Oritavancin and Tigecycline: Investigational Antimicrobials for Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 58-68

  Guay, David R P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

GAR 936; Glycopeptide; Glycylcycline; LY333328; Oritavancin; Tigecycline

Indexed keywords

9 N,N DIMETHYLGLYCYLAMIDO 6 NOR 6 DEOXYTETRACYCLINE; 9 N,N DIMETHYLGLYCYLAMIDOMONOCYCLINE; AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; AMPICILLIN; BETA LACTAM ANTIBIOTIC; CEFALEXIN; CL 331002; DALFOPRISTIN PLUS QUINUPRISTIN; EPEREZOLID; GENTAMICIN; GLYCOPEPTIDE; GLYCYLCYCLINE DERIVATIVE; LINEZOLID; NEW DRUG; ORITAVANCIN; OXAZOLIDINONE DERIVATIVE; TIGECYCLINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

ABDOMINAL INFECTION; AEROBIC BACTERIUM; ANAEROBIC BACTERIUM; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DOSE KIDNEY FUNCTION RELATION; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG DISTRIBUTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG PROTEIN BINDING; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ENTEROCOCCUS; GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIUM; GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIUM; HUMAN; MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIUM; NAUSEA; NONHUMAN; POSTANTIBIOTIC EFFECT; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN INFECTION; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; VOMITING;

ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; DRUGS, INVESTIGATIONAL; GLYCOPEPTIDES; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INJECTIONS, INTRAVENOUS; MINOCYCLINE;

EID: 0347357817     PISSN: 02770008     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1592/phco.24.1.58.34808     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Carbon C. MRSA and MRSE: is there an answer? Clin Microbiol Infect 2000;6(suppl 2):17-22.
2. Kellner JD. Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections: clinical importance, drug treatment and prevention. Semin Resp Infect 2001;16:186-95.
3. Pootoolal J, Neu J, Wright GD. Glycopeptide antibiotic resistance. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2002;42:381-408.
4. Edmond M. Glycopeptide-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Clin Prac 2000;suppl 115:66-71.
5. Diekma DJ, Jones RN. Oxazolidinone antibiotics. Lancet 2001;358:1975-82.
6. Allington DR, Rivey MP. Quinupristin/dalfopristin: a therapeutic review. Clin Ther 2001;23:24-44.
7. Cooper RDG, Snyder NJ, Zweifel MJ, et al. Reductive alkylation of glycopeptide antibiotics: synthesis and antibacterial activities. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1996;49:575-81.
8. Malabarba A, Ciabatti R. Glycopeptide derivatives. Curr Med Chem 2001;8:1759-73.
9. Allen NE, Nicas TI. Mechanism of action of oritavancin and related glycopeptide antibiotics. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2003;26:511-32.
10. Mezzatesta ML, Bonfiglio G, DeAngelis L, Stefani S, Russo G. Study on the in-vitro activity of LY333328 against gram-positive cocci [letter]. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;42:266-8.
11. Zeckel ML, Preston DA, Allen BS. In vitro activities of LY333328 and comparative agents against nosocomial gram-positive pathogens collected in a 1997 global surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:1370-4.
12. Nicas TI, Mullen DL, Flokowitsch JE, et al. Semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotics derived from LY264826 active against vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:2194-9.
13. Schwalbe RS, McIntosh AC, Qaiyumi S, et al. In vitro activity of LY333328, an investigational glycopeptide antibiotic, against enterococci and staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:2416-19.
14. Jones RN, Barrett MS, Erwin ME. In vitro activity and spectrum of LY333328, a novel glycopeptide derivative. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:488-93.
15. Biavasco F, Vignaroli C, Lupidi R, Manso E, Facinelli B, Varaldo PE. In vitro antibacterial activity of LY333328, a new semisynthetic glycopeptide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:2165-72.
16. Garcia-Garrote F, Cercenado C, Alcala L, Bouza E. In vitro activity of the new glycopeptide LY333328 against multiple-resistant gram-positive isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:2452-5.
17. Deshpande LM, Gales AC, Jones RN. GAR-936 (9-t-butylglycylamido-minocycline) susceptibility test development for streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: preliminary guidelines and interpretive criteria. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001;18:29-35.
18. Sillerstrom E, Wahlund E, Nord CE. In vitro activity of LY333328 against anaerobic gram-positive bacteria. J Chemother 1999;11:90-2.
19. Fasola E, Spangler SK, Ednie LM, Jacobs MR, Bajaksouzian S, Appelbaum PC. Comparative activities of LY333328, a new glycopeptide, against penicillin-susceptible and ~resistant pneumococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996;40:2661-3.
20. Noviello S, Ianniello F, Esposito S. In vitro activity of LY333328 (oritavancin) against gram-positive aerobic cocci and synergy with ciprofloxacin against enterococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;48:283-6.
21. Fraise AP, Andrews J, Wise R. Activity of a new glycopeptide antibiotic (LY333328) against enterococci and other resistant gram-positive organisms. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;40:423-5.
22. Endtz HP, van den Braak N, van Belkum A, et al. Fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients and those living in the community in the Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35:3026-31.
23. van Tiel FH, van den Bogaard TE. In-vitro susceptibility to LY333328 of vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from humans and animals [letter]. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;40:733-4.
24. Harland S, Tebbs SE, Elliott TSJ. Evaluation of the in-vitro activity of the glycopeptide antibiotic LY333328 in comparison with vancomycin and teicoplanin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998;41:273-6.
25. Baltch AL, Smith RP, Ritz WJ, Bopp LH. Comparison of inhibitory and bactericidal activities and postantibiotic effects of LY333328 and ampicillin used singly and in combination against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:2564-8.
26. Saleh-Mghir A, Lefort A, Petegnief Y, et al. Activity and diffusion of LY333328 in experimental endocarditis due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;43:115-20.
27. Chen HY, Hill RLR, Kirk M, Casewell MW, Beighton D. Differential antimicrobial susceptibility between human and chicken isolates of vancomycin-resistant and sensitive Enterococcus faecium. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002;19:39-46.
28. Sanchez-Silos RM, Perez-Giraldo C, Blanco MT, Moran FJ, Hurtado C, Gomez-Garcia AC. Resistance to vancomycin, LY333328, ciprofloxacin and trovafloxacin of community-acquired and nosocomial strains of Enterococcus faecalis isolated in Badajoz (Spain) with and without high-level resistance to streptomycin and gentamicin. Chemotherapy 2001;47:415-20.
29. Al-Nawas B, Shah PM. Intracellular activity of vancomycin and LY333328, a new semisynthetic glycopeptide, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Infection 1998;26:165-7.
30. Lefort A, Saleh-Mghir A, Garry L, Carbon C, Fantin B. Activity of LY333328 combined with gentamicin in vitro and in rabbit experimental endocarditis due to vancomycin-susceptible or ~resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:3017-21.
31. Hershberger E, Aeschlimann JR, Moldovan T, Rybak MJ. Evaluation of bactericidal activities of LY333328, vancomycin, teicoplanin, ampicillin-sulbactam, trovafloxacin, and RP59500 alone or in combination with rifampin or gentamicin against different strains of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus by time-kill curve methods. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:717-21.
32. Aeschlimann JR, Allen GP, Hershberger E, Rybak MJ. Activities of LY333328 and vancomycin administered alone or in combination with gentamicin against three strains of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2991-8.
33. Mercier RC, Houlihan HH, Rybak MJ. Pharmacodynamic evaluation of a new glycopeptide, LY333328, and in vitro activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:1307-12.
34. Coyle EA, Rybak MJ. Activity of oritavancin (LY333328), an investigational glycopeptide, compared to that of vancomycin against multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:706-9.
35. Seral C, Van Bambeke F, Tulkens PM. Quantitative analysis of gentamicin, azithromycin, telithromycin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and oritavancin (LY333328) activities against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus in mouse J774 macrophages. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2283-92.
36. Zelenitsky SA, Booker B, Laing N, Karlowsky JA, Hoban DJ, Zhanel GG. Synergy of an investigational glycopeptide, LY333328, with once-daily gentamicin against Enterococcus faecium in a multiple-dose, in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:592-7.
37. Mercier RC, Penzak SR, Rybak MJ. In vitro activities of an investigational quinolone, glycylcycline, glycopeptide, streptogramin, and oxazolidinone tested alone and in combination against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41:2573-5.
38. Arthur M, Depardieu F, Reynolds P, Courvalin P. Moderate-level resistance to glycopeptide LY333328 mediated by genes of the vanA and vanB clusters in enterococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:1875-80.
39. Rupp ME, Fey PD, Longo GM. Effect of LY333328 against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in a rat central venous catheter-associated infection model. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;47:705-7.
40. Kaatz GW, Seo SM, Aeschlimann JR, Houlihan HH, Mercier RC, Rybak MJ. Efficacy of LY333328 against experimental methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42:981-3.
41. Gerber J, Smirnov A, Wellmer A, et al. Activity of LY333328 in experimental meningitis caused by a Streptococcus pneumoniae strain susceptible to penicillin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2169-72.
42. Boylan CJ, Campanale K, Iversen PW, Phillips DL, Zeckel ML, Parr TR Jr. Pharmacodynamics of oritavancin (LY333328) in a neutropenic-mouse thigh model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1700-6.
43. Chien J, Allerheiligen S, Phillips D, Cerimele B, Thomasson HR. Safety and pharmacokinetics of single intravenous doses of LY333328 diphosphate (glycopeptide) in healthy men [abstr]. In: Program and abstracts of the 38th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, San Diego, CA, September 24-27, 1998. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1998:A-55.
44. Fetterly GJ, Ong C, Bhavnani SM, et al. Characterization of oritavancin (ORI) pharmacokinetics (PK) in plasma and blister fluid in normal healthy volunteers. In: Program and abstracts of the 43rd interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2003:A-18.
45. Rowe PA, Brown TJ. Protein binding of 14C-oritavancin [abstr]. In: Program and abstracts of the 41st interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, December 16-19, 2001. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2001:A-2193.
46. Wasilewski M, Disch D, McGill J, Harris H, O'Riordan W, Zeckel M. Equivalence of shorter course therapy with oritavancin vs. vancomycin/ cephalexin in complicated skin/skin structure infections (CSSI) [late-breaking abstr]. In: Program and abstracts of the 41st interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, December 16-19, 2001. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2001.
47. Giamarellou H, O'Riordan W, Harris H, Owen S, Porter S, Loutit J. Phase 3 trial comparing 3-7 days of oritavancin vs. 10-14 days of vancomycin/cephalexin in the treatment of patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI). In: Program and abstracts of the 43rd interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2003:L-739a.
48. Sum PE, Petersen P. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of novel glycylcycline derivatives leading to the discovery of GAR-936. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999;9:1459-62.
49. Petersen PJ, Bradford PA, Weiss WJ, Murphy TM, Sum PE, Projan SR. In vitro and in vivo activities of tigecycline (GAR-936), daptomycin, and comparative antimicrobial agents against glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus and other resistant gram-positive pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:2595-601.
50. Henwood CJ, Gatwood T, Warner M, et al. Antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates of Acinetobacter in the UK and in vitro evaluation of tigecycline (GAR-936). J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;49:479-87.
51. Petersen PJ, Jacobus NV, Weiss WJ, Sum PE, Testa RT. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of a novel glycylcycline, the 9-t-butylglycylamido derivative of minocycline (GAR-936). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999;43:738-44.
52. Goldstein EJC, Citron DM, Merriam CV, Warren Y, Tyrrell K. Comparative in vitro activities of GAR-936 against aerobic and anaerobic animal and human bite wound pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2747-51.
53. Betriu C, Rodriguez-Aviel I, Sanchez BA, et al. In vitro activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) against recently isolated clinical bacteria in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:892-5.
54. Boucher HW, Wennersten CB, Eliopoulos GM. In vitro activities of glycylcycline GAR-936 against gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:2225-9.
55. Milatovic D, Schmitz FJ, Verhoef J, Fluit AC. Activities of the glycylcycline tigecycline (GAR-936) against 1,924 recent European clinical bacterial isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:400-4.
56. Gales AC, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activity and spectrum of the new glycylcycline, GAR-936 tested against 1,203 recent clinical bacterial isolates. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000;36:19-36.
57. Hoellman DB, Pankuch GA, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Antipneumococcal activities of GAR-936 (a new glycylcycline) compared to those of nine other agents against penicillin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:1085-8.
58. Betriu C, Rodriguez-Aviel I, Ali Sanchez B, Gomez M, Picazo JJ. Comparative in vitro activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) and other antimicrobial agents against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia [letter]. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;50:758-9.
59. Kenny GE, Cartwright FD. Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, M. pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to GAR-936, dalfopristin, dirithromycin, evernimicin, gatifloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, and telithromycin compared to their susceptibilities to reference macrolides, tetracyclines, and quinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45:2604-8.
60. Wallace RJ Jr, Brown-Elliott BA, Crist CJ, Mann L, Wilson RW. Comparison of the in vitro activity of the glycylcycline tigecycline (formerly GAR-936) with those of tetracycline, minocycline, and doxycycline against isolates of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:3164-7.
61. Roblin PM, Hammerschlag MR. In vitro activity of GAR-936 against Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000;16:61-3.
62. Rhomberg PR, Jones RN. In vitro activity of 11 antimicrobial agents, including gatifloxacin and GAR 936, tested against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium marinum. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002;42:145-7.
63. Edlund C, Nord CE. In-vitro susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to GAR-936, a new glycylcycline. Clin Microbiol Infect 2000;6:158-63.
64. Edelstein PH, Weiss WJ, Edelstein MAC. Activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) against Legionella pneumophila in vitro and in guinea pigs with L. pneumophila pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:533-40.
65. Biedenbach DJ, Beach ML, Jones RN. In vitro antimicrobial activity of GAR-936 tested against antibiotic-resistant gram-positive blood stream infection isolates and strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2001;40:173-7.
66. Patel R, Rouse MS, Piper KE, Steckelberg JM. In vitro activity of GAR-936 against vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2000;38:177-9.
67. Zhanel GG, Palatnick L, Nichol KA, Bellyou T, Low DE, Hoban DJ. Antimicrobial resistance in respiratory tract Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates: results of the Canadian respiratory organism susceptibility study, 1997 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1867-74.
68. Cercenado E, Cercenado S, Gomez JA, Bouza E. In vitro activity of tigecycline (GAR-936), a novel glycylcycline, against vancomycin-resistant enterococci and staphylococci with diminished susceptibility to glycopeptides [letter]. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;52:138-42.
69. Zhanel GG, Palatnick L, Nichol KA, Low DE, CROSS Study Group, Hoban DJ. Antimicrobial resistance in Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis respiratory tract isolates: results of the Canadian respiratory organism susceptibility study, 1997 to 2002. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:1875-81.
70. Cercenado E, Cercenado S, Bouza E. In vitro activities of tigecycline (GAR-936) and 12 other antimicrobial agents against 90 Eikenella corrodens clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:2644-5.
71. Murphy TM, Deitz JM, Petersen PJ, Mikels SM, Weiss WJ. Therapeutic efficacy of GAR-936, a novel glycylcycline, in a rat model of experimental endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:3022-7.
72. van Ogtrop ML, Andes D, Stamstad TJ, et al. In vivo pharmacodynamic activities of two glycylcyclines (GAR-936 and WAY 152, 288) against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000;44:943-9.
73. Projan SJ. Preclinical pharmacology of GAR-936, a novel glycylcycline antibacterial agent. Pharmacotherapy 2000;20(9 pt 2):S219-23.
74. Mercier RC, Kennedy C, Meadows C. Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline (GAR-936) against Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus used alone and in combination. Pharmacotherapy 2002;22:1517-23.
75. Jones RN. Disk diffusion susceptibility test development for the new glycylcycline, GAR-936. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;35:249-52.
76. Tuckman M, Petersen PJ, Projan SJ. Mutations in the interdomain loop region of the tet(A)(A) tetracycline resistance gene increase efflux of minocycline and glycylcycline. Microb Drug Resist 2000;6:277-82.
77. Visalli MA, Murphy E, Projan SJ, Bradford PA. AcrAB multidrug efflux pump is associated with reduced levels of susceptibility to tigecycline (GAR-936) in Proteus mirabilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:665-9.
78. Dean CR, Visalli MA, Projan SJ, Sum PE, Bradford PA. Efflux-mediated resistance to tigecycline (GAR-936) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:972-8.
79. Nannini EC, Pai SR, Singh KV, Murray BE. Activity of tigecycline (GAR-936), a novel glycylcycline, against enterococci in the mouse peritonitis model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:529-32.
80. Lefort A, Lafaurie M, Massias L, et al. Activity and diffusion of tigecycline (GAR-936) in experimental enterococcal endocarditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003;47:216-22.
81. Muralidharan G, Getsy J, Mayer P, et al. Pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and tolerability of GAR-936, a novel glycylcycline antibiotic, in healthy subjects [abstr]. In: Program and abstracts of the 39th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, September 26-29, 1999. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1999:A-496.
82. Sesoko S, Umemura K, Nakashima M. Pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and tolerability of tigecycline (GAR-936) in healthy Japanese males [abstr]. In: Program and abstracts of the 42nd interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, San Diego, CA, September 27-30, 2002. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2002:A-1403.
83. Muralidharan G, Mojaverian P, Micalizzi M, et al. The effects of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of GAR-936, a novel glycylcycline antibiotic, in healthy subjects [abstr]. In: Program and abstracts of the 40th interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, September 17-20, 2000. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2000:A-502.
84. Troy SM, Muralidharan G, Micalizzi M, Mojaverian P, Salacinski L, Raible D. The effects of renal disease on the pharmacokinetics of tigecycline (GAR-936). In: Program and abstracts of the 43rd interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2003:A-22.
85. Postier R, Klein S, Green S, Loh E. Results of a phase 2, open-label, safety, and efficacy study of tigecycline to treat complicated skin and skin structure infections in hospitalized patients. In: Program and abstracts of the 43rd interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2003:L-738.
86. Murray J, Wilson S, Klein S, Yellin A, Loh E. The clinical response to tigecycline in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in hospitalized patients, a phase 2 clinical trial. In: Program and abstracts of the 43rd interscience conference on antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2003:L-739.