Prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmias post-myocardial infarction

Canadian Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 19, Issue 12, 2003, Pages 1393-1404

  Khairy, Paul ^a   Thibault, Bernard ^a   Talajic, Mario ^a   Dubuc, Marc ^a   Roy, Denis ^a   Guerra, Peter G ^a   Nattel, Stanley ^a  

^a MONTREAL HEART INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Arrhythmia; Myocardial infarction; Prognosis; Ventricular fibrillation; Ventriculr tachycardia

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ENCAINIDE; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; FLECAINIDE; MORACIZINE; PLACEBO; PROCAINAMIDE; SOTALOL;

CLINICAL TRIAL; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DEFIBRILLATION; DEFIBRILLATOR; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEART ANEURYSM; HEART DEATH; HEART ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART VENTRICLE ARRHYTHMIA; HEART VENTRICLE EXTRASYSTOLE; HEART VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HEART VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HOSPITAL CARE; HUMAN; LONG TERM CARE; LOW DRUG DOSE; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SUDDEN DEATH; SURVIVAL;

ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS; CLINICAL TRIALS; ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY; HUMANS; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; SURVIVAL RATE; TACHYCARDIA, VENTRICULAR;

EID: 0346147104     PISSN: 0828282X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (184)

1. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1933-40.
2. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002;346:877-83.
3. Talajic M, Mitchell LB, Hadjis T. The role of prophylactic implantable cardioverter defibrillators to prevent sudden cardiac death. Can J Cardiol 2000;16(Suppl C):C26-8.
4. Buxton AE, Lee KL, DiCarlo L, et al. Electrophysiologic testing to identify patients with coronary artery disease who are at risk for sudden death. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1937-45.
5. Owens DK, Sanders GD, Heidenreich PA, McDonald KM, Hlatky MA. Effect of risk stratification on cost-effectiveness of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Am Heart J 2002;144:440-8.
6. Spath MA, O'Brien BJ. Cost effectiveness of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy versus drug therapy for patients at high risk of sudden cardiac death. Pharmacoeconomics 2002;20:727-38.
7. Myerburg RJ, Interian A Jr, Mitrani RM, Kessler KM, Castellanos A. Frequency of sudden cardiac death and profiles of risk. Am J Cardiol 1997;80(5B):10F-9.
8. Santoni-Rugui F, Gomes JA. Methods of identifying patients at high risk of subsequent arrhythmic death after myocardial infarction. Curr Probl Cardiol 1999;24:117-60.
9. Davis HT, DeCamilla J, Bayer LW, Moss AJ. Survivorship patterns in the post-hospital phase of myocardial infarction. Circulation 1979;60:1252-8.
10. Maggioni AP, Zuanetti G, Franzosi MG, et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction in the fibrinolytic era. Circulation 1993;87:312-22.
11. Greene HL, Richardson DW, Barker AH, et al. Classification of deaths after myocardial infarction as arrhythmic or nonarrhythmic (the Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study). Am J Cardiol 1989;63:1-6.
12. Bigger JT, Fleiss JL, Kleiger R, Miller JP, Rolnitzky LM. The Multicenter Postinfarction Research Group. The relationships among ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction, and mortality in the 2 years after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1984;69:250-8.
13. Mukharji J, Rude RE, Poole WK, et al. Risk factors for sudden death after acute myocardial infarction: Two-year follow-up. Am J Cardiol 1984;54:31-6.
14. Nicod P, Gilpin E, Dittrich H, Henning H, Ross JJ. Risk factors for sudden death after acute myocardial infarction. J Electrophysiol 1987;1:93-102.
15. Mehta D, Curwin J, Gomes JA, Fuster V. Sudden death in coronary artery disease: Acute ischemia versus myocardial substrate. Circulation 1997;96:3215-23.
16. Hurwitz JL and Prystowsky EN. Ventricular arrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction. In: Califf RM, Mark DB, Wagner GS, eds. Acute Coronary Care, Second Edn. Missouri: Mosby Year Book Inc, 1995:617-23.
17. Berger PB, Ruocco NA, Ryan TJ, Frederick MM, Podrid PJ. Incidence and significance of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation in the absence of hypotension or heart failure in acute myocardial infarction treated with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator: Results from the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Phase II trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:1773-9.
18. Kloner RA. Does reperfusion injury exist in humans? J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;21:537-45.
19. Ehlert FA, Goldberger JJ. Cellular and pathophysiological mechanisms of ventricular arrhythmias in acute ischemia and infarction. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1997;20:966-75.
20. Janse MJ. Electrophysiological effects of myocardial ischaemia. Relationship with early ventricular arrhythmias. Eur Heart J 1986;7(Suppl A):35-43.
21. Schomig A, Haass M, Richardt G. Catecholamine release and arrhythmias in acute myocardial ischaemia. Eur Heart J 1991;12(Suppl F):38-47.
22. Penny WJ. The deleterious effects of myocardial cateholamines on cellular electrophysiology and arrhythmias during ischaemia and reperfusion. Eur Heart J 1984;5:960-73.
23. Simson MB. Use of signals in the terminal QRS complex to identify patients with ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1981;64:235-42.
24. Goldberg S, Greenspon AJ, Urban PL, et al. Reperfusion arrhythmia: A marker of restoration of antegrade flow during intracoronary thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1983;105:26-32.
25. Wei JY, Markis JE, Malagold M, Braunwald E. Cardiovascular reflexes stimulated by reperfusion of ischemic myocardium in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1983;67:796-801.
26. Kuck KH, Schofer J, Schluter M, Bleifeld W, Mathey DG. Reperfusion arrhythmias in man: Influence of intravenous lidocaine. Eur Heart J 1985;6:163-7.
27. Buckingham TA, Devine JE, Redd RM, Kennedy HL. Reperfusion arrhythmias during coronary reperfusion therapy in man. Clinical and angiographic correlations. Chest 1986;90:346-51.
28. Cinca J, Worner F, Carreno A, Bardaji A, Salas-Caudevilla A, Soler-Soler J. Reperfusion arrhythmias after chronic regional denervation of the ischemic myocardium in pigs. Cardiovasc Res 1992;26:962-7.
29. DiMarco JP, Lerman BB, Kron IL, Sellers TD. Sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias within 2 months of acute myocardial infarction: Results of medical and surgical therapy in patients resuscitated from the initial episode. J Am Coll Cardiol 1985;6:759-68.
30. Marchlinski FE, Waxman HL, Buxton AE, Josephson ME. Sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias during the early postinfarction period: Electrophysiologic findings and prognosis for survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 1983;2:240-50.
31. De Bakker JM, Van Cappelle FJ, Janse MJ, et al. Reentry as a cause of ventricular tachycardia in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease: Electrophysiologic and anatomic correlation. Circulation 1988;77:589-606.
32. Chang B, Pearlman L, Ostrander L. Relationship of premature systoles to coronary heart disease and sudden death in the Tecumseh Epidemiologic Study. Ann Intern Med 1969;70:1159-66.
33. Prognostic importance of premature beats following myocardial infarction. Experience in the coronary drug project. JAMA 1973;223:1116-24.
34. Pratt CM, Seals AA, Luck JC. The clinical significance of ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction. Cardiol Clin 1984;2:3-11.
35. Moss AJ, Davis HT, DeCamilla J, Bayer LW. Ventricular ectopic beats and their relation to sudden and nonsudden cardiac death after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1979;60:998-1003.
36. Kostis JB, Byington R, Friedman LM, Goldstein S, Furberg C. Prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic activity in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;10:231-42.
37. Martin CA, Thompson PL, Armstrong BK, Hobbs MST, DeKlerk N. Long-term prognosis after recovery from myocardial infarction: A nine year follow-up of the Perth Coronary Register. Circulation 1983;68:961-72.
38. Tominaga S, Blackburn H, The Coronary Drug Project Research Group. Prognostic importance of premature beats following myocardial infarction. JAMA 1973;223:1116-24.
39. Risk stratification and survival after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1983;309:331-6.
40. Petretta M, Bianchi V, Pulcino A, et al. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring for more than one hour does not improve the prognostic value of ventricular arrhythmias in survivors of first acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1994;73:139-42.
41. Hallstrom AP, Bigger JTJ, Roden D, et al. Prognostic significance of ventricular premature depolarizations measured 1 year after myocardial infarction in patients with early postinfarction asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:259-64.
42. Moss AJ, Bigger JT, Odoroff CL. Postinfarct risk stratification. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1987;29:389-412.
43. Juul-Moller S, Lilja B, Johansson BW. Ventricular arrhythmias and left ventricular function: One-year follow-up after myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J 1988;9:1181-7.
44. Bigger JTJ, Weld FM. Analysis of prognostic significance of ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction. Shortcomings of Lown grading system. Br Heart J 1981;45:717-24.
45. Romhilt DW, Bloomfield SS, Chou TC, Fowler NO. Unreliability of conventional electrocardiographic monitoring for arrhythmia detection in coronary care units. Am J Cardiol 1973;31:457-61.
46. Udall JA, Ellestadm H. Predictive implications of ventricular premature contractions associated with treadmill stress testing. Circulation 1977;56:985-9.
47. Medvedowsky JL, Barnay C, Arnaud C, Bonet P. Evolution des arythmies ventriculaires apres infarctus myocardique. Resultats d'un suivi de deux ans. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1984;77:754-65.
48. Bounhoure JP, Cassagneau B, Dechandol AM, et al. Extrasystoles ventriculaires a la phase de convalescence de l'infarctus du myocarde. Relations avec les donnees angiographiques. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1982;75:633-9.
49. Schulze RAJ, Humphries JO, Griffith LS, et al. Left ventricular and coronary angiographic anatomy. Relationship to ventricular irritability in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1977;55:839-43.
50. Olsson G, Rehnqvist N. Ventricular arrhythmias during the first year after acute myocardial infarction: Influence of long-term treatment with metoprolol. Circulation 1984;69:1129-34.
51. Vismara LA, Amsterdam EA, Mason DT. Relation of ventricular arrhythmias in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction to sudden death after hospital discharge. Am J Med 1975;59:6-12.
52. Kotler MN, Tabatznik B, Mower MM, Tominaga S. Prognostic significance of ventricular ectopic beats with respect to sudden death in the late postinfarction period. Circulation 1973;47:959-66.
53. Ruberman W, Weinblatt E, Goldberg JD, Frank CW, Shapiro S. Ventricular premature beats and mortality after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1977;297:750-7.
54. Lown B, Wolf M. Approaches to sudden death from coronary heart disease. Circulation 1971;44:130-42.
55. Reeder GS, Gersh BJ. Modern management of acute myocardial infarction. Curr Probl Cardiol 1996;21:585-667.
56. Voiriot P, Aliot E, Gilgenkrantz JM. L'extrasystolie ventriculaire: Valeur pronostique et indication therapeutique. Ann Cardiol Angeiol 1984;33:99-107.
57. Moss AJ. Signification clinique des arythmies ventriculaires chez les patients avec ou sans maladie coronarienne. ANPCV 1981;23:47-75.
58. Campbell RW, Murray A, Julian DG. Ventricular arrhythmias in first 12 hours of acute myocardial infarction. Natural history study. Br Heart J 1981;46:351-7.
59. Campbell RW. Treatment of prophylaxis of ventricular arrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1983;52:C55-9.
60. Arnold JM, Antman EM, Przyklenk K, et al. Differential effects of reperfusion on incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and recovery of ventricular function at 4 days following coronary occlusion. Am Heart J 1987;113:1055-65.
61. Theroux P, Morissette D, Juneau M, de GP, Pelletier G, Waters DD. Influence of fibrinolysis and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty on the frequency of ventricular premature complexes. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:797-801.
62. Leor J, Hod H, Rotstein Z, et al. Effects of thrombolysis on the 12-lead signal-averaged ECG in the early postinfarction period. Am Heart J 1990;120:495-502.
63. Sager PT, Perlmutter RA, Rosenfeld LE, McPherson CA, Wackers FJ, Batsford WP. Electrophysiologic effects of thrombolytic therapy in patients with a transmural anterior myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular aneurysm formation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12:19-24.
64. Turitto G, Risa AL, Zanchi E, Prati PL. The signal-averaged electrocardiogram and ventricular arrhythmias after thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:1270-6.
65. Statters DJ, Malik M, Redwood S, Hnatkova K, Staunton A, Camm AJ. Use of ventricular premature complexes for risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:133-8.
66. Giani P, Avanzini F, Bagliani G, Galati A, Pucci P, Santoro E. The predictive value for major arrhythmic events of ventricular arrhythmias, particularly nonsustained ventricular tachycardias, in the subacute phase of a fibrinolyzed infarct. An analysis of GISSI-2 data. G Ital Cardiol 1995;25:77-87.
67. Bigger JTJ, Fleiss JL, Rolnitzky LM. Prevalence, characteristics and significance of ventricular tachycardia detected by 24-hour continuous electrocardiographic recordings in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:1151-60.
68. Schulze RAJ, Strauss HW, Pitt B. Sudden death in the year following myocardial infarction. Relation to ventricular premature contractions in the late hospitals phase and left ventricular ejection fraction. Am J Med 1977;62:192-9.
69. Califf RM, McKinnis RA, Burks J, et al. Prognostic implications of ventricular arrhythmias during 24 hour ambulatory monitoring in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization for coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1982;50:23-31.
70. Cairns JA, Connolly SJ, Roberts R, Gent M. Randomised trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarisations: CAMIAT. Lancet 1997;349:675-82.
71. Farrell T, Bashir Y, Poloniecki J, Ward D, Camm AJ. The effects of thrombolysis on risk stratification for arrhythmic events in postinfarction patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:17A.
72. Breithardt G, Borggrefe M, Martinez-Rubio A, Budde T. Pathophysiological mechanisms of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Eur Heart J 1989;10(Suppl E):9-18.
73. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med 1991;324:781-8.
74. Greene HL, Roden DM, Katz RJ, Woosley RL, Salerno DM, Henthorn RW. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial: First CAST ⋯ then CAST-II. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;19:894-8.
75. Waldo AL, Camm AJ, deRuyter H, et al. Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction. The SWORD Investigators. Lancet 1996;348:7-12.
76. Burkart F, Pfisterer M, Kiowski W, Follath F, Burckhardt D. Effect of antiarrhythmic therapy on mortality in survivors of myocardial infarction with asymptomatic complex ventricular arrhythmias: Basel Antiarrhythmic Study of Infarct Survival (BASIS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;16:1711-8.
77. Strobel JS, Epstein AE. Large clinical trials in the management of ventricular arrhythmias. Applying group results to individual cases. Cardiol Clin 2000;18:337-56.
78. Pratt CM, Greenway PS, Schoenfeld MH, Hibben ML, Reiffel JA. Exploration of the precision of classifying sudden cardiac death. Implications for the interpretation of clinical trials. Circulation 1996;93:519-24.
79. Julian DG, Camm AJ, Frangin G, et al. Randomised trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. Lancet 1997;349:667-74.
80. Amiodarone Trials Meta-Analysis Investigators. Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and in congestive heart failure: Meta-analysis of individual data from 6500 patients in randomised trials. Lancet 1997;350:1417-24.
81. Cats VM, Lie KI, Van CF, Durrer D. Limitations of 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in predicting coronary events after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1979;44:1257-62.
82. Bigger JTJ, Weld FM, Rolnitzky LM. Prevalence, characteristics and significance of ventricular tachycardia (three or more complexes) detected with ambulatory electrocardiographic recording in the late hospital phase of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1981;48:815-23.
83. Buxton AE, Duc J, Berger EE, Torres V. Nonsutained ventricular tachycardia. In: Crawford MH, Miller JM, eds. Cardiology Clinics: Ventricular Arrhythmias. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 2000:327-36.
84. de Soyza N, Bennett FA, Murphy ML, Bissett JK, Kane JJ. The relationship of paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia complicating the acute phase and ventricular arrhythmia during the late hospital phase of myocardial infarction to long-term survival. Am J Med 1978;64:377-81.
85. Eldar M, Sievner Z, Goldbourt U, Reicher-Reiss H, Kaplinsky E, Behar S. Primary ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction: Clinical characteristics and mortality. The SPRINT Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:31-6.
86. Gomes JA, Hariman RI, Kang PS, El Sherif N, Chowdhry I, Lyons J. Programmed electrical stimulation in patients with high-grade ventricular ectopy: Electrophysiologic findings and prognosis for survival. Circulation 1984;70:43-51.
87. Cheema AN, Sheu K, Parker M, Kadish AH, Goldberger JJ. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: Tachycardia characteristics and their prognostic implications. Circulation 1998;98:2030-6.
88. Bigger JT Jr, Weld FM, Coromilas J, Rolnitzky LM, DeTurk WE. Prevalence and significance of arrhythmias in 24-hour ECG recordings made within one month of acute myocardial infarction. In: Kulbertus HE, Wellens HJ, eds. The First Year After a Myocardial Infarction. Mount Kisco: Futura, 1983:161-75.
89. Wharton JM, Sorrentino RA, Greenfield RA, Merrill JJ. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias after acute myocardial infarction. In: Califf RM, Mark DB, Wagner GS, eds. Acute Coronary Care. St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book Inc, 1995:823-42.
90. Bardy GH, Packer DL, German LD, Gallagher JJ. Utility of electrophysiologic studies in the management of tachycardia, sudden death, and syncope. Ann NY Acad Sci 1984;427:16-39.
91. Pratt CM, Hallstrom A, Theroux P, Romhilt D, Coromilas J, Myles J. Avoiding interpretive pitfalls when assessing arrhythmia suppression after myocardial infarction: Insights from the long-term observations of the placebo-treated patients in the Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study (CAPS). J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:1-8.
92. Buxton AE, Marchlinski FE, Flores BT, Miller JM, Doherty JU, Josephson ME. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary artery disease: Role of electrophysiologic study. Circulation 1987;75:1178-85.
93. Manolis AS, Uricchio F, Estes NA. Prognostic value of early electrophysiologic studies for ventricular tachycardia recurrence in patients with coronary artery disease treated with amiodarone. Am J Cardiol 1989;63:1052-7.
94. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1882-90.
95. Richards DA, Cody DV, Denniss AR, Russell PA, Young AA, Uther JB. Ventricular electrical instability: A predictor of death after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1983;51:75-80.
96. Eldar M, Ohad D, Bor A, Varda-Bloom N, Swanson DK, Battler A. A closed-chest pig model of sustained ventricular tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1994;17:1603-9.
97. Bolli R, Fisher DJ, Entma ML. Factors that determine the occurrence of arrhythmias during acute myocardial ischemia. Am Heart J 1986;111:261-70.
98. Cinca J, Bardaji A, Carreno A, et al. Low incidence of ventricular arrhythmias induced by ischaemia at the borders of a chronic infarct in a model with local postinfarction denervation. Cardiovasc Res 1994;28:1018-24.
99. Solomon SD, Ridker PM, Antman EM. Ventricular arrhythmias in trials of thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. A meta-analysis. Circulation 1993;88:2575-81.
100. Tofler GH, Stone PH, Muller JE, et al. Prognosis after cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation associated with acute myocardial infarction (the MILIS Study). Am J Cardiol 1987;60:755-61.
101. Mont L, Cinca J, Blanch P, et al. Predisposing factors and prognostic value of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1670-6.
102. Sala MF, Barcena JP, Rota JI, et al. Sustained ventricular tachycardia as a marker of inadequate myocardial perfusion during the acute phase of myocardial infarction. Clin Cardiol 2002;25:328-34.
103. Newby KJ, Thompson T, Stebbins A, Topol EJ, Califf RM, Natale A. Sustained ventricular arrhythmias in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy: Incidence and outcomes. The GUSTO Investigators. Circulation 1998;98:2567-73.
104. Josephson ME. Recurrent ventricular tachycardia. In: Josephson ME, ed. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Techniques and Interpretations. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1993;417-615.
105. Wit AL, Janse MJ. Ventricular arrhythmias in the acute phase of myocardial ischemia and infarction. In: Wit AL, Janse MJ, eds. The Ventricular Arrhythmias of Ischemia and Infarction. Mount Fisco: Futura, 1993;161-260.
106. Kleiman RB, Miller JM, Buxton AE, Josephson ME, Marchlinski FE. Prognosis following sustained ventricular tachycardia occurring early after myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1988;62:528-33.
107. Stevenson WG, Brugada P, Waldecker B, Zehender M, Wellens HJ. Clinical, angiographic, and electrophysiologic findings in patients with aborted sudden death as compared with patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1985;71:1146-52.
108. Adhar GC, Larson LW, Bardy GH, Greene HL. Sustained ventricular arrhythmias: Differences between survivors of cardiac arrest and patients with recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12:159-65.
109. Dennis AR, Ross DL, Richards DA, et al. Differences between patients with ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation as assessed by signal-averaged electrocardiogram, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiac mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;11:276-83.
110. Lie KI, Liem KL, Schuelenburg RM, David GK, Durrer D. Early identification of patients developing late in-hospital ventricular fibrillation after discharge from the coronary care unit. A 5 1/2 year retrospective and prospective study of 1,897 patients. Am J Cardiol 1978;41:674-7.
111. Marchlinski FE. Ventricular tachycardia: Clinical presentation, course, and therapy. In: Zipes DP, Jalife J, eds. Cardiac Electrophysiology: From Cell to Bedside. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company, 1990:756-77.
112. Marchlinski FE. Ventricular tachycardia associated with coronary artery disease. In: Zipes DP, Rowlands DJ, eds. Progress in Cardiology. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1988;231-53.
113. Marchlinski FE. Ventricular tachycardia soon after myocardial infarction: Risk and management. Int J Cardiol 1984;5:761-6.
114. Volpi A, Cavalli A, Turato R, Barlera S, Santoro E, Negri E. Incidence and short-term prognosis of late sustained ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction: Results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI-3) Data Base. Am Heart J 2001;142:87-92.
115. Waldo AL, Kaiser GA. A study of ventricular arrhythmias associated with acute myocardial infarction in the canine heart. Circulation 1973;47:1222-8.
116. Boineau JP, Cox JL. Slow ventricular activation in acute myocardial infarction. A source of re-entrant premature ventricular contractions. Circulation 1973;48:702-13.
117. Han J, Goel BG. Electrophysiologic precursors of ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Arch Intern Med 1972;129:749-55.
118. Wit AL, Bigger JTJ. Possible electrophysiological mechanisms for lethal arrhythmias accompanying myocardial ischemia and infarction. Circulation 1975;52:III96-115.
119. Scherlag BJ, Helfant RH, Half JI, Damato AN. Electrophysiology underlying ventricular arrhythmias due to coronary ligation. Am J Physiol 1970;219:1665-71.
120. Soyza ND, Bissett JK, Kane JJ, Murphy ML, Doherty JE. Ectopic ventricular prematurity and its relationship to ventricular tachycardia in acute myocardial infarction in man. Circulation 1974;50:529-33.
121. Lie KI, Wellens HJ, Downar E, Durrer D. Observations on patients with primary ventricular fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1975;52:755-9.
122. Gardner PI, Ursell PC, Fenoglio JJJ, Wit AL. Electrophysiologic and anatomic basis for fractionated electrograms recorded from healed myocardial infarcts. Circulation 1985;72:596-611.
123. Vassallo JA, Cassidy D, Simson MB, Buxton AE, Marchlinski FE, Josephon ME. Relation of late potentials to site of origin of ventricular tachycardia associated with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 1985;55:985-9.
124. Denniss AR, Richards DA, Cody DV, et al. Prognostic significance of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation induced at programmed stimulation and delayed potentials detected on the signal-averaged electrocardiograms of survivors of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1986;74:731-45.
125. Kuchar DL, Thorburn CW, Sammel NL. Late potentials detected after myocardial infarction: Natural history and prognostic significance. Circulation 1986;74:1280-9.
126. Gomes JA, Winters SL, Stewart D, Horowitz S, Milner M, Barreca P. A new noninvasive index to predict sustained ventricular tachycardia and sudden death in the first year after myocardial infarction: Based on signal-averaged electrocardiogram, radionuclide ejection fraction and Holter monitoring. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;10:349-57.
127. Denniss AR, Richards DA, Cody DV, et al. Correlation between signal-averaged electrocardiogram and programmed stimulation in patients with and without spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1987;59:586-90.
128. Zimmermann M, Sentici A, Adamec R, Metzger J, Mermillod B, Rutishauser W. Long-term prognostic significance of ventricular late potentials after a first acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 1997;134:1019-28.
129. el-Sherif N, Denes P, Katz R, et al. Definition of the best prediction criteria of the time domain signal-averaged electrocardiogram for serious arrhythmic events in the postinfarction period. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:908-14.
130. Verzoni A, Romano S, Pozzoni L, Tarricone D, Sangiorgio S, Croce L. Prognostic significance and evolution of late ventricular potentials in the first year after myocardial infarction: A prospective study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1989;12:41-51.
131. Verzoni A, Ravaglia R, Sangiorgio S, Tarricone D, Pozzoni L, Fiorentini C. Late ventricular potentials in the post-infarct patient. A follow-up at 4 years. G Ital Cardiol 1993;23:661-71.
132. Kanovsky MS, Falcone RA, Dresden CA, Josephson ME, Simon MB. Identification of patients with ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction: Signal-averaged electrocardiogram, Holter monitoring, and cardiac catheterization. Circulation 1984;70:264-70.
133. Pollak SJ, Kertes PJ, Bredlau CE, Walter PF. Influence of left ventricular function on signal averaged late potentials in patients with coronary artery disease with and without ventricular tachycardia. Am Heart J 1985;110:747-52.
134. Cripps TR, Bennett ED, Camm AJ, Ward DE. Prediction of serious post-infarction cardiac arrhythmias. Lancet 1989;2:845-7.
135. Buckingham TA, Ghosh S, Homan SM, et al. Independent value of signal-averaged electrocardiography and left ventricular function in identifying patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1987;59:568-72.
136. Gomes JA, Horowitz SF, Millner M, Machac J, Winters SL, Barreca P. Relation of late potentials to ejection fraction and wall motion abnormalities in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1987;59:1071-4.
137. Steinberg JS, Regan A, Sciacca RR, Bigger JTJ, Fleiss JL. Predicting arrhythmic events after acute myocardial infarction using the signal-averaged electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:13-21.
138. Winters SL, Stewart D, Targonski A, Gomes JA. Role of signal averaging of the surface QRS complex in selecting patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and high grade ventricular arrhythmias for programmed ventricular stimulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988;12:1481-7.
139. Gang ES, Lew AS, Hong M, Wang FZ, Siebert CA, Peter T. Decreased incidence of ventricular late potentials after successful thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1989;321:712-6.
140. Vatterott PJ, Hammill SC, Bailey KR, Berbari EJ, Matheson SJ. Signal-averaged electrocardiography: A new noninvasive test to identify patients at risk for ventricular arrhythmias. Mayo Clin Proc 1988;63:931-42.
141. de Chillou C, Sadoul N, Bizeau O, et al. Prognostic value of thrombolysis, coronary artery patency, signal-averaged electrocardiography, left ventricular ejection fraction, and Holter electrocardiographic monitoring for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias after a first acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:852-8.
142. Eldar M, Leor J, Hod H, et al. Effect of thrombolysis on the evolution of late potentials within 10 days of infarction. Br Heart J 1990;63:273-6.
143. Vatterott PJ, Hammill SC, Bailey KR, Wiltgen CM, Gersh BJ. Late potentials on signal-averaged electrocardiograms and patency of the infarct-related artery in survivors of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;17:330-7.
144. White HD. Relation of thrombolysis during acute myocardial infarction to left ventricular function and mortality. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:92-5.
145. Tranchesi BJ, Verstraete M, Van de Werf F, et al. Usefulness of high-frequency analysis of signal-averaged surface electrocardiograms in acute myocardial infarction before and after coronary thrombolysis for assessing coronary reperfusion. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:1196-8.
146. de Chillou C, Sadoul N, Briancon S, Aliot E. Factors determining the occurrence of late potentials on the signal-averaged electrocardiogram after a first myocardial infarction: A multivariate analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991;18:1638-42.
147. Borbola J, Serry C, Goldin M, Denes P. Short-term effect of coronary artery bypass grafting on the signal-averaged electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1988;61:1001-5.
148. Kelly P, Ruskin JN, Vlahakes GJ, Buckley MJJ, Freeman CS, Garan H. Surgical coronary revascularization in survivors of prehospital cardiac arrest: Its effect on inducible ventricular arrhythmias and long-term survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990;15:267-73.
149. Bayes DL, Coumel P, Leclercq JF. Ambulatory sudden cardiac death: Mechanisms of production of fatal arrhythmia on the basis of data from 157 cases. Am Heart J 1989;117:151-9.
150. Rodriguez LM, Oyarzun R, Smeets J, et al. Identification of patients at high risk for recurrence of sustained ventricular tachycardia after healing of acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 1992;69:462-4.
151. Buxton AE, Duc J, Berger EE, Torres V. Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Cardiol Clin 2000;18:327-36.
152. Brugada J, Aguinaga L, Mont L, Betriu A, Mulet J, Sanz G. Coronary artery revascularization in patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmias in the chronic phase of a myocardial infarction: Effects on the electrophysiologic substrate and outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:529-33.
153. Cook JR, Rizo-Patron C, Curtis AB, et al. Effect of surgical revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease and ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Registry. Am Heart J 2002;143:821-6.
154. Paganelli F, Barnay P, Imbert-Joscht I, et al. Influence of residual myocardial ischaemia on induced ventricular arrhythmias following a first acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2001;22:1931-7.
155. Buda AJ, Stinson EB, Harrison DC. Surgery for life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 1979;44:1171-7.
156. Kron IL, Lerman BB, Haines DE, Flanagan TL, DiMarco JP. Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with ventricular fibrillation. Ann Thorac Surg 1989;48:85-9.
157. Khairy P. Coronary artery revascularization in patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmias in the chronic phase of a myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38:1268-9.
158. Spotnitz HM, Herre JM, Raza ST, et al. Effect of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation on surgical morbidity in the CABG Patch Trial. Surgical Investigators of the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patch Trial. Circulation 1998;98:II77-80.
159. Cannom DS. Implantable cardioverter defibrillator trials: What's new? Curr Opin Cardiol 2002;17:29-35.
160. Gottlieb C, Callans DJ, Marchlinski F. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators in the United States: Understanding the benefits and limitations of implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy based on clinical trial results. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:2016-20.
161. Sarter BH, Callans DJ, Gottlieb GD, Schwartzman DS, Marchlinski FE. Implantable defibrillator diagnostic storage capabilities: Evolution, current status, and future utilization. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998;21:1287-98.
162. Pratt CM, Waldo AL, Camm AJ. Can antiarrhythmic drugs survive survival trials? Am J Cardiol 1998;81:D24-34.
163. Waller TJ, Kay HR, Spielman SR, Kutalek SP, Greenspan AM, Horowitz LN. Reduction in sudden death and total mortality by antiarrhythmic therapy evaluated by electrophysiologic drug testing: Criteria of efficacy in patients with sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1987;10:83-9.
164. O'Callaghan PA, Poloniecki J, Sosa-Suarez G, Ruskin JN, McGovern BA, Garan H. Long-term clinical outcome of patients with prior myocardial infarction after palliative radiofrequency catheter ablation for frequent ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:975-9.
165. Rothman SA, Hsia HH, Cossu SF, Chmielewski IL, Buxton AE, Miller JM. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of postinfarction ventricular tachycardia: Long-term success and the significance of inducible nonclinical arrhythmias. Circulation 1997;96:3499-508.
166. Stevenson WG, Delacretaz E. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia. Heart 2000;84:553-9.
167. Stevenson WG, Friedman PL, Kocovic D, Sager PT, Saxon LA, Pavri B. Radiofrequency catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1998;98:308-14.
168. Page PL. Surgical treatment of ventricular tachycardia. Indications and results. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1996;89:115-21.
169. Marchlinski FE, Zado ES, Callans DJ, et al. Hybrid therapy for ventricular arrhythmia management. Cardiol Clin 2000;18:391-406.
170. Volpi A, Maggioni A, Franzosi MG, Pampallona S, Mauri F, Tognoni G. In-hospital prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by primary ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med 1987;317:257-61.
171. Behar S, Goldbourt U, Reicher-Reiss H, Kaplinsky E. Prognosis of acute myocardial infarction complicated by primary ventricular fibrillation. Principal Investigators of the SPRINT Study. Am J Cardiol 1990;66:1208-11.
172. Al Khatib SM, Granger CB, Huang Y, et al. Sustained ventricular arrhythmias among patients with acute coronary syndromes with no ST-segment elevation: Incidence, predictors, and outcomes. Circulation 2002;106:309-12.
173. Ryan TJ, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Braniff BA, Brooks NH, Califf RM. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1328-428.
174. Campbell RWF. Arrhythmias. In: Julian DG, Braunwald E, eds. Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction. London: Saunders, 1994:223-40.
175. Wolfe CL, Nibley C, Bhandari A, Chatterjee K, Scheinman M. Polymorphous ventricular tachycardia associated with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 1991;84:1543-51.
176. Nordrehaug JE, von der Lippe G. Hypokalaemia and ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction. Br Heart J 1983;50:525-9.
177. Higham PD, Adams PC, Murray A, Campbell RW. Plasma potassium, serum magnesium and ventricular fibrillation: A prospective study. QJ Med 1993;86:609-17.
178. Antman EM, Berlin JA. Declining incidence of ventricular fibrillation in myocardial infarction. Implications for the prophylactic use of lidocaine. Circulation 1992;86:764-73.
179. Volpi A, Cavalli A, Santoro E, Tognoni G. Incidence and prognosis of secondary ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction. Evidence for a propective effect of thrombolytic therapy, GISSI Investigators. Circulation 1990;82:1279-88.
180. Vassallo JA, Cassidy DM, Marchlinski FE, Miller JM, Buxton AE, Josephson ME. Abnormalities of endocardial activation pattern in patients with previous healed myocardial infarction and ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol 1986;58:479-84.
181. Oliver MF. Significance of ventricular arrhythmias during myocardial ischemia. Circulation 1976;53:I155-7.
182. Dolack GL, Callahan DB, Bardy GH, Greene HL. Signal-averaged electrocardiographic late potentials in resuscitated survivors of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:1102-4.
183. Sayer JW, Archbold RA, Wilkinson P, Ray S, Ranjadayalan K, Timmis AD. Prognostic implications of ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction: New strategies for further mortality reduction. Heart 2000;84:258-61.
184. Odemuyiwa O, Malik M, Farrell T, et al. Multifactorial prediction of arrhythmic events after myocardial infarction. Combination of heart rate variability and left ventricular ejection fraction with other variables. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1991;14:1986-91.