Hepatobiliary, renal and bone complications of intestinal failure

Bailliere's Best Practice and Research in Clinical Gastroenterology

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 907-929

  Nightingale, Jeremy Mark Darby ^a  

^a LEICESTER ROYAL INFIRMARY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Gallstones; Intestinal failure; Liver disease; Osteopathy; Parenteral nutrition; Renal stones; Short bowel

Indexed keywords

CALCITONIN; CALCIUM; CALCIUM OXALATE; CARBOHYDRATE; CISAPRIDE; INDOMETACIN; LIPID; METRONIDAZOLE; OCTREOTIDE; PROTEIN; URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID; VITAMIN D; ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE; AMINO ACID; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CODEINE PHOSPHATE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PROKINETIC AGENT;

BONE DISEASE; CHOLECYSTECTOMY; CHOLESTASIS; DIET THERAPY; DIETARY INTAKE; ENTEROPATHY; FATTY LIVER; GALLSTONE; HUMAN; ILEUM DISEASE; INTESTINE ABSORPTION; INTESTINE FAILURE; INTESTINE FUNCTION; INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; NEPHROLITHIASIS; REVIEW; SHORT BOWEL SYNDROME; TOTAL PARENTERAL NUTRITION; WEIGHT REDUCTION; ACIDOSIS; ALUMINUM OVERLOAD; BLADDER DYSFUNCTION; CHOLELITHIASIS; DIET; DIET RESTRICTION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ENTERIC FEEDING; FOOD INTAKE; HEPATOBILIARY DISEASE; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; INTESTINAL FAILURE; INTESTINE FUNCTION DISORDER; LIVER DISEASE; LIVER TOXICITY; MALNUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; ODDI SPHINCTER; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 0347591256     PISSN: 15216918     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1521-6918(03)00108-2     Document Type: Article

References (185)

1. Nightingale J.M.D. Introduction. Definition and classification of intestinal failure Nightingale J.M.D. Intestinal Failure 2001 xix-xx London, San Francisco: Greenwich Medical Media Limited
2. Kennedy J.F. Baker M.L. Nightingale J.M.D. Appropriate parenteral nutrition-the role of the hospital nutrition support team Clinical Nutrition 21 supplement 1 2002 35
3. Quigley E.M.M. Marsh M.N. Shaffer J.L. Markin R.S. Hepatobiliary complications of total parenteral nutrition Gastroenterology 104 1993 286-301
4. Rodgers B.M. Hollenbeck J.I. Donnelly W.H. Talbert J.L. Intrahepatic cholestasis with parenteral alimentation American Journal of Surgery 131 1976 149-155
5. Sheldon G.F. Petersen S.R. Sanders R. Hepatic dysfunction during hyperalimentation Archives of Surgery 113 1978 504-508
6. Marchesini G. Brizi M. Morselli-Labate A.M. et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance American Journal of Medicine 107 1999 450-455
7. Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease New England Journal of Medicine 346 2002 1221-1231
8. Baker A.L. Rosenberg I.H. Hepatic complications of total parenteral nutrition American Journal of Medicine 82 1987 489-497
9. Wolfe B.M. Walker B.K. Shaul D.B. et al. Effect of total parenteral nutrition on hepatic histology Archives of Surgery 123 1998 1084-1090
10. Perrett A.D. Higgins G. Johnston H.H. et al. The liver in Crohn's disease Quarterly Journal of Medicine 158 1971 187-209
11. Perrett A.D. Higgins G. Johnston H.H. et al. The liver in Ulcerative colitis Quarterly Journal of Medicine 158 1971 211-238
12. Braxton C. Lowry S.F. Parenteral nutrition and liver dysfunction-new insight? Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 19 1995 3-4
13. Fong D.G. Nehra V. Lindor K.D. Buchman A.L. Metabolic and nutritional considerations in non-alcoholic fatty liver Hepatology 32 2000 3-10
14. Cook G.C. Hutt M.S.R. The liver after kwashiorkor British Medical Journal 3 1967 454-457
15. Nolan J.P. Intestinal endotoxins as mediators of hepatic injury-an idea whose time has come again Hepatology 10 1989 887-891
16. Drenick E.J. Fisler J. Johnson D. Hepatic steatosis after intestinal bypass-prevention and reversal by metronidazole, irrespective of protein-calorie malnutrition Gastroenterology 82 1982 535-548
17. Capron J.-P. Herve M.-A. Gineston J.-L. Braillon A. Metronidazole in prevention of cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition Lancet i 1983 446-447
18. Lambert J.R. Thomas S.M. Metronidazole prevention of serum liver enzyme abnormalities during total parenteral nutrition Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 9 1985 501-503
19. Craig R.M. Neumann T. Jeejeebhoy K.N. Yokoo H. Severe hepatocellular reaction resembling alcoholic hepatitis with cirrhosis after massive small bowel resection and prolonged total parenteral nutrition Gastroenterology 79 1980 131-137
20. Stanko R.T. Nathan G. Mendelow H. Adibi S.A. Development of hepatic cholestasis and fibrosis in patients with massive loss of intestine supported by prolonged parenteral nutrition Gastroenterology 92 1987 197-202
21. Ito Y. Shils M.E. Liver dysfunction associated with long-term total parenteral nutrition in patients with massive bowel resection Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 15 1991 271-276
22. Chan S. McCowen K.C. Bistrian B.R. et al. Incidence, prognosis, and etiology of end-stage liver disease in patients receiving home total parenteral nutrition Surgery 126 1999 28-34
23. Luman W. Shaffer J.L. Prevalence, outcome and associated factors of deranged liver function tests in patients on home parenteral nutrition Clinical Nutrition 21 2002 337-343
24. Langrehr J.M. Reilly M.J. Banner B.S.B. et al. Hepatic steatosis due to total parenteral nutrition: the influence of short gut syndrome, refeeding, and small bowel transplantation Journal of Surgical Research 50 1991 335-343
25. Nightingale JMD. Physiological consequences of major small intestinal resection in man and their treatment. MD Thesis. p 294. University of London; 1993.
26. Wagner W.H. Lowry A.C. Silberman H. Similar liver function abnormalities occur in patients receiving glucose-based and lipid-based parenteral nutrition American Journal of Gastroenterology 78 1983 199-202
27. Lindor K.D. Fleming C.R. Abrams A.A. Hirschkorn M.A. Liver function values in adults receiving total parenteral nutrition JAMA 241 1979 2398-2400
28. Cavicchi M. Beau P. Crenn P. et al. Prevalence of liver disease and contributing factors in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition for permanent intestinal failure Annals of Internal Medicine 132 2000 525-532
29. Bowyer B.A. Fleming C.R. Ludwig J. et al. Does long-term home parenteral nutrition in adults cause chronic liver disease? Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 9 1985 11-17
30. Drongowski R.A. Coran A.G. An analysis of factors contributing to the development of total parenteral nutrition-induced cholestasis Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 13 1989 586-589
31. King W.W.K. Boelhouwer R.U. Kingsnorth A.N.et al. Nutritional efficacy and hepatic changes during intragastric, intravenous, and prehepatic feeding in rats Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 7 1983 443-446
32. Utili R. Abernathyl C.O. Zimmerman H.J. Cholestatic effects of Escherichia coli endotoxin on the isolated perfused rat liver Gastroenterology 70 1976 248
33. Sedman P. MacFie J. Sagar P. et al. The prevalence of gut translocation in humans Gastroenterology 107 1994 643-649
34. Sagar P.M. MacFie J. Sedman P. et al. Intestinal obstruction promotes gut translocation of bacteria Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 38 1995 640-644
35. Burke J.F. Wolfe R.R. Mullany C.J. et al. Parameters of optimal glucose infusion and possible hepatic and respiratory abnormalities following excessive glucose intake Annals of Surgery 190 1979 274-285
36. Pennington C.R. Parenteral nutrition Nightingale J.M.D. Intestinal Failure 2001 497-511 London, San Francisco: Greenwich Medical Media Limited
37. Messing B. Colombel J.F. Heresbach D. et al. Chronic cholestasis and macronutrient excess in patients treated with prolonged parenteral nutrition Nutrition 8 1992 30-36
38. Kaminski D.I. Dams A. Jellink M. The effect of hyperalimentation on hepatic liquid content and lipogenic enzyme activity in rats and man Surgery 88 1980 93-98
39. Meguid M.M. Akahoshi M.P. Jeffers S. et al. Amelioration of metabolic complications of conventional total parenteral nutrition. A prospective randomized study Archives of Surgery 119 1984 1294-1298
40. Li S. Nussbaum M.S. McFadden D.W. et al. Addition of glucagon to total parenteral nutrition (TPN) prevents hepatic steatosis in rats Surgery 104 1988 350-357
41. Vileisis R.A. Inwood R.J. Hunt C.E. Prospective controlled study of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestatic jaundice: effect of protein intake Journal of Pediatrics 96 1980 893-897
42. Black D.D. Suttle E.A. Whitington P.F. et al. The effect of short-term parenteral nutrition on hepatic function in the human neonate: a prospective randomized study demonstrating alteration of hepatic canalicular function Journal of Pediatrics 99 1981 445-449
43. Allardyce D.B. Cholestasis caused by lipid emulsions Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 154 1982 641-647
44. Kono H. Fujii H. Asakawa M. et al. Protective effects of medium-chain triglycerides on the liver and gut in rats administered endotoxin Annals of Surgery 237 2003 246-255
45. Dennison A.R. Ball M. Hands L.J. et al. Total parenteral nutrition using conventional and medium chain triglycerides: effect on liver function tests, complement, and nitrogen balance Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 12 1988 15-19
46. Nijveldt R.J. Tan A.M. Prins H.A. et al. Use of a mixture of medium-chain triglycerides and longchain triglycerides versus long-chain triglycerides in critically ill surgical patients: a randomised prospective double-blind study Clinical Nutrition 17 1998 23-29
47. Silverstein M.N. Ellefson R.D. Ahern E.J. The syndrome of the sea-blue histiocyte New England Journal of Medicine 282 1970 1-4
48. Haber L.M. Hawkins E.P. Seilheimer D.K. Saleem A. Fat overload syndrome. An autopsy study with evaluation of the coagulopathy American Journal of Clinical Pathology 89 1988 223-227
49. Bigorgne C. Le Tourneau A. Messing B. et al. Sea-blue histiocyte syndrome in bone marrow secondary to total parenteral nutrition including fat-emulsion sources: a clinicopathological study of seven cases British Journal of Haematology 95 1996 258-262
50. Messing B. Hebuterne X. Nightingale J.M.D. Home enteral and parenteral nutrition for adults Nightingale J.M.D. Intestinal Failure 2001 407-430 London, San Francisco: Greenwich Medical Media Limited
51. Grant J.P. Cox C.E. Kleinman L.M. et al. Serum hepatic enzyme and bilirubin elevations during parenteral nutrition Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 145 1977 573-580
52. Buchman A.L. Dubin M.D. Moukarzel A.A. et al. Choline deficiency: a cause of hepatic steatosis during parenteral nutrition that can be reversed with intravenous choline supplementation Hepatology 22 1995 1399-1403
53. Buchman A.L. Ament M.E. Sohel M. et al. Choline deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trial Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 25 2001 260-268
54. Buchman A.L. Dubin M. Jenden D. et al. Lecithin increases plasma free choline and decreases hepatic steatosis in long-term total parenteral nutrition patients Gastroenterology 102 1992 1363-1370
55. Dorvil N.P. Yousek M. Uchweber B. Taurine prevents cholestasis induced by lithocholic acid in guinea pigs American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 37 1983 221-230
56. Rigo J. Senterre J. Is taurine essential for neonates? Biology of the Neonate 32 1977 73-76
57. Cooper A. Betts J.M. Pereira G.R. Ziegler M.M. Taurine deficiency in the severe hepatic dysfunction complicating total parenteral nutrition Journal of Pediatric Surgery 19 1984 462-466
58. Guertin F. Roy C.C. Lepage G. et al. Effect of taurine on total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 15 1991 247-251
59. Meehan J.J. Georgeson K.E. Prevention of liver failure in parenteral nutrition-dependent children with short bowel syndrome Journal of Pediatric Surgery 32 1997 473-475
60. Berner Y.N. Larchian W.A. Lowry S.F. et al. Low plasma carnitine in patients on prolonged total parenteral nutrition: association with low plasma lysine Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 14 1990 255-258
61. Tao R.C. Yoshimura N.N. Carnitine metabolism and its application in parenteral nutrition Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 4 1980 469-486
62. Bowyer B.A. Miles J.M. Haymond M.W. Fleming C.R. l-carnitine therapy in home parenteral nutrition patients with abnormal liver tests and low plasma carnitine concentrations Gastroenterology 94 1988 434-438
63. Richardson T.J. Sgoutas D. Essential fatty acid deficiency in four adult patients during total parenteral nutrition American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28 1975 258-263
64. Fleming C.R. Smith L.M. Hodges R.E. Essential fatty acid deficiency in adults receiving total parenteral nutrition American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 29 1976 976-983
65. Barr L.H. Dunn G.D. Brennan M.F. Essential fatty acid deficiency during total parenteral nutrition Annals of Surgery 193 1981 304-311
66. Nanji A.A. Anderson F.H. Relationship between serum phosphate and parenteral nutrition-associated increase in serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminases American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 39 1984 860-862
67. Fisher R.L. Hepatobiliary disorders associated with total parenteral nutrition Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 18 1989 645-667
68. Maini B. Blackburn G.L. Bistrian B.R. et al. Cyclic hyperalimentation: an optimal technique for preservation of visceral protein Journal of Surgical Research 20 1976 515-525
69. Hwang T.L. Lue M.C. Chen L.L. Early use of cyclic TPN prevents further deterioration of liver functions for the TPN patients with impaired liver function Hepatogastroenterology 47 2000 1347-1350
70. Fouin-Fortunet H. Le Quernec L. Erlinger S. et al. Hepatic alterations during parenteral nutrition in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a possible consequence of lithocholate toxicity Gastroenterology 82 1982 932-937
71. Beau P. Labat-Labourdette J. Ingrand P. Beauchant M. Is Ursodeoxycholic acid an effective therapy for total parenteral nutrition related liver disease? Journal of Hepatology 20 1994 240-244
72. Spagnuolo M.I. Iorio R. Vegnente A. Guarino A. Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of cholestasis in children on long-term total parenteral nutrition: a pilot study Gastroenterology 111 1996 716-719
73. Nightingale J.M.D. Lennard-Jones J.E. Gertner D.J. et al. Colonic preservation reduces the need for parenteral therapy, increases the incidence of renal stones but does not change the high prevalence of gallstones in patients with a short bowel Gut 33 1992 1493-1497
74. Lee S.P. Nicholls J.F. Nature and composition of biliary sludge Gastroenterology 90 1986 677-686
75. Carey M.C. Cahalane M.J. Whither biliary sludge? Gastroenterology 95 1988 508-523
76. Lee S.P. Maher K. Nicholls J.F. Origin and fate of biliary sludge Gastroenterology 94 1988 170-176
77. Lee S.P. Nicholls J.F. Park H.Z. Biliary sludge as a cause of acute pancreatitis New England Journal of Medicine 326 1992 589-593
78. Hill G.L. Mair W.S.J. Goligher J.C. Gallstones after ileostomy and ileal resection Gut 16 1975 932-936
79. Heaton K.W. Read A.E. Gallstones in patients with disorders of the terminal ileum and disturbed bile salt metabolism British Medical Journal 3 1969 494-496
80. Fraquelli M. Losco A. Visentin S. et al. Gallstone disease and related risk factors in patients with Crohn's disease: an analysis of 330 consecutive cases Archives of Internal Medicine 161 2001 2201-2204
81. Kangas E. Lehmusto P. Matikainen M. Gallstones in Crohn's disease Hepatogastroenterology 38 1990 83-84
82. Baker A.L. Kaplan M. Norton A.P. Patterson J. Gallstones in inflammatory bowel disease American Journal of Digestive Diseases 19 1974 109-112
83. Hutchinson R. Tyrrell P.N.M. Kumar D. et al. Pathogenesis of gallstones in Crohn's disease: an alternative explanation Gut 35 1994 94-97
84. Dowling R.H. Bell G.D. White J. Lithogenic bile in patients with ileal dysfunctions Gut 13 1972 415-420
85. Pereira S.P. Bain I.M. Kumar D. Dowling R.H. Bile composition in inflammatory bowel disease: ileal disease and colectomy, but not colitis, induce lithogenic bile Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 17 2003 923-933
86. Lapidus A. Einarsson K. Effects of ileal resection on biliary lipids and bile acid composition in patients with Crohn's disease Gut 32 1991 1488-1491
87. Pitt H.A. Berquist W.E. Mann L.L. et al. Parenteral nutrition induces calcium bilirubinate gallstones Gastroenterology 84 1983 1274
88. Murray F.E. McNicholas M. Stack W. O'Donoghue D.P. Impaired fatty-meal-stimulated gallbladder contractility in patients with Crohn's disease Clinical Science 83 1992 1-5
89. Damiao A.O. Sipahi A.M. Vezozzo D.P. et al. Gallbladder hypokinesia in Crohn's disease Digestion 58 1997 458-463
90. Roslyn J.J. Pitt H.A. Mann L.L. et al. Gallbladder disease in patients on long-term parenteral nutrition Gastroenterology 84 1983 148-154
91. Messing B. Bories C. Kunstlinger F. Bernier J. Does total parenteral nutrition induce gallbladder sludge formation and lithiasis? Gastroenterology 84 1983 1012-1019
92. Roslyn J.J. Berquist W.E. Pitt H.A. et al. Increased risk of gallstones in children on total parenteral nutrition Paediatrics 71 1983 784-789
93. Pitt H.A. King W. Mann L.L. et al. Increased risk of cholelithiasis with prolonged total parenteral nutrition American Journal of Surgery 145 1983 106-112
94. Roslyn J.J. Pitt H.A. Mann L. et al. Parenteral nutrition-induced gallbladder disease: a reason for early cholecystectomy American Journal of Surgery 148 1984 58-63
95. Manji N. Bistrian B.R. Mascioli E.A. et al. Gallstone disease in patients with severe short bowel syndrome dependent on parenteral nutrition Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 13 1989 461-464
96. Colomb V. Goulet O. Rambaud C. et al. Long-term parenteral nutrition in children: liver and gallbladder disease Transplantation Proceedings 24 1982 1054-1055
97. Peterson S.R. Sheldon G.F. Acute acalculous cholecystitis: a complication of hyperalimentation American Journal of Surgery 138 1979 814-817
98. Barth R.A. Brasch R.C. Filly R.A. Abdominal pseudotumour in childhood: distended gallbladder with parenteral hyperalimentation American Journal of Roentgenology 136 1981 341-343
99. Bolondi L. Gaiani S. Testa S. Labo G. Gallbladder sludge formation during prolonged fasting after gastrointestinal tract surgery Gut 26 1985 734-738
100. Doty J.E. Pitt H.A. Porter-Fink V. Den Besten L. The effects of intravenous fat and total parenteral nutrition on biliary physiology Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 8 1984 265-268
101. Lirussi F. Vaja S. Murphy G.M. Dowling R.H. Cholestasis of total parenteral nutrition: bile acid and bile lipid metabolism in parenterally nourished rats Gastroenterology 96 1989 493-502
102. Cano N. Cicero F. Ranieri F. et al. Ultrasonographic study of gallbladder motility during total parenteral nutrition Gastroenterology 91 1986 313-317
103. Rubin M. Halpern Z. Charach G. et al. Effect of lipid infusion on bile composition and lithogenicity in patients without cholesterol gallstones Gut 33 1992 1400-1403
104. Little J.M. Avramovic J. Gallstone formation after major abdominal surgery Lancet 337 1991 1135-1137
105. Harrison E.C. Roschke E.J. Meyers H.I. et al. Cholelithiasis: a frequent complication of artificial heart valve replacement American Heart Journal 95 1978 483-488
106. Murray F.E. Stinchcombe S.J. Hawkey C.J. Development of biliary sludge in patients on intensive care unit: results of a prospective ultrasonographic study Gut 33 1992 1123-1125
107. Liddle R.A. Goldstein R.B. Saxton J. Gallstone formation during weight reduction dieting Archives of Internal Medicine 149 1989 1750-1753
108. Mok H.Y. von Bergmann K. Crouse J.R. Grundy S.M. Biliary lipid metabolism in obesity: effects of bile acid feeding before and during weight reduction Gastroenterology 76 1979 556-567
109. Marzio L. Capone F. Neri M. et al. Gallbladder kinetics in obese patients. Effect of a regular meal and low-calorie meal Digestive Diseases and Sciences 33 1988 4-9
110. Bigg-Wither G.W. Ho K.K.Y. Grunstein R.R. et al. Effects of long-term octreotide on gallstone formation and gallbladder function British Medical Journal 304 1992 1611-1612
111. van Liessum P.A. Hopman W.P.M. Pieters G.F.F.M. et al. Post-prandial gallbladder motility during long-term treatment with the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 in acromegaly Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 69 1989 557-562
112. Hussaini S.H. Pereira S.P. Dowling R.H. Wass J.A. Slow intestinal transit and gallstone formation Lancet 341 1993 638
113. Byrne M.F. Murray F.E. Gallstones Nightingale J.M.D. Intestinal Failure 2001 213-226 London, San Francisco: Greenwich Medical Media Limited
114. Messing B. Aprahamian M. Rautureau M. et al. Gallstone formation during total parenteral nutrition: a prospective study in man Gastroenterology 86 1984 1183 (abstract)
115. Sitzmann J.V. Pitt H.A. Steinborn P.A. et al. Cholecystokinin prevents parenteral nutrition induced biliary sludge in humans Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 170 1990 25-31
116. Rintala R.J. Lindahl H. Pohjavuori M. Total parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in surgical neonates may be reversed by intravenous cholecystokinin: a preliminary report Journal of Pediatric Surgery 30 1995 827-830
117. Nealon W.H. Upp J.R. Alexander R.W. et al. Intravenous amino acids stimulate human gallbladder emptying and hormone release American Journal of Physiology 259 1990 G173-G178
118. Zoli G. Ballinger A. Healy J. et al. Promotion of gallbladder emptying by intravenous aminoacids Lancet 341 1993 1240-1241
119. Wu Z.S. Yu L. Lin Y.J. et al. Rapid intravenous administration of amino acids preventsbiliary sludge induced by total parenteral nutrition in humans Journal of Hepato-biliary-Pancreatic Surgery 7 2000 504-509
120. Lee S.P. Carey M.C. LaMont J.T. Aspirin prevention of cholesterol gallstone formation in prairie dogs Science 211 1981 1429-1431
121. O'Donnell L.J.D. Wilson P. Guest P. et al. Indomethacin and post-prandial gallbladder emptying Lancet 339 1992 269-271
122. Hutton S.W. Sievert C.E. Vennes J.A. Duane W.C. The effect of sphincterotomy on gallstone formation in the prairie dog Gastroenterology 81 1981 663-667
123. Thompson J.S. The role of prophylactic cholecystectomy in the short-bowel syndrome Archives of Surgery 131 1996 556-560
124. Dhiman R.K. Reddi R. Sharma A. et al. Cisapride improves gallbladder emptying and bile composition in patients with gallstones Journal of Gastrenterology and Hepatology 16 2001 816-820
125. Tomson C.R.V. Nephrocalcinosis and nephrolithiasis Nightingale J.M.D. Intestinal Failure 2001 227-242 London, San Francisco: Greenwich Medical Media Limited
126. Deren J.J. Porush J.G. Levitt M.F. Khilnani M.T. Nephrolithiasis as a complication of ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis Annals of Internal Medicine 56 1962 843-853
127. Maratka Z. Nedbal J. Urolithiasis as a complication of the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis Gut 5 1964 214-217
128. Bennett R.C. Jepson R.P. Uric acid stone formation following ileostomy Australian and NewZealand Journal of Surgery 36 1966 153-158
129. Kennedy H.J. Lee E.C.G. Claridge G. Truelove S.C. The health of subjects living with a permanent ileostomy Quarterly Journal of Medicine 51 1982 341-357
130. Gallagher N.D. Harrison D.D. Skyring A.P. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances in patients with long-established ileostomies Gut 3 1962 219-223
131. Clarke A.M. Chirnside A. Chronic dehydration and sodium depletion in patients with established ileostomies Lancet ii 1967 740-743
132. Kennedy H.J. Al-Dujaili E.A.S. Edwards C.R.W. Truelove S.C. Water and electrolyte balance in subjects with a permanent ileostomy Gut 24 1983 702-705
133. Finch A.M. Kasidas G.P. Rose G.A. Urine composition in normal subjects after oral ingestion of oxalate-rich foods Clinical Science 60 1981 411-418
134. Stauffer J.Q. Humphreys M.H. Weir G.J. Acquired hyperoxaluria with regional enteritis after ileal resection. Role of dietary oxalate Annals of Internal Medicine 79 1973 383-391
135. Chadwick V.S. Modha K. Dowling R.H. Mechanism for hyperoxaluria in patients with ileal dysfunction New England Journal of Medicine 289 1973 172-176
136. Earnest D.L. Johnson G. Williams H.E. Admirand W.H. Hyperoxaluria in patients with ileal resection: an abnormality in dietary oxalate absorption Gastroenterology 66 1974 1114-1122
137. Fairclough P.D. Feest T.G. Chadwick V.S. Clark M.L. Effect of sodium chenodeoxycholate on oxalate absorption from the excluded colon-a mechanism for 'enteric' hyperoxaluria Gut 18 1977 240-244
138. Smith L.H. Fromm H. Hofmann A.F. Acquired hyperoxaluria, nephrolithiasis, and intestinal disease. Description of a syndrome New England Journal of Medicine 286 1972 1371-1375
139. Argenzio R.A. Liacoz J.A. Allison M.J. Role of intestinal oxalate degrading bacteria in the pathogenesis of enteric hyperoxaluria Gastroenterology 88 1985 1309 (abstract)
140. Allison M.J. Cook H.M. Milne D.B. et al. Oxalate degradation by gastrointestinal bacteria from humans Journal of Nutrition 116 1986 455-460
141. Argenzio R.A. Liacox J.A. Allison M.J. Intestinal oxalate-degrading bacteria reduce oxalate absorption and toxicity in guinea pigs Journal of Nutrition 118 1988 787-792
142. Marangella M. Vitale C. Petrarulo M. et al. Pathogenesis of severe hyperoxalaemia in Crohn's disease-related renal failure on maintenance haemodialysis: successful management with pyridoxine Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation 7 1992 960 964
143. Farooqui S. Nath R. Thinnd S.K. Mahmood A. Effect of pyridoxine deficiency on intestinal absorption of calcium and oxalate: chemical composition of bursh border membranes in rats Biochemical Medicine 32 1984 34-42
144. Farooqui S. Thind S.K. Nath R. Mahmood A. Intestinal absorption of oxalate in scorbutic and ascorbic acid supplemented guinea pigs Acta Vitaminologica et Enzymologica 5 1983 235-241
145. O'Leary J.P. Thomas W.C. Woodward E.R. Urinary tract stone after small bowel bypass for morbid obesity American Journal of Surgery 127 1974 142-147
146. Rudman D. Dedonis J.L. Fountain M.T. et al. Hypocitraturia in patients with gastrointestinal malabsorption New England Journal of Medicine 303 1980 657-661
147. Nicar M.J. Skurla C. Sakhaee K. Pak C.Y.C. Low urinary citrate excretion in nephrolithiasis Urology 21 1983 8-14
148. Earnest D.L. Williams H.E. Admirand W.H. A physicochemical basis for treatment of enteric hyperoxaluria Transactions of the Association of American Physicians 88 1975 224-234
149. Dobbins J.W. Binder H.J. Importance of the colon in enteric hyperoxaluria New England Journal of Medicine 296 1977 298-301
150. Hofmann A.F. Laker M.F. Dharmsathaphorn K. et al. Complex pathogenesis of hyperoxaluria after jejunoileal bypass surgery. Oxalogenic substances in diet contribute to urinary oxalate Gastroenterology 84 1983 293-300
151. Nordenvall B. Backman L. Burman P. et al. Low-oxalate, low-fat diet in hyperoxaluria patients following jejunoileal bypass Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica 149 1983 89-91
152. Caspary W.F. Tonissen J. Lankisch P.G. Enteral hyperoxaluria. Effect of cholestyramine, calcium, neomycin, and bile acids on intestinal oxalate absorption in man Acta Hepato-gastroenterologica (Stuttg) 24 1977 193-200
153. Barilla D.E. Notz C. Kennedy D. Pak C.Y.C. Renal oxalate excretion following oral oxalate loads in patients with ileal disease and with renal and absorptive hypercalciurias. Effect of calcium and magnesium American Journal of Medicine 64 1978 579-585
154. Hylander E. Jarnum S. Nielsen K. Calcium treatment of enteric hyperoxaluria after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 15 1980 349-352
155. Laker M.F. Hoffmann A.F. Effective therapy of enteric hyperoxaluria: in vitro binding of oxalate by anion-exchange resins and aluminum hydroxide Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 70 1981 1065-1067
156. Lindsjo M. Fellstrom B. Ljunghall S. et al. Treatment of enteric hyperoxaluria with calcium-containing organic marine hydrocolloid Lancet ii 1989 701-704
157. D'Cruz D.H. Gertner D.J. Kasidas G.P. et al. Failure of Allopurinol to modify urinary composition in enteric hyperoxaluria British Journal of Urology 64 1989 231-234
158. Harper J. Mansell M.A. Treatment of enteric hyperoxaluria Postgraduate Medical Journal 67 1991 219-222
159. McLeod R.S. Churchill D.N. Urolithiasis complicating inflammatory bowel disease Journal of Urology 148 1992 974-978
160. Stauffer J.Q. Humphreys M.H. Weir G.J. Acquired hyperoxaluria with regional enteritis after ileal resection. Role of dietary oxalate Annals of Internal Medicine 79 1973 383-391
161. Nordenvall B. Backman L. Larsson L. Tiselius H.-G. Effects of calcium, aluminium, magnesium, and cholestyramine on hyperoxaluria in patients with jejunoileal bypass Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica 149 1983 93-98
162. Earnest D.L. Gancher S. Admirand W.H. Treatment of enteric hyperoxaluria with calcium and aluminium (abstract) Gastroenterology 70 1976 A23/881
163. Scott E.M. Gaywood I. Scott B.B. Guidelines for osteoporosis in coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel disease British Society of Gastroenterology Guidelines in Gastroenterology 2000 2000
164. Epstein S. Traberg H. Levine G. McClintock R. Bone and mineral status of patients beginning total parenteral nutrition Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10 1986 263-264
165. Pironi L. Zolezzi C. Ruggeri E. et al. Bone turnover in short-term and long-term home parenteral nutrition for benign disease Nutrition 16 2000 272-277
166. Lipkin E.W. Ott S.M. Chesnut C.H. Chait A. Mineral loss in the parenteral nutrition patient American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47 1988 515-523
167. Foldes J. Rimon B. Meggia-Sullam M. et al. Progressive bone loss during long-term home parenteral nutrition Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 14 1990 139-142
168. Saitta J.C. Ott S.M. Sherrard D.J. et al. Metabolic bone disease in adults receiving long-term parenteral nutrition: longitudinal study with regional densitometry and bone biopsy Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 17 1993 214-219
169. Goodman W.G. Misra S. Veldhuis J.D. et al. Altered diurnal regulation of blood ionised calcium and serum parathyroid hormone concentrations during parenteral nutrition American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71 2000 560-568
170. Klein G.L. Ament M.E. Coburn J.W. Metabolic bone disease in total parenteral nutrition Lancet i 1981 835
171. Wright K.B. Holan G. Casamassimo P.S. King D.R. Alveolar bone loss in two children with short-bowel syndrome receiving total parenteral nutrition Journal of Periodontology 62 1991 272-275
172. Pironi L. Labate A.M. Pertkiewicz M. et al. Prevalence of bone disease in patients on home parenteral nutrition Clinical Nutrition 21 2002 289-296
173. Wood R.J. Sitrin M.D. Cusson C.J. Rosenberg I.H. Reduction of total parenteral nutrition induced urinary calcium loss by increasing the phosphorus in the TPN prescription Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10 1986 188-190
174. Klein G.L. Alfrey A.C. Miller N.L. et al. Aluminium loading during total parenteral nutrition American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 35 1982 1425-1429
175. de Vernejoul M.C. Messing B. Modrowski D. et al. Multifactorial low remodelling bone disease during cyclic total parenteral nutrition Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 60 1985 109-113
176. Vargas J.H. Klein G.L. Ament M.E. et al. Metabolic bone disease of total parenteral nutrition: course after changing from casein to amino acids in parenteral solutions with reduced aluminium content American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48 1988 1070-1078
177. Shike M. Harrison J.E. Sturtridge W.C. et al. Metabolic bone disease in patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition Annals of Internal Medicine 92 1980 343-350
178. Verhage A.H. Cheong W.K. Allard J.P. Jeejeebhoy K.N. Increase in lumbar spine bone mineral content in patients on long-term parenteral nutrition without vitamin D supplementation Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 19 1995 431-436
179. Klein G.L. Horst R.L. Norman A.W. et al. Reduced serum levels of 1-alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D during long term total parentera nutrition Annals of Internal Medicine 94 1981 638-643
180. Bengoa J.M. Sitrin M.D. Wood R.J. Rosenberg I.H. Amino acid-induced hypercalciuria in patients on total parenteral nutrition American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 38 1983 264-269
181. Wood R.J. Sitrin M.D. Cusson G.J. Rosenberg I.H. Reduction of TPN-induced urinary calcium loss by increasing the phosphorus in the TPN prescription Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10 1986 188-190
182. Nightingale J.M.D. The medical management of intestinal failure: methods to reduce severity Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62 2003 1-7
183. Jeejeebhoy K.N. Metabolic bone disease and total parenteral nutrition: a progress report American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67 1998 186-187
184. Delmas P.D. Biphosphonates in the treatment of bone diseases New England Journal of Medicine 335 1996 1336-1337
185. Haderslev K.V. Tjellesen L. Sorensen H.A. Staun M. Effect of cyclic intravenous clodronate therapy on bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76 2002 482-488