Tropopause folds and cross-tropopause exchange: A global investigation based upon ECMWF analyses for the time period March 2000 to February 2001

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 108, Issue 12, 2003, Pages

  Sprenger, Michael ^a   Maspoli, Mischa Croci ^a   Wernli, Heini ^a  

^a Land Climate Dynamics Group   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

ECMWF analyses; Potential vorticity; Stratosphere troposphere exchange; Tropopause dynamics; Tropopause folds

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE INTERACTION; TROPOPAUSE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 0942267370     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002587     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Appenzeller, C., H. C. Davies, and W. A. Norton, Fragmentation of stratospheric intrusions, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 1435-1456, 1996.
2. Bals-Elsholz, T. M., E. H. Atallah, L. F. Bosart, T. A. Wasula, M. J. Cempa, and A. R. Lupo, The wintertime Southern Hemisphere split jet: Structure, variability, and evolution, J. Clim., 14, 4191-4215, 2001.
3. Baray, J.-L., V. Daniel, G. Ancellet, and B. Legras, Planetary-scale tropopause folds in the southern subtropics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 353-356, 2000.
4. Beekmann, M., et al., Regional and global tropopause fold occurrence and related ozone flux across the tropopause, J. Atmos. Chem., 28, 29-44, 1997.
5. Bithell, M., L. J. Gray, and B. D. Cox, A three-dimensional view of the evolution of midlatitude stratospheric intrusions, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 673-688, 1999.
6. Bjerknes, J., and E. Palmén, Investigations of selected European cyclones by means of serial ascents, Geophys. Publ., 12, 1-62, 1937.
7. Bourqui, M., Analysis and quantification of STE: A novel approach, Ph.D. thesis, 164 pp., Swiss Fed. Inst. of Technol., Zurich, Switz., 2001.
8. Browning, K. A., and R. Reynolds, Diagnostic study of a narrow cold-frontal rainband and severe winds associated with a stratospheric intrusion, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 120, 235-257, 1994.
9. Bush, A. B. G., and W. R. Peltier, Tropopause folds and synoptic-scale baroclinic wave life cycles, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 1581-1604, 1994.
10. Cristofanelli, P., et al., Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A model and method evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002600, in press, 2003.
11. Croci Maspoli, M., Eine neue Methode zur Erkennung von Tropopausen-falten, Diploma Thesis, 56 pp., Swiss Fed. Inst. of Technol., Zurich, Switz., 2002.
12. Danielsen, E. F., Stratospheric-tropospheric exchange based on radioactivity, ozone and potential vorticity, J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 502-518, 1968.
13. Davies, H. C., and A. M. Rossa, PV frontogenesis and upper-tropospheric fronts, Mon. Weather Rev., 126, 1528-1539, 1998.
14. Ehret, G., K. P. Hoinka, J. Stein, A. Fix, C. Kiemle, and G. Poberaj, Low stratospheric water vapor measured by an airborne DIAL, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 31,351-31,359, 1999.
15. Elbern, H., J. Hendricks, and A. Ebel, A climatology of tropopause folds by global analyses, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 59, 181-200, 1998.
16. Ertel, H., Ein neuer hydrodynamischer Wirbelsatz, Meteorol. Z., 59, 277-281, 1942.
17. Fuelberg, H. E., J. R. Hannan, P. F. J. van Velthoven, E. V. Browell, G. Bieberbach, R. D. Knabb, G. L. Gregory, K. E. Pickering, and H. B. Selkirk, A meteorological overview of the Subsonic Assessment Ozone and Nitrogen Oxide Experiment (SONEX) period, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3633-3651, 2000.
18. Goering, M. A., W. A. Gallus, M. A. Olsen, and J. L. Stanford, Role of stratospheric air in a severe weather event: Analysis of potential vorticity and total ozone, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 11,813-11,823, 2001.
19. Griffiths, M., A. J. Thorpe, and K. A. Browning, Convective destabilization by a tropopause fold diagnosed using potential-vorticity inversion, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 125-144, 2000.
20. Holton, J. R., P. H. Haynes, M. E. McIntyre, A. R. Douglass, R. B. Rood, and L. Pfister, Stratosphere-troposphere exchange, Rev. Geophys., 33, 403-439, 1995.
21. Hoskins, B. J., Non-Boussinesq effects and further development in a model of upper tropospheric frontogenesis, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 98, 532-541, 1972.
22. Hoskins, B. J., Towards a PV-θ view of the general circulation, Tellus, 43AB, 27-35, 1991.
23. Hoskins, B. J., and K. I. Hodges, New perspectives on the Northern Hemisphere winter storm tracks, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 1041-1061, 2002.
24. Hoskins, B. J., I. Draghici, and H. C. Davies, A new look at the ω-equation, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 31-38, 1978.
25. Hoskins, B. J., M. E. McIntyre, and A. W. Robertson, On the use and significance of isentropic potential vorticity maps, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 111, 877-946, 1985.
26. Keyser, D., and M. A. Shapiro, A review of the structure and dynamics of upper-level frontal zones, Mon. Weather Rev., 114, 452-499, 1986.
27. Kleinschmidt, E., Über Aufbau und Entstehung von Zyklonen, Teil 1, Meteorol. Rundsch., 3(1), 1-6, 1950.
28. Kowol-Santen, J., and G. Ancellet, Mesoscale analysis of transport across the subtropical tropopause, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3345-3348, 2000.
29. Lamarque, J. F., and P. G. Hess, Cross-tropopause mass exchange and potential vorticity budget in a simulated tropopause folding, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2246-2269, 1994.
30. Liniger, M. A., and H. C. Davies, Sub-structure of a MAP streamer, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., in press, 2003.
31. Meloen, J., et al., Stratosphere-troposphere exchange: A model and method intercomparison, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JD002274, in press, 2003.
32. Olsen, M. A., W. A. Gallus, J. L. Stanford, and J. M. Brown, Fine-scale comparison of TOMS total ozone data with model analysis of an intense midwestern cyclone, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20,487-20,495, 2000.
33. Reed, R. J., and E. F. Danielsen, Fronts in the vicinity of the tropopause, Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol., AII, 1-17, 1959.
34. Reed, R. J., M. T. Stoelinga, and Y.-H. Kuo, A model-aided study of the origin and evolution of the anomalously high potential vorticity in the inner region of a rapidly deepening marine cyclone, Mon. Weather Rev., 120, 893-913, 1992.
35. Shapiro, M. A., Turbulent mixing within tropopause folds as a mechanism for the exchange of chemical constituents between the stratosphere and troposphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 994-1004, 1980.
36. Sinclair, M. R., An objective cyclone climatology for the Southern Hemisphere, Mon. Weather Rev., 122, 2239-2256, 1994.
37. Sørensen, J. H., and N. W. Nielsen, Intrusion of stratospheric ozone to the free troposphere through tropopause folds: A case study, Phys. Chem. Earth, Part B, 26, 801-806, 2001.
38. Sprenger, M., and H. Wernli, A Northern Hemispheric climatology of cross-tropopause exchange for the ERA15 time period (1979-1993), J. Geophys. Res., 108(D12), doi:10.1029/2002JD002636, in press, 2003.
39. Sprenger, M., H. Wernli, and M. Bourqui, A 15-year climatology of stratosphere-troposphere exchange and its link to potential vorticity streamers and cutoffs, in Proc. 13th Conf. on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics, pp. 245-249, Am. Meterol. Soc., Breckenridge, Colo., 2001.
40. Stohl, A., L. Haimberger, M. P. Scheele, and H. Wernli, An intercomparison of three trajectory models, Meteorol. Appl., 8, 127-135, 2001.
41. Thorpe, A. J., Attribution and its application to mesoscale structure associated with tropopause folds, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 2377-2399, 1997.
42. Uccellini, L. W., Processes contributing to the rapid development of extratropical cyclones, in Extratropical Cyclones: The Erik Palmen Memorial Volume, edited by C. Newton and E. O. Holopainen, pp. 81-105, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass., 1990.
43. Van Haver, P., M. Beckmann, D. De Muer, and C. Mancier, Climatology of tropopause folds at midlatitudes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1033-1036, 1996.
44. Vaughan, G., J. D. Price, and A. Howells, Transport into the troposphere in a tropopause fold, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 120, 1085-1103, 1994.
45. Vaughan, G., F. M. O'Connor, and D. P. Wareing, Observations of streamers in the troposphere and stratosphere using ozone lidar, J. Atmos. Chem., 38, 295-315, 2001.
46. Wernli, H., A Lagrangian-based analysis of extratropical cyclones, 2, A detailed case study, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1677-1706, 1997.
47. Wernli, H., and M. Bourqui, A Lagrangian "one-year climatology" of (deep) cross-tropopause exchange in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D2), 4021, 10.1029/2001JD000812, 2002.
48. Wernli, H., and H. C. Davies, A Lagrangian-based analysis of extratropical cyclones, 1, The method and some applications, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 467-489, 1997.
49. Wernli, H., S. Dirren, M. A. Liniger, and M. Zillig, Dynamical aspects of the life-cycle of the winter storm "Lothar" (24-26 December 1999), Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 405-429, 2002.
50. Wirth, V., Diabatic heating in an axisymmetrical cutoff cyclone and related stratosphere troposphere exchange, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 121, 127-147, 1995.
51. Wirth, V., Thermal versus dynamical tropopause in upper-tropospheric balanced flow anomalies, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 126, 299-317, 2000.
52. Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, Global precipitation: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2539-2558, 1997.
53. Zahn, A., et al., Identification of extratropical two-way troposphere-stratosphere mixing based on CARIBIC measurements of O-3, CO, and ultrafine particles, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 1527-1535, 2000.