Global analysis of river systems: From Earth system controls to Anthropocene syndromes

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 358, Issue 1440, 2003, Pages 1935-1955

  Meybeck, Michel ^a  

^a SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

Author keywords

Anthropocene; Chemical contamination; Global change syndromes; Rivers; Water resources

Indexed keywords

GLOBAL CHANGE; HUMAN ACTIVITY; RIVER EVOLUTION; RIVER SYSTEM;

CELLULAR ORGANISMS;

EID: 0346651483     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2003.1379     Document Type: Review

References (206)

1. Anderson, M. G., Peters, N. E. & Walling, D. 1996 Trends in water quality. Hydrol. Processes (Special Issue) 10, 127-356.
2. Anderson, D. H., Glibert, P. M. & Burkholder, J. M. 2002 Harmful algal blooms and eutrophication: nutrients sources, composition and consequences. Estuaries 25, 704-726.
3. Avakyan, A. B. & Iakovleva, V. B. 1998 Status of global reservoirs: the positioning in the late twentieth century. Lakes Estuaries Res. Mngmt 3, 45-52.
4. Baccini, P. & Brunner, P. H. 1991 Metabolism of the anthroposphere. Berlin: Springer.
5. Barles, S. 2002 L'invention des eaux usées: l'assainissement de Paris 1780-1930. In The modern demon. Pollution in urban and industrial European societies (ed. C. Bernhardt & G. Massard-Guilband), pp. 129-156. Clermont-Ferrand, France: Presses de l'University Blaise Pascal.
6. Becker, A., Bonell, M., Feddes, R., Krysanova, V., McDonell, J., Schultze, R. & Valentin, C. 2003 Responses of hydrological processes to environmental changes at small catchment scales. In Vegetation, water, humans and the climate (ed. P. Kabat, M. Claussen, P. A. Dirmeyer, J. H. C. Gash, L. Bravo de Guenni, M. Meybeck, R. A. Pielke, C. J. Vörösmarty, R. W. A. Hutjes & S. Lutkemeier), pp. 301-338. Berlin: Springer.
7. Beeton, A. M. 1965 Eutrophication of the St Lawrence Great Lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10, 246-248.
8. Benito, G., Baker, V. R. & Gregory, K. J. (eds) 1998 Paleohydrology and environmental changes. New York: Wiley.
9. Bennett, E. M., Carpenter, S. R. & Caraco, N. F. 2001 Human impact on erodable phosphorus and eutrophication: a global perspective. Bioscience 51, 227-234.
10. Berner, E. K. & Berner, R. A. 1987 The global water cycle, geochemistry and environment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
11. Berner, R. A. 1971 Worldwide sulfur pollution of rivers. J. Geophys. Res. 76, 6597-6600.
12. Berner, R. A., Lasaga, A. C. & Garrels, R. M. 1983 The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effects on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years. Am. J. Sci. 284, 1183-1192.
13. Billen, G., Garnier, J., Ficht, A. & Cun, C. 2001 Modelling the response of water quality in the Seine River Estuary to human activity in its watershed over the last 50 years. Estuaries 24, 977-993.
14. Billi, P. & Rinaldi, M. 1997 Human impact on sediment yield and channal dynamics in the Arno River basin (central Italy). Int. Ass. Hydrol. Sci. Publ. 245, 301-311.
15. Boët, P., Akopian, M., Belliard, J., Berrebi-dit-Thomas, R., Pourriot, R., Tales, E. & Testard, P. 1998 Une faune aquatique sous pressions multiples. In La Seine en son bassin (ed. M. Meybeck, G. De Marsily & E. Fustec), pp. 627-678. Paris: Elsevier.
16. Brading, D. A. & Cross, H. E. 1972 Silver mines in colonial America. Hispanic Am. Hist. Rev. 52, 547-549.
17. Bravard, J. P. 2001 La gestion des sédiments fluviatiles: une perspective historique. La Houille Blanche 6/7, 29-33.
18. Caddy, J. F. & Bakun, A. 1994 A tentative classification of coastal marine ecosystems based on dominant processes of nutrient supply. Ocean Coast. Mngmt 23, 201-211.
19. Caraco, N. F. 1995 Influence of human population on P transfers to aquatic systems: a regional scale study using large rivers. In Phosphorus cycles in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (ed. H. Tiessen), pp. 235-247. Chichester, UK: SCOPE, Wiley.
20. Caraco, N. F. & Cole, J. J. 1999 Human impact on nitrate export: an analysis using world major rivers. Ambio 28, 167-170.
21. Chapman, D. (ed.) 1992 Water quality assessments. A guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring. London: Chapman & Hall.
22. Chen, C. T. A. 2002 The impacts of dams on fisheries: case of the Three Gorges Dam. In Challenges of a changing Earth (ed. W. Steffen, J. Jäger, D. J. Carson & C. Bradshow), pp. 97-99. Berlin: Springer.
23. Cheng, X. & Zong, Y. 1998 Coastal erosion in Chang Jiang Estuary. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 46, 733-742.
24. Chernogaeva, G. M., Abakumov, V. A. & Kimstach, V. A. 1998 Acidification. In A water quality assessment of the former Soviet Union (ed. V. A. Kimstach, M. Meybeck & E. Baroudy), pp. 292-309. London: E. & F. Spon.
25. Chevreuil, M., Thevenot, D., Scribe, P., Blanchard, M., Duclos, Y., Garmouna, M., Gonzalez-Calderon, A., Trace, S. & Teil, M. J. 1998 Micropollutants organiques: une boîte de Pandore. In La Seine en son bassin (ed. M. Meybeck, G. de Marsily & E. Fustec), pp. 439-481. Paris: Elsevier.
26. Chilton, P. J. 1989 Salts in surface and ground-waters. In Global freshwater quality. A first assessment (ed. M. Meybeck, D. Chapman & R. Helmer), pp. 139-157. London: Blackwell.
27. Clarke, F. W. 1924 Data of geochemistry, 5th edn. US Geological Survey Bulletin 770.
28. Cole, J. J., Peierls, B. L., Caraco, N. F. & Pace, M. L. 1993 Human influence on river nitrogen. In Humans as components of ecosystems: the ecology of subtle human effects and populated areas (ed. M. McDonell & S. Pickett), pp. 141-157. Berlin: Springer.
29. Colwell, R. R. 1996 Global climate and infections disease: the cholera paradigm. Science 274, 2025-2031.
30. Costanza, R. (and 12 others) 1997 The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387, 253-260.
31. Crutzen, P. J. & Stoermer, E. F. 2000 The 'Anthropocene'. IGBP Newslett. 41, 17-18.
32. Cun, C., Bousquet, G. & Villaginès, R. 1997 A 90 year record of water quality data of Paris Seine and Marne Rivers. AQUA - J. Water Services Res. Technol. 46, 150-164.
33. Dearing, J. A. 2000 Synergistic effects of climate and human activities on flooding and soil erosion. Lac d'Annecy, France. PAGES Newslett. 8, 14-16.
34. Degens, E. T., Kempe, S. & Richey, J. E. 1991 Biogeochemistry of major world rivers. New York: Wiley. (Also published in 8 vols of Mitt. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, SCOPE/UNEP Sonderbd, from 1982 to 1988).
35. Dynesius, M. & Nilsson, C. 1994 Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northern third of the world. Science 266, 753-762.
36. Ehlers, E. & Kraft, T. 2001 Understanding the Earth system. Compartments, processes interactions. Berlin: Springer.
37. Elmgren, R. & Larsson, U. 2001 Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea area. In Science and integrated coastal management (ed. B. von Bodungen & K. Turner), pp. 15-35. Berlin: Dahlem University Press.
38. Elvin, M. 1993 Three thousand years of unsustainable growth: China's environment from Archaic times to the Present. East Asian Hist. 6.
39. Elvin, M. & Liu, T. J. (eds) 1998 Sediments of time. Environmental society in Chinese history. New York: Cambridge University Press.
40. Falkenmark, M. 1997 Society's interactions with the water cycle: a conceptual framework for a more holistic approach. Hydrol. Sci. J. 42, 451-466.
41. Falkenmark, M. 1998 Dilemma when entering the 21st century - rapid change but lack sense of urgency. Water Policy 1, 421-436.
42. Falkenmark, M. & Lundqvist, J. 1995 Looming water crisis: new approaches are inevitable. In Hydropolitics: conflicts over water as a development constraint (ed. L. Ohlsson), pp. 178-212. London: Zed Books.
43. Falkenmark, M. & Lundqvist, J. 1997 Comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the world. World freshwater problems. Call for a new realism. Stockholm Environment Institute.
44. Falkenmark, M. & Lundqvist, J. 1998 Towards water security: political determination and human adaptation crucial. Nat. Resources Forum 1, 37-51.
45. Fedorov, Y. A., Kulmatov, R. A. & Rubinova, F. E. 1998 The Amu Darya. In A water quality assessment of the former Soviet Union (ed. V. A. Kimstach, M. Meybeck & E. Baroudy), pp. 413-433. London: E. & F. Spon.
46. Foster, I. D. L. & Charlesworth, S. M. 1996 Heavy metals and the hydrological cycle: trends and explanation. Hydrol. Process. 10, 227-261.
47. Fraser, A., Meybeck, M. & Ongley, E. 1995 Water quality of world rivers. UNEP Environment Library Report no. 14, UNEP, Nairobi.
48. GACGC 2000 World in transition. Strategies for managing global environmental risks. German Advisory Council on Global Change, Annual Report 1998. Berlin: Springer.
49. Galloway, J. N., Schlesinger, W. H., Levy, H. I., Michaels, A. & Schnoor, J. L. 1995 Nitrogen fixation: anthropogenic enhancement-environmental response. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 9, 235-252.
50. Garnier, J., Billen, G., Hannon, E., Fonbonne, S., Vidennia, Y. & Sonlie, M. 2002 Modelling the transfer and retention of nutrients in the drainage network of the Danube river. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 54, 285-308.
51. Garrels, R. M. & Mackenzie, F. T. 1971 Evolution of sedimentary rocks. New York: W. W. Norton.
52. Garrels, R. M., Mackenzie, F. T. & Hunt, C. 1973 Chemical cycles and the global environment. Los Altos, CA: William Kaufman Inc.
53. Gataulin, V., Mangerud, J. & Svendsen, J. I. 2001 The extent of the late Weichselian ice sheet in the south eastern Barents Sea. Global Planet. Change 31, 453-474.
54. Geldreich, E. 1989 Pathogens in freshwaters. In Global freshwater quality, a first assessment (ed. M. Meybeck, D. Chapman & R. Helmer), pp. 58-78. Oxford: Blackwell.
55. GEMS-WATER, 2002 Global environmental monitoring system for water. Canada Centre Inland Waters/UNEP, Burlington, Ontario. See http://www.cciw.ca/ gems/atlas-gwq/andsummary94.
56. Gibbs, M. T. & Kump, L. R. 1994 Global chemical erosion during the last glacial maximum and the present: sensitivity to changes in lithology and hydrology. Paleoceanography 9, 529-543.
57. Gilbertson, M. 2001 The precautionary principle and early warnings of chemical contamination of the Great Lakes. In Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle, 1896-2000. Environmental issue report 22. pp. 126-134. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency.
58. Gleick, P. H. 1993 Water in crisis. A guide to the world's freshwater resources. London: Oxford University Press.
59. Gleick, P. H., Singh, A. & Shi, H. 2001 Threats to the world's freshwater resources. Oakland, CA: Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security and UNEP.
60. Guillerme, A. 1983 Les temps de l'eau: la cité, l'eau et les techniques. Seyssel, France: Champ Vallon.
61. Harremoës, P. (ed.) 2001 Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle, 1896-2000. European Environment Agency: Environmental Issue Report 22.
62. Hines, M. E., Horvat, M. & Faganelli, J. (eds) 2001 Mercury in the Idrija region and the Northern Adriatic. RMZ-Materiali Geookolje 48, 1-259.
63. Holland, H. D. & Peterson, U. 1995 Living dangerously. The Earth, its resources and the environment. Princeton University Press.
64. Hooke, R. & Le, B. 2000 On the history of humans as geomorphic agents. Geology 28, 843-846.
65. Horowitz, A. 1995 The use of suspended sediment and associate trace element in water quality studies. Int. Asses. Hydrol. Sci. (Special Publication) 4, 58 pp.
66. Horowitz, A., Meybeck, M., Idlafkih, Z. & Biger, E. 1998 Variation of trace elements contamination in the Seine River basin floodplain deposits and streambed sediments. Hydrol. Processes 13, 1329-1340.
67. Howarth, R. W., Billen, G., Swaney, P., Townsend, A. & Jaworski, N. 1998 Regional nitrogen budgets and riverine N and P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: natural and human influences. Biogeochemistry 35, 75-139.
68. Hu, D., Saito, Y. & Kempe, S. 1998 Sediment and nutrient transport to the coastal zone. In Asian change in the context of global climate change. Impact of natural and anthropogenic changes on global biogeochemical cycles. IGBP Publ Series 3 (ed. J. N. Galloway & J. M. Mellilo), pp. 245-270. Cambridge University Press.
69. Hultman, B. 1998 Acidification. In Global freshwater quality. A first assessment (ed. M. Meybeck, D. Chapman & R. Helmer), pp. 195-217. London: Blackwell.
70. Humborg, C., Ittekot, V., Cociasu, A. & von Bodungen, B. V. 1997 Effect of the Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure. Nature 386, 385-387.
71. Humborg, C., Conley, D. J., Rahm, L., Wulff, F., Cociasu, A. & Ittekot, V. 2000 Silicon retention in river basins: far-reaching effects on biogeochemistry and aquatic foodwebs in coastal marine environments. Ambio 29, 45-50.
72. ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams) 1994 World dams register. ICOLD: Paris.
73. ICPR 2001 International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine. Annual Reports, Coblentz.
74. Jorgensen, B. B. & Richardson, K. 1996 Eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystem. Coastal Estuary Studies no. 52. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
75. Kabat, P., Claussen, M., Dirmeyer, P. A., Gash, J. H. C., Bravo de Guenni, L., Meybeck, M., Pielke, R. A., Vörösmarty, C. J., Hutjes, R. W. A. & Lutkemeier, S. (eds) 2003 Vegetation, water, humans and the climate. Berlin: Springer. (In the press.)
76. Kao, S. J. & Liu, K. K. 2002 Exacerbation of erosion induced by human perturbation in a typical Oceania watershed: insight from 45 years of hydrological records from the Lanyang-Hsi River, northern Taiwan. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 16, 1601-1607.
77. Kempe, S. 1984 Sinks of the anthropogenically enhanced carbon cycle in surface fresh waters. J. Geophys. Res. 89, 4657-4676.
78. Kideys, A. E. 2002 Fall and rise of the Black Sea ecosystem. Science 297, 1482-1484.
79. Kimstach, V., Meybeck, M. & Baroudy, E. (eds) 1998 A water quality assessment of the former Soviet Union. London: E & F N Spon.
80. Kroeze, C. & Seitzinger, S. P. 1998 Nitrogen inputs to rivers, estuaries and continental shelves and related nitrous oxides emissions in 1990 and 2050: a global model. Nutrients Cycling Agrosystems 52, 195-212.
81. Lacerda, L. D. & Salomon, W. 1997 Mercury from gold and silver mining: a chemical time bomb? Berlin: Springer.
82. Lacerda, L. D., Ribeiro, M. G., Cardeiro, R. C., Sifedine, A. & Turcq, B. 1999 Atmospheric mercury deposition over Brazil during the past 30 000 years. Ciencia Cultura 51, 363-371.
83. Lancelot, C. & Martin, J. M. (eds) 2002 European river ocean systems (EROS-21): interactions between the Danube and the North Western Black Sea. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 54, 279-642.
84. Leblanc, M., Morales, J. A., Borrego, J. & Elbaz-Poulichet, F. 1999 A 4500 years old mining pollution in Spain. Econ. Geol. 95, 655-662.
85. Leemans, R., Goldewijk, K. K. & Oldfield, F. 2000 Biome 300: developing a fast track global data base of land cover history. Int. Hum. Dimension Prog. Update 3, 6-7.
86. Létolle, R. & Mainguet, M. 1996 Aral. Heidelberg: Springer.
87. Livingstone, D. A. 1963 Chemical composition of rivers and lakes. Data of Geochemistry. US Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 440G.
88. Ludwig, W. & Probst, J. L. 1998 River sediment discharge to the oceans: present-day controls and global budgets. Am. J. Sci. 298, 265-295.
89. Ludwig, W., Probst, J. L. & Kempe, S. 1996 Predicting the oceanic input of organic carbon by continental erosion. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 10, 23-41.
90. Lundqvist, J. 1998 Avert looming hydrocide. Ambio 27, 428-433.
91. Lundqvist, J. & Falkenmark, M. (ed.) 2000 Towards hydrosolidarity. Focus on the upstream-downstream conflicts of interests. Water Int. 25, 168-319.
92. Lundqvist, J. & Gleick, P. 1997 Comprehensive assessment of the freshwater resources of the world. Sustaining on waters into the 21st century. Stockholm Environment Institute.
93. McClain, M., Victoria, R. L. & Richey, J. E. (eds) 2001 The biogeochemistry of the Amazon basin. Oxford University Press.
94. Macdonald, R. W. 2000 Contaminants in the Canadian Arctic, sources, occurrence, pathways. Sci. Total Environ. 254, 93-234.
95. Mackenzie, F. T. & Mackenzie, J. A. 1995 Our changing planet. An introduction to earth system science and global environment. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
96. Macklin, M. G., Hudson-Edwards, K. A. & Dawson, E. J. 1997 The significance of pollution from historic metal mining in the Pennine ore fields on river sediment contamination fluxes to the North Sea. Sci. Total Environ. 194/195, 391-397.
97. Mariely, D. H. B., Montebello, A. A., Bernards, M. C., Ometto, J. P. H., De Camargo, P. B., Krusche, A. V., Ballester, M. V., Victoria, R. & Martinelli, L. A. 2002 Effects of urban sewage on dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic and organic carbon, and electrical conductivity of small streams along a gradient of urbanization in the Piracicaba River basin. Water Air Soil Pollut. 136, 189-206.
98. Martin, J. M. & Meybeck, M. 1979 Elemental mass balance of material carried by world major rivers. Mar. Chem. 7, 173-206.
99. Martin, J. M. & Windom, H. L. 1991 Present and future role of oceans margins in regulating marine biogeochemical cycles of trace elements. In Ocean margin processes in global change (ed. R. F. C. Mantoura, J. M. Martin & R. Wollast), pp. 45-67. Wiley.
100. Meade, R. 1982 Sources sinks and storage of river sediments in the Atlantic drainage of the United States. J. Geol. 7, 235-252.
101. Meade, R. 1988 Movement and storage of sediment in river systems. In Physical and chemical weathering in geochemical cycles (ed. A. Lerman & M. Meybeck), pp. 165-179. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
102. Meade, R. H. (ed.) 1995 Contaminants in the Mississippi River 1987-1992. Reston, VA: US Geol. Survey Circular 1133.
103. Meade, R. H. & Parker, R. S. 1985 Sediments in rivers of the United States. In Natural water summary, 1984. US Geological Survey Water, supply paper 2275, USGS, Reston, VA, pp. 40-60.
104. Mee, L. D. 2001 Eutrophication in the Black Sea and basin wide approach to its control. In Science and integrated coastal management (ed. B. VonBodungen & K. Turner), pp. 71-91. Berlin: Dahlem University Press.
105. Messerli, B., Grosjean, M., Hofer, T., Nuñez, L. & Pfister, C. 2000 From nature-dominated to human-dominated environmental changes. In Past global changes and their significance for the future (ed K. D. Alverson, F. Oldfield & R. S. Bradley), pp. 459-479. Quat. Sci. Rev. 19, 1-5.
106. Meybeck, M. 1979 Concentration des eaux fluviales en élé ments majeurs et apports en solution aux océans. Rev. Géol. Dyn. Geogr. Phys. 21, 215-246.
107. Meybeck, M. 1982 Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous transport by world rivers. Am. J. Sci. 282, 401-450.
108. Meybeck, M. 1993a Riverine transport of atmospheric carbon: sources, global typology and budget. Water Air Soil Pollut. 70, 443-463.
109. Meybeck, M. 1993b C, N, P, and S in rivers: from sources to global inputs. In Interactions of C, N, P, and S biogeochemical cycles and global change. NATO ASI series, vol. 14 (ed. R. Wollast, F. T. Mackenzie & L. Chou), pp. 163-193. Berlin: Springer.
110. Meybeck, M. 1994 Global lake distribution. In Physics and chemistry of lakes (ed. A. Lerman, D. Imboden & J. Gat), pp. 1-35. New York: Springer.
111. Meybeck, M. 1996 River water quality, global ranges time and space variabilities. Vehr. Int. Verein. Limnol. 26, 81-96.
112. Meybeck, M. 1998 Man and river interface: multiple impacts on water and particulates chemistry in the Seine River basin. Hydrobiologia 373/374, 1-20.
113. Meybeck, M. 2001a River basin under Anthropocene conditions. In Science and integrated basin management, 2001 Dahlem workshop series (ed. B. von Bodungen & K. Turner), pp. 275-294. Berlin: Dahlem University Press.
114. Meybeck, M. 2001b Global alteration of riverine geochemistry under human pressure. In Understanding the earth system: compartments, processes and interactions (ed. E. Ehlers & T. Krafft), pp. 97-113. Berlin: Springer.
115. Meybeck, M. 2001c Transport et qualité des sédiments fluviaux: de la variabilité temporelle à la gestion. La Houille Blanche 6/7, 34-43.
116. Meybeck, M. 2002 Riverine quality at the Anthropocene: propositions for global space and time analysis, illustrated by the Seine River. Aquat. Sci. 64, 376-393.
117. Meybeck, M. & Helmer, R. 1989 The quality of rivers: from pristine stage to global pollution. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (Global and Planetary Change) 1, 283-309.
118. Meybeck, M. & Ragu, A. 1996 River discharges to the oceans. An assessment of suspended solids, major ions, and nutrients. Environment information and assessment report, UNEP, Nairobi.
119. Meybeck, M. & Ragu, A. 1997 Presenting GEMS-GLORI, a compendium of world river discharges to the oceans. Int. Ass. Hydrol. Sci. Publ. 243, 3-14.
120. Meybeck, M. & Vörösmarty, C. 1999 Global transfer of carbon by rivers. IGBP Global Change Newslett. 37, 18-19.
121. Meybeck, M., Chapman, D. & Helmer, R. 1989 Global fresh water quality: a first assessment. Oxford: Blackwell.
122. Meybeck, M., Helmer, R., Dray, M., El Ghobary, H., Demayo, A., Ramadan, S., Khan, K., Peterson, P. J. & Jackson, J. 1991 Water quality. Progress in the implementation of the Mar del Plata Action Plan. WHO/UNEP. UN Conf. on Water, Dublin, 1992.
123. Meybeck, M., de Marsily, G. & Fustec, E. (eds) 1998 La Seine en son bassin. Paris: Elsevier.
124. Meybeck, M., Mouchel, J. M., Idlafkih, Z., Andreassian, V. & Thibert, S. 1998 Transferts d'eau, de matières dissoute et particulaire dans le réseau fluvial. In La Seine en son bassin (ed. M. Meybeck, G. de Marsily & E. Fustec), pp. 345-389. Paris: Elsevier.
125. Meybeck, M., Laroche, L., Dürr, H. H. & Syvitski, J. P. 2003a Global variability of daily total suspended solids and their fluxes. Global Planet. Change 39, 65-93.
126. Meybeck, M., Vörösmarty, C., Schultze, R. & Becker, A. 2003 Scaling relative responses of terrestrial aquatic systems to global change. In Vegetation, water, humans and the climate (ed. P. Kabat, M. Claussen, P. A. Dirmeyer, J. H. C. Gash, L. Bravo de Guenni, M. Meybeck, R. A. Pielke, C. J. Vörösmarty, R. W. A. Hutjes & S. Lutkemeier), pp. 455-464. Berlin: Springer.
127. Middlekoop, H. 1997 Embanked flood plains in the Nederlands. Nederlandse Geografische Stud. 224. Utrecht University Press.
128. Milliman, J. D., Qin, Y. S., Ren, M. E. & Saito, Y. 1987 Man's influence on erosion and transport of sediments by Asian rivers: the Yellow River (Huang He) example. J. Geol. 95, 751-762.
129. Milliman, J. M. & Syvitski, J. P. M. 1992 Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: the importance of small mountainous rivers. J. Geol. 100, 525-544.
130. Nilsson, C. & Berggren, K. 2000 Alterations of riparian ecosystems caused by river regulation. Bioscience 50, 783-798.
131. Nixon, S. W. 2003 Replacing the Nile: are anthropogenic nutrients providing the fertility once brought to the Mediterranean by Great River? Ambio 32, 30-39.
132. Nriagu, J. O. & Pacyna, J. M. 1988 Quantitative assessment of world-wide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature 333, 134-139.
133. Ozsoy, E. & Mikaelyan, A. (eds) 1997 Sensitivity of North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea to anthropogenic and climatic changes. NATO-ASI series-environment.
134. PAGES-LUCIFS 2000 Ecosystem processes and past human impacts. IGBP-PAGES Newslett. (Special Issue) 2000-3, 1-36.
135. Pahl-Wostl, C., Hoff, H., Meybeck, M., Sorooshian, S. (ed.) 2002 The role of global change research for aquatic sciences. Aquat. Sci. (Special Issue) 64, 317-411.
136. Pascual, M., Bouma, M. J. & Dobson, A. P. 2002 Cholera and climate: revisiting the quantitative evidence. Microbes Infect. 4, 237-245.
137. Peters, N. E. & Meybeck, M. 2000 The linkage between freshwater availability and water-quality degradation: cyclical and cascading effects of human activities. Water Int. 25, 185-193.
138. Peterson, B. J., Holmes, R. M., McClelland, J. W., Vörösmarty, C. J., Lammers, R. B., Shiklomanov, A. I., Shiklomanov, I. A. & Rahmstarf, S. 2002 Increasing river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Science 298, 2171-2173.
139. Petts, G. E. 1984 Impounded rivers, perspectives for ecological management. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
140. Petts, G. E., Möller, H. & Roux, A. L. (eds) 1989 Historical change of large alluvial rivers: Western Europe. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.
141. Pimentel, D. (and 10 others) 1995 Environmental and economic costs of soil erosion and conservation benefits. Science 267, 1117-1123.
142. Postel, S. & Carpenter, S. R. 1999 Freshwater ecosystems services. In Natures services (ed. G. Daily), pp. 195-214. Washington, DC: Island Press.
143. Puoria, S., de Andrade, A., Ward, C. J., Preijer, W., Poon, G. K., Neidl, G. H. & Codd, G. A. 1998 Fatal micro-cystis intoxication in a haemodialysis unit in Caruaru, Brazil. Lancet 32, 21-26.
144. Rabalais, N. N. & Turner, R. E. 2001 Coastal hypoxia. Coastal Estuary Studies 52. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union.
145. Renberg, I., Brännvall, M. L., Brindler, R. & Emteryd, O. 2000 Atmospheric lead pollution history during four millennia (2000 BC to AD 2000) in Sweden. Ambio 29, 150-156.
146. Revenga, C., Murray, S., Abramovitz, J. & Hammond, A. 1998 Watersheds of the world: ecological value and vulnerability. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute and Worldwatch Institute.
147. Revenga, C., Brunner, J., Henniger, N., Kassem, K. & Payner, R. 2000 Pilot analysis of global ecosystems, freshwater systems. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.
148. Robarts, R. D., Fraser, A. S., Hodgson, K. M. & Paquette, J. M. 2002 Monitoring and assessing global water quality: the GEMS-WATER experience. Ecohydrol. Hydrobiol. 2, 19-27.
149. Rodhe, H., Langner, J., Gallardo, L. & Kjellström, E. 1995 Global scale transport of acidifying pollutants. Water Air Soil Pollut. 85, 37-50.
150. Rotmans, J. & De Vries, B. 1997 Perspectives on global change. The TARGET approach. Cambridge University Press.
151. Saito, Y., Yang, Z. & Hori, K. 2001 The Huang He (Yellow River) and Chang-jiang (Yang-tsze River) deltas: a review of their characteristics, evolution and sediment discharge during the Holocene. Geomorphology 41, 219-231.
152. Salomons, W., Turner, K. R., de Lacerda, L. D. & Ramachandran, S. (eds) 1999 Perspectives on integrated coastal zone management. Berlin: Springer.
153. Sanderson, E. W., Jaiteh, M., Levy, M. A., Redford, K. H., Wannelo, A. V. & Woolmer, G. 2002 The human footprint and the last of the wild. Bioscience 52, 891-904.
154. Schellnhuber, H.-J. & Wenzel, V. (eds) 1998 Earth system analysis: integrating science for sustainability. New York, Berlin: Springer.
155. Schulze, R. 2003 River basin responses to global change and anthropogenic impacts. In Vegetation, water, humans and the climate (ed. P. Kabat, M. Claussen, P. A. Dirmeyer, J. H. C. Gash, L. Bravo de Guenni, M. Meybeck, R. A. Pielke, C. J. Vörösmarty, R. W. A. Hutjes & S. Lutkemeier), pp. 339-374. Berlin: Springer.
156. Schwartz, H. E., Emel, J., Dickens, W. J., Rogers, P. & Thompson, J. 1990 Water quality and flows. In The Earth as transformed by human action (ed. B. L. Turner, W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Matthews & W. B. Meyer), pp. 253-270. London: Cambridge University Press.
157. Seitzinger, S. P. & Kroeze, C. 1998 Global distribution of nitrous oxide production and N inputs in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12, 93-113.
158. Seitzinger, S. P., Kroeze, C., Bouwman, A. F., Caraco, N., Dentener, F. & Styles, R. V. 2002 Global patterns of dissolved inorganic and particulate nitrogen inputs in coastal ecosystems: recent conditions and future projections. Estuaries 25, 640-655.
159. Shotyk, W., Weiss, D., Appleby, P., Cheburkin, A., Frei, R., Glor, M., Kramers, J., Reese, S. & Van de Knaap, W. 1998 History of atmospheric lead deposition since 12370 14C yr BP from a peat bog, Jura Mountains, Switzerland. Science 281, 1635-1940.
160. Smith, S. V., Renwick, W. H., Buddemeier, R. W. & Crossland, C. J. 2001 Budgets of soil erosion and deposition for sediments and sedimentary organic carbon across the conterminous United States. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 697-708.
161. Stallard, R. F. 1998 Terrestrial sedimentation and the carbon cycle: coupling weathering and erosion to carbon burial. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 12, 231-257.
162. Stanners, D. & Bourdeau, P. (eds) 1995 Europe's environment. Copenhagen, Europe Environment Agency: The Dobris assessment.
163. Steffen, W., Jäger, J., Carson, D. J. & Bradshaw, C. (eds) 2001 Challenges of a changing Earth. Berlin: Springer.
164. Steffen, W., Sanderson, A., Tyson, P. D., Jäger, J., Matson, A., Moore, B., Oldfield, F., Richardson, K., Schellnhuber, H.-J., Turner, B. L. & Wasson, R. J. (eds) 2003 Global change and the Earth system: a planet under pressure. Berlin: Springer.
165. Stigliani, W. M., Doelman, P., Salomons, W., Schulin, R., Schmidt, G. R. B. & Van der Zee, S. E. 1991 Chemical time bombs: predicting the unpredictable. Environment 33, 26-30.
166. Tilman, D., Fargione, J., Wolff, B., D'Antonio, C., Dobson, A., Howarth, R., Schindler, W. H., Simberloff, D. & Swackhammer, D. 2001 Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change. Science 292, 281-284.
167. Trimble, S. W. 1977 The fallacy of stream equilibrium in contemporary denudation studies. Am. J. Sci. 277, 876-887.
168. Tsirkunov, V. V. 1998 Salinization. In A water quality assessment of the former Soviet Union (ed. V. Kimstach, M. Meybeck & E. Baroudy), pp. 112-136. London: E. & F. N. Spon.
169. Turner, B. L., Clark, W. C., Kates, R. W., Richards, J. F., Mathews, J. T. & Meyer, W. B. (eds) 1990 The Earth as transformed by human action. London: Cambridge University Press.
170. Turner, R. E., Rabalais, N. N., Justic, D. & Dortch, Q. 2003 Global patterns of dissolved N, P and Si in large rivers. Biogeochem. 64, 297-317.
171. Turner, R. K., Bateman, I. J. & Adger, W. N. (eds) 2001 Economics of coastal and water resources: valuing environmental functions. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
172. Tyson, P., Fuchs, R., Fu, C., Lebel, L., Mitra, A. P., Odada, E., Perry, J., Steffen, W. & Virji, H. (eds) 2002 Global-regional linkages in the Earth system. Berlin: Springer.
173. UNEP/RIVM, Bouruman, A. F. & Van Vuuren, D. P. 1999 Global assessment of acidification and eutrophication in natural ecosystems. UNEP/DEIA 99.6 and RIVM 402 001 012. Bilthoven (ND): National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM).
174. USGS 1985 National Water Summary 1984 US Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2275, Reston, VA: US Geological Survey.
175. Valette-Silver, N. N. J. 1993 The use of sediment cores to reconstruct historical trends in contamination of estuarine and coastal sediments. Estuaries 16, 577-588.
176. Vellinga, P. 1996 The environment, a multidisciplinary concern. Amsterdam: Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universität.
177. Ver, L. M., Mackenzie, F. T. & Lerman, A. 1999 Biogeochemical responses of the carbon cycle to natural and human perturbations : past, present and future. Am. J. Science 299, 762-801.
178. Vernadski, V. I. 1926 The biosphere. Translated and annotated version, 1998. New York: Copernicus and Springer.
179. Vitousek, P. M., Mooney, H. A., Lubchenco, J. & Mellilo, J. M. 1997a Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science 277, 494-499.
180. Vitousek, P. M., Aber, J. D., Howarth, R. W., Likens, G. E., Matson, P. A., Schindler, D. W., Schlesinger, W. H. & Tilman, D. G. 1997b Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle. Ecol. Applications 7, 737-750.
181. Vollenweider, R. A. 1968 Scientific fundamentals of the eutrophication of lakes and flowing waters, with special reference to nitrogen and phosphorus as factors in eutrophication. OECD Technical Report DAS/SCI/68.27, Paris.
182. Vollenweider, R. A., Marchetti, R. & Viviani, R. (eds) 1992 Marine coastal eutrophication. New York: Elsevier.
183. Von Bodungen, B. & Turner, R. K. (eds) 2001 Science and integrated basin management. Berlin: Dahlem University Press.
184. Vörösmarty, C. J. 2002a Global change, the water cycle, and our search for Mauna Loa. Hydrol. Processes 16, 1335-1339.
185. Vörösmarty, C. J. 2002b Global water assessment and potential contribution from Earth systems science. Aquat. Sci. 64, 328-351.
186. Vörösmarty, C. J. & Meybeck, M. 1999 Riverine transport and its alteration by human activities. IGBP Newslett. 39, 24-29.
187. Vörösmarty, C. J. & Meybeck, M. 2003 Responses of continental aquatic systems at the global scale: new paradigms, new methods. In Vegetation, water, humans and the climate (ed. P. Kabat, M. Claussen, P. A. Dirmeyer, J. H. C. Gash, L. Bravo de Guenni, M. Meybeck, R. A. Pielke, C. J. Vörösmarty, R. W. A. Hutjes & S. Lutkemeier), pp. 375-413. Berlin: Springer.
188. Vörösmarty, C. J. & Sahagian, D. 2000 Anthropogenic disturbance of the terrestrial water cycle. Bioscience 50, 753-765.
189. Vörösmarty, C. J., Wasson, R. & Richey, J. E. (eds) 1997a Modelling the transport and transformation of terrestrial materials to freshwater and coastal ecosystems. Workshop Report and Recommendations for IGBP Inter-Core Project Collaboration. IGBP Report no. 39. IGBP Secretariat, Stockholm.
190. Vörösmarty, C. J., Sharma, K., Fekete, B., Copeland, A. H., Holden, J., Marble, J. & Lough, J. A. 1997b The storage and aging of continental run-off in large reservoir systems of the world. Ambio 26, 210-219.
191. Vörösmarty, C. J., Meybeck, M., Fekete, B. & Sharma, K. 1997c The potential impact of neo-castorization on sediment transport by the global network of rivers. Int. Ass. Hydrol. Sci. Publ. 245, 261-282.
192. Vörösmarty, C. J., Green, P., Salisbury, J. & Lammers, R. 2000 Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science 289, 284-288.
193. Vörösmarty, C. J., Meybeck, M., Fekete, B., Sharma, K., Green, P. & Syvitsky, J. 2003 Anthropogenic sediment retention: major global-scale impact from the population of registered impoundments. Global Planet. Change 39, 169-190.
194. Wallace, J. S. & Gregory, P. J. 2002 Water resources and their use in food production systems. Aquat. Sci. 64, 363-375.
195. Walling, D. E. 1999 Linking land use, erosion and sediments yields in river basins. Hydrobiologia 410, 223-240.
196. Walling, D. E. & Fang, D. 2003 Recent trends in the suspended sediment loads of the world's rivers. Global Planet. Change 39, 111-126.
197. Wang, Y., Ren, M. E. & Syvitski, J. P. M. 1998 Sediment transport and terrigenous fluxes. In The Sea, vol. 10, (The global coastal ocean: processes and methods) (ed. K. H. Brink & A. R. Robinson), pp. 253-292. New York: Wiley.
198. Wang, Y., Ren, M. E. & Ouyang, Z. 2000 China water vision. Foreign Language Book no. 120. Beijing, China: Meteorological Press.
199. WCMC 1998 Freshwater biodiversity: a preliminary global assessment. Biodiversity series no. 8. World Conservation Monitoring Centre. See htmwww.unep-wcmc.org/information-services/publication/freshwater/l.htm.
200. Webb, B. W. 1996 Trends in stream and river temperature. Hydrol. Processes 10, 205-226.
201. Wilson, M. A. & Carpenter, S. R. 1999 Ecological valuation of freshwater ecosystems services in the United States, 1977-1997. Ecol. Applications 9, 772-783.
202. Wilson, M. L. 2001 Ecology and infections disease. In Ecosystem change and public health, a global perspective (ed. J. L. Aron & J. A. Patz), pp. 283-324. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
203. Wolf, A. T. (ed.) 2002 Atlas of international freshwater agreements. Nairobi: UNEP.
204. World Commission on Dams 2000 Dams and development. London: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
205. Wolman, M. G. 1971 The nation's rivers. Problems are encountered in appraising trends in water and river quality. Science 174, 905-918.
206. Zebidi, H. (ed.) 1998 In Water, a looming crisis Technical documents in hydrology no. 18. Paris: Unesco Technical Document Hydrology.