Dietary Supplements Marketed for Weight Loss

Nutrition in Clinical Practice

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 156-169

  Bartels, Cathy L ^a   Miller, Sarah J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

7 KETOPRASTERONE; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANOREXIGENIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; CAFFEINE; CALCIUM; DEXFENFLURAMINE; DIGOXIN; DIIODOTHYRONINE; DIURETIC AGENT; EPHEDRA EXTRACT; EPHEDRINE; GARDENIA CAMBOGIA EXTRACT; GARDENIA EXTRACT; GINSENG EXTRACT; GUARANA; HERBACEOUS AGENT; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; IRON; METABOLEAN; METABOLIFE 356; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NOREPHEDRINE; PHENELZINE; PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE; PRASTERONE; TRIMSPA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; WARFARIN;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ABDOMINAL PAIN; ACUTE PSYCHOSIS; AGITATION; ANOREXIA; ANXIETY DISORDER; BASAL METABOLIC RATE; BLISTER; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CALORIC INTAKE; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONVULSION; DELIRIUM; DIARRHEA; DIET; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG ALCOHOL INTERACTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY; DRUG LABELING; DRUG LEGISLATION; DRUG MANUFACTURE; DRUG MARKETING; DRUG PURITY; DRUG SAFETY; DYSURIA; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; EOSINOPHILIA; ERYTHEMA; EXCITABILITY; FUCUS VESICULOSUS; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE COST; HEART ARREST; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART BEAT; HEART INFARCTION; HEART PALPITATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; INSOMNIA; KIDNEY FAILURE; LIVER TOXICITY; MANIA; MOOD DISORDER; MOUTH CARCINOMA; MUSCLE TONE; MYALGIA; MYOCARDITIS; MYOPATHY; NEPHROLITHIASIS; NERVOUSNESS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PARANOIA; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDER; PUSTULE; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; STOMACH DISEASE; STROKE; SUDDEN DEATH; SWEATING; TACHYCARDIA; TACHYPNEA; TEA; THERMOGENESIS; TINNITUS; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; TREMOR; UNCONSCIOUSNESS; VISUAL HALLUCINATION; VOMITING; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EPHEDRA; FUCUS; FUCUS VESICULOSUS; GARDENIA; HYPERICUM; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; PANAX GINSENG; PAULLINIA CUPANA;

EID: 0345601104     PISSN: 08845336     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0115426503018002156     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. National Center for Health Statistics. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults: United States, 1999. Available online at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/obese/obse99. htm. Accessed on December 8, 2002
2. Serdula MK, Williamson DF, Anda RF, et al. Weight control practices in adults: Results of a multistate telephone survey. Am J Public Health 84:1821-4, 1994
3. Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, et al. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA 286:1195-1200, 2001
4. Blanck HM, Khan LK, Serdula MK. Use of nonprescription weight loss products. Results from a multistate survey. JAMA 286:930-5, 2001
5. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. US Pub L No. 102-417, 108 Stat 4325. October 25, 1994
6. Blumenthal M. Congress passes Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. Herbal Gram 32:18-20, 1994
7. Glade MJ. The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994-Focus on labeling issues. Nutrition 13:999-1001, 1997
8. Abood R. Regulatory and legal issues pertaining to the sale of dietary supplements. US Pharmacist 24(suppl 1):2-9, 1999
9. Heinrich J. Testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management, Restructuring, and the District of Columbia, Committee on Governmental Affairs, U. S. Senate. Dietary supplements for weight loss. Limited federal oversight has focused more on marketing than on safety. Statement of Janet Heinrich, Director, Health Care - Public Health Issues. United States General Accounting Office; July 31, 2002. Document No. GAO-02-985T.
10. Jellin JM, Gregory P, Batz F, et al. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, 4th ed. Therapeutic Research Faculty, Stockton, CA, 2002
11. Lewis CJ. Regulatory environment for dietary supplements and botanicals targeted to weight loss. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 41:43-44, 2001
12. Gurley BJ, Gardner SF, Hubbard MA. Content versus label claims in ephedra-containing dietary supplements. Am J Health Syst Pharm 57:963-9, 2000
13. Bauer R, Tittel G. Quality assessment of herbal preparations as a precondition of pharmacological and clinical studies. Phytomedicine 2:193-198, 1996
14. Anonymous. FDA to Ban 111 Diet Product Ingredients. US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, 1991
15. Woodcock J. FDA letter to manufacturers of drug products containing phenylpropanolamine (PPA). Available online at http://www.fda.gov/cder/drug/infopage/ppa/default.htm. Accessed on December 18, 2002
16. Favreau JT, Ryu ML, Braunstein G, et al. Severe hepatoxicity associated with the dietary supplement LipoKinetix. Ann Intern Med 136:590-595, 2002
17. United States Pharmacopoeia. Available online at http://www. usp.org/aboutusp/releases/2001/pr_2001-07.htm. Accessed on July 9, 2001
18. About ConsumerLab. Available online at http://www.consumerlab.com/aboutcl.asp. Accessed on December 18, 2002
19. Poehlman ET, Horton ES. Energy needs: Assessment and requirements in humans. IN Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th ed., Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, et al (eds). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1999, pp 95-104
20. Colker CM, Torina GC, Swain MA, et al. Double-blind study evaluating the effects of exercise plus 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone on body composition and the endocrine system in overweight adults. Available online at http://www.css.edu/users/tboone2/asep/abstractROB1.html. Accessed on December 18, 2002
21. Allison DB, Fontaine KR, Heshka S, et al. Alternative treatments for weight loss: A critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 41:1-28, 2001
22. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al, eds. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. American Botanical Council, Austin, TX, 1998
23. Tyler V. What pharmacists should know about herbal remedies. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) NS36:29-37, 1996
24. Foster S, Tyler VE. Tyler's Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies, 3rd ed. Haworth Herbal Press, Binghamton, NY, 1993
25. Hebel SK, Burnham TH, Short RM, et al. The Lawrence Review of Natural Products. Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, MO, 1999
26. Palmer BV, Montgomery ACV, Monteiro JCMP. Gin Seng and mastalgia. Br Med J 1:1284, 1978
27. Punnonen R, Lukola A. Oestrogen-like effect of ginseng. Br Med J 281:1110, 1980
28. Greenspan EM. Ginseng and vaginal bleeding. JAMA 249:2018, 1983
29. Dega H, Laporte JL, Frances C, et al. Ginseng as a cause for Stevens-Johnson syndrome? Lancet 347:1344, 1996
30. Keung LK. Central effects of ginseng. Hong Kong Pharm J 3:88-90, 1994
31. Janetzky K, Morreale AP. Probable interaction between warfarin and ginseng. Am J Health Syst Pharm 54:692-693, 1997
32. McRae S. Elevated serum digoxin levels in a patient taking digoxin and siberian ginseng. Can Med Assoc J 155:293-295, 1996
33. Jones BD, Runikis AM. Interaction of ginseng and phenelzine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 7:201-202, 1978
34. Becker BN, Green J, Evanson J, et al. Ginseng-induced diuretic resistance. JAMA 276:606-607, 1996
35. Sinclair CJ, Geiger JD. Caffeine use in sports. A pharmacological review, J Sports Med Phys Fitness 40:71-79, 2000
36. Tyler VE. Herbs of Choice. Pharmaceutical Products Press, Binghamton, NY, 1994
37. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS Drug Information. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Bethesda, MD, 2002
38. Schulz V, Hansel R, Tyler VE. Rational Phytotherapy: A Physician's Guide to Herbal Medicine, 3rd ed. Springer, Berlin, GER, 1998
39. Greenway FL, Raum WJ, DeLany JP. The effect of an herbal dietary supplement containing ephedrine and caffeine on oxygen consumption in humans. J Altern Complement Med 6:553-555, 2000
40. Anonymous. FDA Proposes Safety Measures for Ephedrine Dietary Supplements. US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, 1997
41. Atkinson RL. The herbal ephedra and caffeine debate continues. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:589, 2002
42. Dulloo AG. Herbal simulation of ephedrine and caffeine in treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:590-592, 2002
43. Breum L, Pedersen JK, Ahlstrom F, et al. Comparison of an ephedrine/caffeine combination and dexfenfluramine in the treatment of obesity. A double-blind multi-centre trial in general practice. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 17:99-103, 1993
44. Toubro S, Astrup AV, Breum L, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term treatment with ephedrine, caffeine and an ephedrine/caffeine mixture. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 17(suppl 1):S69-S72, 1993
45. Toubro S, Astrup A. Randomised comparison of diets for maintaining obese subjects' weight after major weight loss: Ad lib, low fat, high carbohydrate diet v fixed energy intake. Br Med J 314:29-34, 1997
46. Fleming GA. The FDA, regulation, and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med 343:1886-1887, 2000
47. Leung AY, Foster S. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1996
48. Fetrow CW, Avila JR. Professional's Handbook of Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 2nd ed. Springhouse Corporation, Springhouse, PA, 2000
49. De Stefani E, Fierro L, Correa P, et al. Maté drinking and risk of lung cancer in males: A case-control study from Uruguay. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:515-519, 1996
50. De Stefani E, Correa P, Fierro L, et al. Black tobacco, maté, and bladder cancer. A case-control study from Uruguay. Cancer 67:536-540, 1991
51. De Stefani E, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M, et al. Meat intake, 'maté' drinking and renal cell cancer in Uruguay: A case-control study. Br J Cancer 78:1239-1243, 1998
52. Pintos J, Franco EL, Oliveira BV, et al. Maté, coffee, and tea consumption and risk of cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract in southern Brazil. Epidemiology 5:583-590, 1994
53. Hsu CK, Leo P, Shastry D, et al. Anticholinergic poisoning associated with herbal tea. Arch Intern Med 155:2245-2248, 1995
54. McGee J, Patrick RS, Wood CB, et al. A case of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in Britain associated with herbal tea consumption. J Clin Pathol 29:788-794, 1976
55. Gurley BJ, Gardener SF, White LM, et al. Ephedrine pharmcokinetics after the ingestion of nutritional supplements containing Ephedra sinica (Ma Huang). Ther Drug Monit 20:439-445, 1998
56. White LM, Gardner SF, Gurley BJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics and cardiovascular effects of ma-huang (ephedra sinica) in normotensive adults. J Clin Pharmacol 37:116-122, 1997
57. Ryan DH. Use of sibutramine and other noradrenergic and serotonergic drugs in the management of obesity. Endocrine 13:193-199, 2000
58. Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Obesity. N Engl J Med 346:591-602, 2002
59. Horton TJ, Geissler CA. Aspirin potentiates the effect of ephedrine on the thermogenic response to a meal in obese but not lean women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 15:359-366, 1991
60. Dulloo AG, Miller DS. Aspirin as a promoter of ephedrine-induced thermogenesis: Potential use in the treatment of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 45:564-569, 1987
61. Weintraub M, Bray G. Drug treatment of obesity. Med Clin North Am 73:237-249, 1989
62. Pasquali R, Baraldi G, Cesari MP, et al. A controlled trial using ephedrine in the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 9:93-98, 1985
63. Pasquali R, Cesari MP, Melchionda N, et al. Does ephedrine promote weight loss in low-energy-adapted obese women? Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 11:163-168, 1987
64. Astrup A, Breum L, Toubro S, et al. The effect and safety of an ephedrine/caffeine compound compared to ephedrine, caffeine and placebo in obese subjects on an energy restricted diet. A double blind trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 16:269-277, 1992
65. Gwirtsman H, Virts K, Chen K, et al. An ephedrine, caffeine, and chromium compound acutely increases energy expenditure in healthy obese adults - A placebo-controlled, crossover study [abstract]. Obes Res 7(suppl 1):117S, 1999
66. Pasquali R, Casimirri F, Melchionda N, et al. Effects of chronic administration of ephedrine during very-low-calorie diets on energy expenditure, protein metabolism and hormone levels in obese subjects. Clin Sci (Lond)82:85-92, 1992
67. Dulloo AG, Miller DS. The thermogenic properties of ephedrine/methylxanthine mixtures: Human studies. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 10:467-481, 1986
68. Molnar D, Torok K, Erhardt E, et al. Safety and efficacy of treatment with an ephedrine/caffeine mixture. The first double-blind placebo-controlled pilot study in adolescents. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 24:1573-1578, 2000
69. Boozer CN, Nasser JA, Heymsfield SB, et al. An herbal supplement containing Ma Huang-Guarana for weight loss: A randomized, double-blind trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 25:316-324, 2001
70. Boozer CN, Daly PA, Homel P, et al. Herbal ephedra/caffeine for weight loss: A 6-month safety and efficacy trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 26:593-604, 2002
71. Astrup A, Breum L, Toubro S. Pharmacological and clinical studies of ephedrine and other thermogenic agonists. Obese Res 3(suppl 4):537S-540S, 1995
72. Daly PA, Krieger DR, Dulloo AG, et al. Ephedrine, caffeine, and aspirin: Safety and efficacy for treatment of human obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 17(suppl 1):S73-S78, 1993
73. Kalman CM, Minsch A. Ephedrine, caffeine, and aspirin enhance fat loss under nonexercising conditions [abstract]. J Am Coll Nutr 16(suppl 2):S149, 1997
74. Heymsfield SB. Open-label weight loss trial of combination herbal ma huang and St. John's wort [abstract]. Obese Res 5(suppl 1):59S, 1997
75. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults - the Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 6(suppl 2):51S-209S, 1998
76. Anonymous. FDA Statement on Street Drugs Containing Botanical Ephedrine. US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, 1996
77. Doyle H, Kargin M. Herbal stimulant containing ephedrine has also caused psychosis. BMJ 313:756, 1996
78. Haller CA, Benowitz NL. Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med 343:1833-1838, 2000
79. Leikin JB, Klein L. Ephedra causes myocarditis. Clin Toxicol 38:353-354, 2000
80. FDA Takes Aim at Ephedra. Available online at www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33439-2000March17.html. Accessed on March 29, 2002
81. Emmanuel NP, Jones C, Lydiard RB. Use of herbal products and symptoms of bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 155:1626, 1998
82. Capwell RR. Ephedrine-induced mania from an herbal diet supplement. Am J Psychiatry 152:647, 1995
83. Tormey WP, Bruzzi A. Acute psychosis due to the interaction of legal compounds-Ephedra alkaloids in 'Vigueur Fit' tablets, caffeine in 'Red Bull' and alcohol. Med Sci Law 41:331-336, 2001
84. Nadir A, Agrawal S, King PD, et al. Acute hepatitis associated with the use of a Chinese herbal product, ma-huang. Am J Gastroenterol 91:1436-1438, 1996
85. Powell T, Hsu FF, Turk J, et al. Ma-huang strikes again: Ephedrine nephrolithiasis. Am J Kidney Dis 32:153-159, 1998
86. Okada S, Rohan PJ, Miller FW. Myopathies following ingestion of special nutritional products. Arthritis Rheum 39:349, 1996
87. Franklin GM, Pace S, Love IA. Acute neurologic events associated with ingestion of Ma Huang (Ephedra). Neurology 46:A282-A283, 1996
88. Vahedi K, Domingo V, Amarenco P, et al. Ischemic stroke in a sportsman who consumed MaHuang extract and creatine monohydrate for bodybuilding. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68:112-113, 2000
89. Samenuk D, Link MS, Homoud MK, et al. Adverse cardiovascular events temporally associated with ma huang, an herbal source of ephedrine. Mayo Clin Proc 77:12-16, 2002
90. Zahn KA, Li RL, Purssel RA. Cardiovascular toxicity after ingestion of "herbal ecstacy." J Emerg Med 17:289-291, 1999
91. Zaacks SM, Klein L, Tan CD, et al. Hypersensitivity myocarditis associated with ephedra use. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 37:485-489, 1999
92. Theoharides TC. Sudden death of a healthy college student related to ephedrine toxicity from a ma-huang containing drink. J Clin Psychopharmacol 17:437-439, 1997
93. Nightingale SL. New safety measures are proposed from dietary supplements containing ephedrine alkaloids. JAMA 278:15, 1997
94. Anonymous. Warning issued about street drugs containing botanical sources of ephedrine. JAMA 275:1533-1534, 1996
95. Food and Drug Administratin Press Release P97-15. FDA proposes safety measures for ephedrine dietary supplements. June 2, 1997
96. Wallace P. FDA removing ephedra labeling usage limits from proposed regulation. Food Chem News, March 6, 2000
97. FDA announces the availability of new Ephedrine and street drug alternative documents. Available online at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/tpephedr.html. Accessed on December 16, 2002
98. Metabolife International Inc. Metabolite FAQ Available online at http://www.metabolife.com/faq/htm. Accessed on December 11, 2002
99. FDA News. Statement from FDA deputy commissioner Crawford regarding Metabolife. August 15, 2002
100. Neergaard L. Metabolife turns more health complaints over to FDA. Available online at http://www.missoulian.com/archives/index.inn?loc=detail& doc=/2002/November/20-2676-news23.txt. Accessed on December 18, 2002
101. Andrews KM. Ephedrine's role as a precursor in the clandestine manufacture of methamphetamine. J Forensic Sci 40:551-560, 1995
102. Lindsay BD. Are serious adverse cardiovascular events an unintended consequence of the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994? Mayo Clin Proc 77:7-9, 2002
103. Health Canada requests recall of certain products containing ephedra/ephedrine. Available online at http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ english/protection/warnings/2002/2002_01e.htm. Accessed on February 5, 2003
104. Vanherweghem JL. Misuse of herbal remedies: The case of an outbreak of terminal renal failure in Belgium (Chinese herbs nephropathy). J Altern Complement Med 4:9-13, 1998
105. Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J, eds. Herbal Medicine Expanded Commission E Monographs. Integrative Medicine Communications, Newton, MA, 2000
106. Calapai G, Firenzuoli F, Saitta A, et al. Antiobesity and cardiovascular toxic effects of Citrus aurantium extracts in the rat: A preliminary report. Fitoterapia 70:582-592, 1999
107. Fleming T, ed. PDR for Herbal Medicines, 2nd ed. Medical Economics Company, Inc., Montvale, NJ, 2000
108. Kaegi E. Unconventional therapies for cancer: 2. Green tea. The Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative. CMAJ 158:1033-1035, 1998
109. Nemecz G. Green tea. US Pharmacist 26:67-70, 2000
110. Chung LY, Cheung TC, Kong SK, et al. Induction of apoptosis by green tea catechins in human prostate cancer DU145 cells. Life Sci 68:1207-1214, 2001
111. Robbers JE, Tyler VE. Tyler's Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals. The Haworth Herbal Press, New York, NY, 1999
112. Chantre P, Lairon D. Recent findings of green tea extract AR25 (Exolise) and its activity for the treatment of obesity. Phytomedicine 9:3-8, 2002
113. Cronin JR. Green tea extract stokes thermogenesis: Will it replace ephedra? Altern Complement Ther 6:296-300, 2000
114. Blankson H, Stakkestad JA, Fagertun H, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid reduces body fat mass in overweight and obese humans. J Nutr 130:2943-2948, 2000
115. Anderson RA. Effects of chromium on body composition and weight loss. Nutr Rev 56:266-270, 1998
116. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001
117. Brass EP. Supplemental carnitine and exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 72(suppl 2):618S-623S, 2000
118. Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, Vasselli JR, et al. Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280:1596-1600, 1998
119. Badmaev V, Majeed M, Conte AA. Garcinia cambogia for weight loss. JAMA 282:233-234, 1999
120. Schaller JL. Garcinia cambogia for weight loss. JAMA 282:234-235, 1999
121. Egger G, Cameron-Smith D, Stanton R. The effectiveness of popular, non-presciription weight loss supplements. Med J Aust 171:604-608, 1999
122. Kurtzweil P. Dieter's brews make tea time a dangerous affair. Available online at http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1997/597_tea.html. Accessed on December 23, 2002
123. Curry CE, Butler DM. Constipation. IN Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs, 13th ed, Berardi RR, DeSimone EM, Newton DG, et al (eds). American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington, DC, 2002, pp 305-334