Assessing dietary intake: Who, what and why of under-reporting

Nutrition Research Reviews

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 231-253

  Macdiarmid, Jennie ^a   Blundell, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0342648728     PISSN: 09544224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/NRR19980017     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Acheson, K. J., Campbell, I. T., Edholm, O. G., Miller, D S & Stock, M. J. (1980). The measurement of food and energy intake in man - an evaluation of some techniques. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 1147-1154
2. Ballard-Barbash, R., Graubard, B. I., Krebs-Smith, S. M., Schatzkin, A. & Thompson, F. E. (1996). Contribution of dieting to the inverse association between energy intake and body mass index. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50, 98-106.
3. Barrett-Conner, E. (1991). Nutrition epidemiology: how do we know what they ate? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 182S-187S.
4. Beaton, G. H. (1994). Approaches to analysis of dietary data: relationship between planned analyses and choice of methodology. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 253S-261S.
5. Bingham, S. A. (1987). The dietary assessment of individuals; methods, accuracy, new techniques and recommendations. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews A 57, 705-742.
6. Bingham, S. A. (1991). Limitations of the various methods for collecting dietary intake data. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 35, 117-127.
7. Bingham, S A., Cassidy, A., Cole, T. J., Welch, A., Runswick, S. A., Black, A. E., Thurnham, D., Bates, C., Khaw, K. T., Key, T. J. A. & Day, N. E. (1995). Validation of weighed records and other methods of dietary assessment using the 24 h urine nitrogen technique and other biological markers. British Journal of Nutrition 73, 531-550.
8. Bingham, S. A & Cummings, J. H. (1985) Urine nitrogen as an independent validatory measure of dietary intake: a study of nitrogen balance in individuals consuming their normal diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 1276-1289.
9. Bingham, S. A., Gill, C., Welch, A., Cassidy, A., Runswick, S. A., Oakes, S., Lubin, R., Thurnham, D., Key, T. J. A., Roe, L., Khaw, K. T. & Day, N E. (1997). Validation of dietary assessment methods in the UK arm of EPIC using weighed records and 24-hour urinary nitrogen and potassium and serum vitamin C and carotenoids as biomarkers. International Journal of Epidemiology 26, 9137-9151.
10. Bingham, S. A., Gill, C., Welch, A., Day, K., Cassidy, A., Khaw, K. T., Sneyd, M. J., Key, T. J. A., Roe, L. & Day, N. E (1994). Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology: weighed records v. 24 h recalls, food-frequency questionnaires and estimated-diet records. British Journal of Nutrition 72, 619-643.
11. Black, A. E (1996). Physical activity levels from a meta-analysis of doubly labeled water studies for validating energy intake as measured by dietary assessment. Nutrition Reviews 54, 170-174.
12. Black, A. E. (1997). Under-reporting of energy intake at all levels of energy expenditure: evidence from doubly labelled water studies. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56, 121A.
13. Black, A. E., Goldberg, G. R., Jebb, S. A., Livingstone, M. B. E., Cole, T. J. & Prentice, A. M. (1991). Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology. 2. Evaluating the results of published surveys. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 583-599.
14. Black, A. E., Jebb, S. A., Bingham, A., Runswick, S. A. & Poppitt, S. D. (1995). The validation of energy and protein intakes by doubly labelled water and 24-hour urinary nitrogen excretion in post-obese subjects. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 8, 51-64.
15. Black, A. E., Johansson, G., Welch, A. & Bingham, S. A. (1997). Energy intake:basal metabolic rate (EI:BMR) for the evaluation of reported energy intake of individuals. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56, 122A.
16. Briefel, R. R., Sempos, C. T., McDowell, M. A., Chien, S. & Alaimo, K. (1997). Dietary methods research in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: under-reporting of energy intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 1203S-1209S.
17. Chaiken, S. & Pliner, P. (1987). Women, but not men, are what they eat: the effect of meal size and gender on perceived femininity and masculinity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 13, 166-176.
18. Colhoun, H., Prescott-Clarke, P., Dong, W., Hedges, B., Lampe, F. & Taylor, A. (1996). Health Survey for England 1994. London: HMSO.
19. de Castro, J. M. (1991). Weekly rhythms of spontaneous nutrient intake and meal patterns of humans. Physiology & Behavior 50, 729-738.
20. de Castro, J. M. (1994) Methodology, correlational analysis, and interpretation of diet diary records of the food and fluid intake of free-living humans. Appetite 23, 179-192.
21. de Castro, J. M. (1997). How can energy balance be achieved by free-living human subjects? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56, 1-14.
22. de Vries, J. H. M., Zock, P. L., Mensink, R. P. & Katan, M B. (1994). Underestimation of energy intake by 3-d records compared with energy intake to maintain body weight in 269 nonobese adults. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 855-860.
23. Durnin, J. V. G. A. (1996). Energy requirements: general principles. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50 (Suppl. 1), S2-S10.
24. Fogelholm, M., Männistö, S., Vartiainen, E. & Pietinen, P. (1996) Determinants of energy balance and overweight in Finland 1982 and 1992. International Journal of Obesity 20, 1097-1104.
25. Garrow, J. S. (1995). Human nutritionists' guilty secret. BNF Nutrition Bulletin 20, 103-108.
26. Garrow, J. S. (1996). Obesity. Where are we going? BNF Nutrition Bulletin 21 (Suppl.), 50-55.
27. Goldberg, G R., Black, A. E , Jebb, S. A., Cole, T. J., Murgatroyd, P. R., Coward, W. A. & Prentice, A. M (1991). Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology. 1. Derivation of cut-off limits to identify under-recording. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 569-581.
28. Green, S. M & Burley, V J. (1996). The effects of snacking on energy intake and body weight. BNF Nutrition Bulletin 21, 103-108.
29. Gregory, J., Foster, K., Tyler, H. & Wiseman, M. (1990). The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults: a survey of the dietary behaviour, nutritional status and blood pressure of adults 16-64 living in Great Britain. London: HMSO (Office of Population Censuses and Surveys).
30. Grogan, S. C., Bell, R. & Conner, M. (1997). Eating sweet snacks: gender differences in attitudes and behaviour. Appetite 28, 19-31.
31. Hallfrisch, J., Steele, P. & Cohen, L. (1982). Comparison of seven-day diet record with measured food intake of twenty four subjects. Nutrition Research 2, 263-273.
32. Haraldsdóttir, J. & Sandström B (1994) Detection of underestimated energy intake in young adults. International Journal of Epidemiology 23, 577-582.
33. Hebert, J. R., Clemow, L., Pbert, L., Ockene, I. S. & Ockene, J. K. (1995). Social desirability bias in dietary self-report may compromise the validity of dietary intake measures. International Journal of Epidemiology 24, 389-398.
34. Heitmann, B. L. (1993). The influence of fatness, weight change, slimming history and other lifestyle variables on diet reporting in Danish men and women aged 35-65 years. International Journal of Obesity 17, 329-336.
35. Heitmann, B. L. & Lissner, L. (1995). Dietary underreporting by obese individuals-is it specific or non-specific? British Medical Journal 311, 986-989.
36. Heywood, P., Harvey, P. W. J. & Marks, G. C. (1993). An evaluation of energy intakes in the 1983 Australian National Dietary Survey of Adults. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47, 604-606.
37. Hill, A. J., Oliver, S. & Rogers, P. J. (1992). Eating in the adult world: the rise of dieting in childhood and adolescence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 31. 95-105.
38. Hirvonen, T., Männistö, S., Roos, E. & Pietinen, P. (1997). Increasing prevalence of underreporting does not necessarily distort dietary surveys. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 297-301.
39. Isaksson, B. (1980). Urinary nitrogen output as a validity test in dietary surveys. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 4-6.
40. Johansson, G., Callmer, E. & Gustafsson, J.-Å. (1992). Validity of repeated dietary measurements in a dietary intervention study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 717-728.
41. Johansson, L., Solvoll, K., Opdahl, S., Bjørneboe, G.-E. Aa. & Drevon, C. A. (1997). Response rates with different distribution methods and reward, and reproducibility of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 346-353.
42. Johnson, R. K., Goran, M. I. & Poehlman, E. T. (1994). Correlates of over- and underreporting of energy intake in healthy older men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, 1286-1290.
43. Klesges, R. C., Eck, L. H. & Ray, J. W. (1995). Who underreports dietary intake in a dietary recall? Evidence from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63, 438-444.
44. Knight, I. (1984). The Heights and Weights of Adults in Great Britain report of a survey carried out on behalf of the Department of Health and Social Security covering adults aged 16-64. London: HMSO (Office of Population Censuses and Surveys).
45. Kuczmarski, R. J., Flegal, K. M., Campbell, S. M. & Johnson, C. L. (1994). Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 1960 to 1991. JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association 272, 205-211.
46. Lafay, L., Basdevant, A., Charles, M.-A., Vray, M., Balkau, B., Borys, J.-M., Eschwège, E. & Romon, M. (1997). Determinants and nature of dietary underreporting in a free-living population: the Fleurbaix Laventie Ville Santé (FLVS) study. International Journal of Obesity 21, 567-573. FLVS study.
47. Lichtman, S. W., Pisarska, K., Berman, E. R., Pestone, M., Dowling, H., Offenbacher, E., Weisel, H., Heshka, S., Matthews, D.E. & Heymsfield, S.B. (1992). Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects. New England Journal of Medicine 327, 1893-1898.
48. Lissner, L., Habicht, J., Strupp, B. J., Levitsky, D. A., Haas, J. D. & Roe, D. A (1989). Body composition and energy intake: do overweight women overeat and underreport? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 320-325.
49. Lissner, L. & Lindroos, A.-K. (1994). Is dietary underreporting macronutrient-specific? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 8, 453-454.
50. Livingstone, M. B. E. (1995). Assessment of food intakes: are we measuring what people eat? British Journal of Biomedical Science 52, 58-67.
51. Livingstone, M. B. E., Prentice, A. M., Coward, W. A., Strain, J. J., Black, A. E., Davies, P. S. W., Stewart, C. M., McKenna, P. G. & Whitehead, R. G. (1992). Validation of estimates of energy intake by weighed dietary record and diet history in children and adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, 29-35.
52. Livingstone, M. B. E., Prentice, A. M., Strain, J. J., Coward, W. A., Black, A. E., Barker, M. E., McKenna, P. G. & Whitehead, R G. (1990), Accuracy of weighed dietary records in studies of diet and health. British Medical Journal 300, 708-712.
53. McColl, K. A. (1988). The sugar-fat seesaw. BNF Nutrition Bulletin 13, 114-119.
54. Macdiarmid, J. I. & Blundell, J. E. (1997). Dietary under-reporting: what people say about recording their food intake. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 199-200.
55. Martin, L. J., Su, W., Jones, P. J., Lockwood, G. A., Tritchler, D. L. & Boyd, N. F. (1996) Comparison of energy intakes determined by food records and doubly labeled water in women participating in a dietary-intervention trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, 483-490.
56. Mela, D. J. & Aaron, J. I. (1997). Honest but invalid: what subjects say about recording their food intake. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 97, 791-793.
57. Mertz, W., Tsui, J. C., Judd, J. T., Reiser, S., Hallfrisch, J., Morris, E. R., Steele, P. D. & Lashley, E. (1991). What are people really eating? The relationship between energy intake derived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, 291-295.
58. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF). (1940-1995). Household Food Consumption and Expenditure. London: HMSO (annual publication).
59. Mori, D., Chaiken, S. & Pliner, P. (1987). "Eating lightiy" and the self-presentation of femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53, 693-702.
60. Nederhof, A. J. (1985). Methods of coping with social desirability bias: a review. European Journal of Social Psychology 15, 263-280.
61. Nelson, M. (1995). Editorial - can we measure what people eat? Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics 8, 1-2.
62. Perkins, K. A., Sexton, J. E. & DiMarco, A. (1996). Acute thermogenic effects of nicotine and alcohol in healthy male and female smokers. Physiology & Behavior 60, 305-309.
63. Poppitt, S. D., Swann, D., Black, A. E. & Prentice, A. M. (1995). Is under-reporting of energy intake in obese women macronutrient specific? Covert measurements in a metabolic facility. International Journal of Obesity 19 (Suppl. 2), 29.
64. Porrini, M., Gentile, M. G. & Fidanza, F. (1995) Biochemical validation of a self-administered semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. British Journal of Nutrition 74, 323-333.
65. Prentice, A. M., Black, A. E., Coward, W. A., Davies, H. L., Goldberg, G. R., Murgatroyd, P. R., Ashford, J., Sawyer, M. & Whitehead, R. G. (1986). High levels of energy expenditure in obese women. British Medical Journal 292, 983-987.
66. Prentice, A. M. & Jebb, S. A. (1995). Obesity in Britain: gluttony or sloth? British Medical Journal 311, 437-439.
67. Price, G. M., Paul, A. A., Cole, T. J. & Wadsworth, M. E. J. (1997). Characteristics of the low-energy reporters in a longitudinal national dietary survey. British Journal of Nutrition 77, 833-851.
68. Pryer, J. A., Vrijheid, M., Nichols, R., Kiggins, M. & Elliot, P. (1997). Who are the 'low energy reporters' in the Dietary and Nutrition Survey of British Adults'. International Journal of Epidemiology 26, 146-154.
69. Rosenthal, R. & Rosnow, R L. (1991). Essentials of Behavioral Research: methods and data analysis, 2nd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
70. Rutishauser, I. H. E. (1995). Is dietary underreporting macronutrient specific? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 219-220.
71. Sawayer, A. L., Tucker, K., Tsay, R., Willett, W , Saltzman, E., Dallal, G. E. & Roberts, S. B. (1996). Evaluation of four methods for determining energy intake in young and older women, comparison with doubly labeled water measurements of total energy expenditure. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, 491-499.
72. Schoeller, D. A. (1990). How accurate is self-reported dietary energy intake? Nutrition Reviews 48, 373-379.
73. Schoeller, D. A., Bandini, L. G. & Dietz, W. H. (1990). Inaccuracies in self-reported intake identified by comparison with the doubly-labelled water method. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, 941-949.
74. Schofield, W. N., Schofield, C. & James, W. P. T. (1985). Basal metabolic rate - review and prediction, together with an annotated bibliography of source material. Human Nutrition: Clinical Nutrition, 39C (Suppl. 1), 96 pp.
75. Seidell, J. C. (1997). Time trends in obesity: An epidemiological perspective. Hormone and Metabolic Research 29, 155-158.
76. Shetty, P. S., Henry, C. J. K., Black, A. E. & Prentice, A. M. (1996). Energy requirements of adults: an update on basal metabolic rates (BMRs) and physical activity levels (PALs). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50 (Suppl. 1), S11-S23.
77. Smith, A. F. (1993). Cognitive psychological issues of relevance to the validity of dietary reports. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47 (Suppl. 2), S6-S18.
78. Smith, W. T., Webb, K. L. & Heywood, P. F. (1994). The implications of underreporting in dietary studies. Australian Journal of Public Health 18, 311-314.
79. Stockley, L. (1985). Changes in habitual food intake during weighed inventory surveys and duplication diet collections. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 17, 263-269.
80. Stuart, R. B (1967). Behavioural control of overeating. Behaviour Research and Therapy 5, 357-365.
81. Stuart, R. B. & Davis, B. (1972). Slim Chance in a Fat World: behavioural control of obesity. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
82. Stunkard, A. J. & Messick, S. (1985). The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 29, 71-81.
83. Stunkard, A. J. & Sobal, J. (1995). Psychological consequences of obesity. In Eating Disorders and Obesity: a comprehensive handbook, pp. 417-430 (K. D. Brownell and C. G. Fairburn, editors). London. Guildford Press.
84. Subar, A. F., Thompson, F. E., Smith, A. F., Jobe, J. B., Ziegler, R. G., Potischman, N., Schatzkin, A., Hartman, A., Swanson, C., Kruse, L., Hayes, R. B., Lewis, D. R. & Harlan, L. C. (1997). Improving food-frequency questionnaires: a qualitative approach using cognitive interviewing. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 65, 1317S-1318S (Abstr.).
85. Summerbell, C. D. (1996). Differences in reported macronutrient composition of the diet in overweight and lean individuals dependent on validity of reported energy intakes. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55, 232A.
86. Tarasuk, V. & Beaton, G. H. (1992). Day-to-day variation in energy and nutrient intake: evidence of individuality in eating behaviour? Appetite 18, 43-54.
87. Tjønneland, A., Overad, K., Thorling, E. & Ewertz, M. (1993). Adipose tissue fatty acids as biomarkers of dietary exposure in Danish men and women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, 629-633.
88. Wardle, J. (1988). Cognitive control of eating. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 32, 607-612.
89. Whybrow, S. & Kirk, T. R. (1997). Nutrient intakes and snacking frequency in female students. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 10, 237-244.
90. World Health Organization (1985). Energy and Protein Requirements: report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation (Technical Report Series no. 724). Geneva: W.H.O.
91. Wrieden, W. L., Bolton-Smith, C., Brown, C. A. & Tunstall-Pedoe, H. (1994). Nutrient intakes in North Glasgow: results from the Scottish MONICA studies 1986 and 1989. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 7, 199-207.
92. Yuker, H. E., Allison, D. B. & Faith, M. S. (1995). Methods for measuring attitudes and beliefs about obese people. In Handbook of Assessment Methods for Eating Behaviors and Weight-related Problems, pp. 81-118 (D. B. Allison, editor). London: Sage.