181-185
43. Kadekaro M, Masanori I, Gross P (1988) Local cerebral glucose utilization is increased in acutely adrenalectomized rats. Neuroendocrinology 47: 329-336
44. Kerr D, Campbell L, Applegate M, Brodish A, Landfield P (1991) Chronic stress-induced acceleration of electrophysiologic and morphometric biomarkers of hippocampal aging. J Neurosci 11: 1316-1323
45. Kito S, Semba J, Miyoshi R, Shingo A, Shimizu E (1995) Effects of steroid hormones on growth factors in kainic acid-induced injured brain. Soc Neurosci Ab 21: 126.4
46. Koide T, Wieloch T, Siesjo B (1986) Chronic dexamethasone pretreatment aggravates ischemic neuronal necrosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6: 395-403
47. Koide T, Wieloch T, Siesjo B (1986) Circulating catecholamines modulate ischemic brain damage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 6: 559-565
48. Kuroiwa T, Okeda R (1994) Neuropathology of cerebral ischemia and hypoxia: Recent advances in experimental studies on its pathogenesis. Path Internat 44: 171-181
49. Landfield P, Baskin R, Pitler T (1981) Brain-aging correlates: retardation by hormonal-pharmacological treatments. Science 214: 581-584
50. Lauterborn J, Stinis C, Wong J, Sun Z, Isackson P, Gall C (1995) Adrenalectomy potentiates activity-dependent increases in BDNF exon I but not Exon III mRNA expression. Soc Nsci Ab 21: 126.3
51. Lawrence M, Sapolsky R. (1994) Glucocorticoids accelerate ATP loss following metabolic insults in cultured hippocampal neurons. Brain Research 646: 303-309
52. LeMay D, Gehua L, Zelenock G, D'Alecy L (1988) Insulin administration protects neurologic function in cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 19: 1411-1419
53. Levy, A, Dachir, S, Arbel, I and Kadar, T (1994) Aging, stress and cognitive function. Ann NY Acad Sci 717: 79-88
54. Levy A, Dachir S, Kadar T, Shukitt-Hale B, Stillman MJ, Lieberman HR (1993) Nimodipine, Stress, and central cholinergic function. Drugs in Development 2: 223-231
55. Lipton S, Choi Y, Pan Z, Lei S, Chen H, Sucher N, Loscalzo J, Singel D, Stamler J (1993) A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds. Nature 364: 626-629
56. Lipton S (1994) HIV-Related Neuronal Injury. Mol Neurobiol 8: 181-195
57. Lowy M, Wittenberg L, Novotney S (1994) Adrenalectomy attenuates kainic acid-induced spectrin proteolysis and heat shock protein 70 induction in hippocampus and cortex. J Neurochem 63: 886-893
58. Lyons M, Anderson R, Meyer F (1991) Corticotropin releasing factor antagonist reduces ischemic hippocampal neuronal injury. Brain Res 545: 339-342
59. Magarinos A, McEwen B (1995) Stress-induced atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c neurons: Comparison of stressors. Neuroscience 69: 83-87
60. Magarinos A, McEwen B. (1995) Stress-induced atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c neurons: Involvement of glucocortiocid secretion and excitatory amino acid receptors. Neuroscience 69: 88-95
61. Marrosu F, Fratta W, Carcangiu P, Giaheddu M, Gessa G (1988) Localised epileptiform activity induced by murine CRF in rats Epilepsia 29: 369-377
62. Martensson J, Goodwin C, Blake R, (1992) Mitochondrial glutathione in hypermetabolic rats following burn injury and thyroid hormone administration: Evidence of a selective effect on brain glutathione by burn injury. Metab Clin Exp 41: 273-277
63. Masters B, Shemer J, Judkins J, Clarke D, Le Roith D, Raizada M (1987) Insulin receptors and insulin action in dissociated brain cells. Brain Res 417: 247-256
64. Mattson M, Cheng B, Davis D Bryant K, Lieberburg I, Rydel R (1992) β-amyloid peptides destabilize calcium homeostasis and render human cortical neurons vulnerable to excitotoxicity. J Neurosci 12: 376-389
65. Mattson M, Lovell M, Furukawa K, Markesbery W (1995) Neurotrophic factors attenuate glutamate-induced accumulation of peroxides, elevation of intracellular calcium concentration, and neurotoxicity and increase antioxidant enzyme activities in hippocampal neurons. J Neurochem 65: 1740-1751
66. McCaleb M, Myers R, Singer G, Willis G (1979) Hypothalamic norepinephrine in the rat during feeding and push-pull perfusion with glucose, 2-0DG, or insulin. Am J Physiol 236. R312-321
67. McEwen B (1992) Reexamination of the glucocorticoid hypothesis of stress and aging Prog Brain Res 93: 365-393
68. McEwen B, de Kloet E, Rostene W (1986) Adrenal steroid receptors and actions in the nervous system Physiol Revs 66. 1121-1163
69. McIntosh L, Sapolsky R (1995) High glucocorticoid levels decrease some antioxidant enzyme activities in the adult rat brain. Soc Nsci Ab 21: 836.1
70. McIntosh L, Sapolsky R. (1996) Glucocorticoids increase oxidative parameters in hippocampal and cortical neuronal cultures exposed to adriamycin. Exp Neurol (in press)
71. Meaney M, Aitken D, Bhatnager S, Sapoisky R (1991) Postnatal handling attenuates certain neuroendocrine, anatomical, and cognitive dynsfunctions associated with aging in female rats. Neurobiol Aging 12: 31-39
72. Meaney M, Aitken D, Bhatnager S, Van Berkel C, Sapolsky R (1988) Postnatal handling attenuates neuroendocrine, anatomical, and cognitive impairments related to the aged hippocampus. Science 238, 766-771
73. Miller G, Davis J (1991) Post-ischemic surge in corticosteroids aggravates ischemic damage to gerbil CA1 pyramidal cells. Soc Neurosci Abs 17: 302.4
74. Mizoguchi K, Kunishita T, Chui D, Tabira T (1992) Stress induces neuronal death in the hippocampus of castrated rats. Neurosci Lett 138: 157-160
75. Morse J, Davis J (1990) Regulation of ischemic hippocampal damage in the gerbil: Adrenalectomy alters the rate of CA1 cell disappearance. Exp Neurol 110: 86-94
76. Munck A, Guyre P, Holbrook N (1984) Physiological actions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacological actions. Endocrine Reviews 5: 25-43
77. Oka M (1956) Effect of cerebral vascular accident on the level of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in plasma Acta Med Scand 156: 221-226
78. Olsson T, Marklund N, Gustafson Y, Näsman B (1992) Abnormalities at different levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis early after stroke. Stroke 23: 1573-1576
79. Packan D, Sapolsky R (1990) Glucocorticoid endangerment of the hippocmapus: Tissue, steroid and receptor specificity. Neuroendocrinology 51: 613-620
80. Palovcik R, Phillips M, Kappy M, Raizada M (1984) Insulin inhibits pyramidal neurons in hippocampal slices. Brain Res 309: 187-191
81. Parthasarathy S, Morales A, Murphy A (1994) Antioxidant: a new role for RU-486 and related compounds J Clin Invest 94: 1990-1995
82. Patter M (1986) Hypothyroidism protects against pree radical damage in ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 29: 1162-1166
83. Rajan V, Edwards C, Seckl J (1996) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in cultured hippocampal cells reactivates inert 11-dehydrocorticosterone, potentiating neurotoxicity. J Neuroscience (in press)
84. Ravindran J, Shuaib A, Ijaz S, Galazka P, Waqar T, Ishaqzay R, Miyashita H, Liu L (1994) High extracellular GABA levels in hippocampus as a mechanism of neuronal protection in cerebral ischemia in adrenalectomized gerbils Neurosci Letts 176 209-215
85. Sailer C, Chiodo L (1980) Glucose suppresses basal firing in haloperidol-induced firing rate of central dopaminergic neurons. Science 210: 1269-1271
86. Sapolsky R (1985) A mechanisms for glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: Increased neuronal vulnerability to metabolic insults. J Neurosci 5: 1227-1234
87. Sapolsky R (1985) Glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus Temporal aspects of neuronal vulnerability. Brain Res 339: 300.-307
88. Sapolsky R (1986) Glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: Reversal by supplementation with brain fuels. J Neuroscience 6: 2240-2246
89. Sapolsky R (1994) Glucocorticoids, stress, and exacerbation of excitotoxic neuron death. Sem Neuroscience 6. 323-331
90. Sapolsky R (1996) Why stress is bad for your brain. Science 273: 749
91. Sapolsky R, Packan D, Vale W (1988) Glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: In vitro demonstration. Brain Res 453: 367-375
92. Sapolsky R, Pulsinelli W (1986) Glucocorticoids potentiate ischemic injury to neurons: Therapeutic implications. Science 229: 1397-1400
93. Sapolsky R, Uno H, Rebert C, Finch C (1990) Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged glucocorticoid exposure in primates. J Neurosci 10: 2897-2904
94. Sapolsky R (1986) Glucocorticoid toxicity in the hippocampus: Reversal by supplementation with brain fuels. J Neurosci 6: 2240-2246
95. Sapolsky R (1992) Stress, the Aging Brain, and the Mechanisms of Neuron Death. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
96. Sapolsky R, Krey L, McEwen B (1985) Prolonged glucocorticoid exposure reduces hippocampal neuron number, Implications for aging. J Neurosci 5: 1221-1227
97. Seeman T, Robbins R (1994) Aging and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal resposnes to challenge in humans. Endocrine Rev 15: 233-265
98. Sheline Y, Wang P, Gado M, Csernansky J, Vannier M (1996) Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depressin. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93. 3908-3912
99. Shu C, Hoffman W, Thomas C, Albrecht R (1993) Sympathetic activity enhances glucose-related ischemic injury in the rat. Anesthesiology 78: 1120-1125
100. Shuaib A, Ijaz S, Hemmings S, Galazka P, Ishaqzay R, Liu L, Ravindran J, Miyashita H (1994) Decreased glutamate release during hypothyroidism may contribute toprotection in cerebral ischemia. Exp Neurol 128. 260-265
101. Shuaib A, Ijaz M, Waqar T, Voll C, Kanthan R, Miyashita H, Liu L (1995) Insulin elevates hippocampal GABA levels during ischemia. This is independent of its hypoglycemic effect. Neuroscience 67: 809-814
102. Siggins G, Gruol D, Aldenhoff J, Pittman Q (1985) Electrophysiological actionsof CRF in the central nervous system. Fed Proc 44: 237-245.
103. Simpkins J, Singh M, Bishop J (1994) The potential role for estrogen replacement therapy in the treatment of the cognitive decline and neurodegeneration associated with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 15: S195-S197
104. Singh M, Meyer E, Simpkins J (1995) The effect of ovariectomy and estradiol replacement on brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA expression in cortical and hippocampal brain regions of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Endocrinology 136: 2320-2324
105. Sloviter R, Valiquette G, Abrams G, Rink E, Sollas A, Paul L, Neubort S (1989) Selective loss of hippocampla granule cells in the mature rat brain after adrenalectomy. Science 243. 535-539
106. Smith M, Makino S, Kvetnansky R, Post R (1995) Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of BDNF and NT-3 mRNAs in the hippocampus. J Neurosci 15: 1768-1777
107. Smith-Swintosky V, Pettigrew L, Sapolsky R, Phares C, Craddock S, Brooke S, Mattson M (1996) Metyrapone, an inhibitor of glucocorticoid production, reduces brain injury induced by focal and global ischemia and seizures J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16: 585-592
108. Stahl W (1986) The Na, K-ATPase of nervous tissue. Neurochem Int 8: 449-476
109. Standefer M, Little J (1986) Improved neurological outcome in experimental focal cerebral ischemia treated with propranolol. Neurosurgery 18: 136-140
110. Starkman M, Gebarski S, Berent S, Schteingart D (1992) Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with Cusing's syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 32: 756-765
111. Stein B, Sapolsky R (1988) Chemical adrenalectomy reduces hippocampal damage induced by kainic acid. Brain Res 473. 175-181
112. Stein-Behrens B, Elliott E, Miller C, Schilling J, Newcombe R, Sapolsky R. (1992) Glucocorticoids exacerbate kainic acid-induced extracellular accumulation of excitatory amino acids in the rat hippocampus. J Neurochem 58: 1730-1738
113. Stein-Behrens B, Lin W, Sapolsky R (1994) Physiological elevations of glucocorticoids potentiate glutamate accumulation in the hippocampus J Neurochem 63: 596-603
114. Stein-Behrens B, Mattson M, Chang I, Yeh M, Sapolsky R (1994) Stress exacerbates neuron loss and cytoskeletal pathology in the hippocampus J Neurosci 14: 5373-5380
115. Strijbos P, Relton J, Rothwell N (1994) Corticotrophin-releasing factor antagonist inhibits neuronal damage induced by focal cerebral ischaemia or activation of NMDA receptors in the rat brain. Brain Res 656: 405-408
116. Subbiah M, Kessel B, Agrawal M, Rajan R, Abplanalp W, Rymaszewski Z (1993) Antioxidant potential of specific estrogens on lipid peroxidation. J Clin Endo Metab 77: 1095-1097
117. Supko D, Johnston M (1994) Dexamethasone potentiates NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal injury in the postnatal rat. Eur J Pharmacol 270: 105-109
118. Swaroop A, Ramasarma T (1985) Heat exposure and hypothyroid conditions decrease hydrogen peroxide generation in liver mitochondria. Biochem J 226: 403-408
119. Talmi M, Carlier E, Bengelloun W, Soumireu-Mourat B (1996) Chronic RU 486 treatment reduces age-related alterations of mouse hippocampal function. Neurobiol Aging 17: 9-14
120. Talmi M, Carlier E, Soumireu-Mourat B (1993) Similar effects of aging and corticosterone treatment on mouse hippocampal function. Neurobiol Aging 14: 239-245
121. Theoret Y, Caldwell-Kenkel J, Krigman M (1985) The role of neuronal metabolic insult in organometal neurotoxicity. Toxicologist (Abstract) 6: 491
122. Thoenen H (1995) Neurotrophins and neuronal plasticity. Science 270: 593-594
123. Tombaugh G, Sapolsky R (1992) Corticosterone accelerates hypoxia-induced ATP loss in cultured hippocampal astrocytes. Brain Res 588: 154-158
124. Tombaugh G, Sapolsky R (1993) Endocrine features of glucocorticoid endangerment in hippocampal astrocytes Neuroendocrinology 57: 7-15
125. Tombaugh G, Yang S, Swanson R, Sapolsky R. (1993) Glucocorticoids exacerbate hypoxic and hypoglycemic hippocampal injury in vitro: Biochemical correlates and a role for astrocytes J Neurochem 59 137-145
126. Tuor U, Chumas P, Del Bigio M (1995) Prevention of hypoxic-isehemic damage with dexamethasone is dependent on age and not influenced by fasting. Exp Neurol 132: 116-123
127. Ueyama T, Nemoto K, Tone S, Senba E (1995) Stress ineduced unbalanced expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in the brain. Soc Nsci Ab 21: 126.2
128. Uhler T, Frim D, Pakzaban P, Isacson O (1994) The effects of mega-dose methylprednisolone and U-78517F on glutamate-receptormediated toxicity in the rat neostriatum Neurosurgery 34: 122-127
129. Unger J, Livingston J, Moss A (1991) Insulin receptors in the central nervous system: Localization, signalling mechanisms and functional aspects. Prog Neurobiol 36: 343-362
130. Uno H, Flugge G, Thieme C, Johren O, Fuchs E (1991) Degeneration of the hippocampal pyramidal neurons in the socially stressed tree shrew. Soc Neurosci Abst 17: 52.20
131. Uno H, Tarara R, Else J, Suleman M, Sapolsky R (1989) Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates. J Neurosci 9: 1705-1712
132. Vale W, Speiss J, Rivier C, Rivier J (1981) Characterization of a 41 residue ovine hypothalamic peptide that stimulates the secretion of corticotrophin and β endorphin. Science 813: 1394-1397
133. Virgin C, Ha T, Packan D, Tombaugh G, Yang S, Horner H, Sapolsky R (1991) Glucocorticoids inhibit glucose transport and glutamate uptake in hippocampal astrocytes: Implications for glucocortiocid neurotoxicity. J Neurochem 57: 1422-1428
134. Voll C, Auer R (1991) Insulin attenuates ischemic brain damage independent of its hypoglycemic effect. J Cerebral Blood Flow Metab 11: 1006-1014
135. Weber C, Eke B, Maines M (1994) Corticosterone regulates heme oxygenase-2 and NO synthase transcription and protein expression in rat brain. J Neurochem 63: 953-960
136. Wong M, Loddick S, Bongiorno P, Gold P, de Souza E, Licinio J, Rothwell N (1995) Is CRH neurotoxic during focal cerebral ischemia? Soc Neurosci Abstracts 21: 94.12
137. Woolley C, Gould E, McEwen B (1990) Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons Brain Res 531: 225-231