Orphan worms and homeless parasites enhance bilaterian diversity

Trends in Ecology and Evolution

Volumn 18, Issue 12, 2003, Pages 633-639

  Okamura, Beth ^a   Canning, Elizabeth U ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF READING   (United Kingdom)

^b IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENDOPARASITE; EVOLUTION; MORPHOLOGY;

BILATERIA; CNIDARIA; METAZOA; MYXOZOA; SALMONIDAE;

EID: 0242661845     PISSN: 01695347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2003.09.017     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Aguinaldo A.M.A., et al. Evidence for a clade of nematodes, arthropods and other moulting animals. Nature. 387:1997;489-493.
2. Kobayashi M., et al. Dicyemids are higher animals. Nature. 401:1999;762.
3. El-Matbouli M., et al. Present knowledge of the life cycle, taxonomy, pathology, and therapy of some Myxosporea spp. important for freshwater fish. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 3:1992;367-402.
4. Lom J., Dyková I. Myxospora (Phylum Myxozoa). Woo P.T.K. Fish Diseases and Disorders. Vol. 1:1995;97-148 CAB International Press.
5. Lom J., Dyková I. Ultrastructural features of the actinosporean phase of Myxosporea (Phylum Myxozoa): a comparative study. Acta Protozool. 36:1997;83-103.
6. Canning E.U., et al. A new class and order of myxozoans to accommodate parasites of bryozoans with ultrastructural observations on Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX organism). J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47:2000;456-468.
7. Kent M.L., et al. Recent advances in our knowledge of the Myxozoa. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 48:2001;395-413.
8. Wolf K., Markiw M.E. Biology contravenes taxonomy in the Myxozoa: new discoveries show alternation of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Science. 225:1984;1449-1452.
9. Anderson C.L., et al. Molecular data implicate bryozoans as hosts for PKX (Phylum Myxozoa) and identify a clade of bryozoan parasites within the Myxozoa. Parasitology. 119:1999;555-561.
10. Hedrick R.P., et al. Proliferative kidney disease of salmonid fish. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 3:1993;277-290.
11. Feist S.W., et al. Induction of proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss via the bryozoan Fredericella sultana infected with Tetracapsula bryosalmonae. Dis. Aquat. Organ. 45:2001;61-68.
12. Canning E.U., et al. Tetracapsula bryosalmonae n. sp. for PKX organism the cause of PKD in salmonid fish. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 19:1999;94-97.
13. Kent M.L., et al. Ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of isolates of the PKX myxosporean and their relationship to members of the genus Sphaerospora. J. Aquat. Anim. Health. 10:1998;12-21.
14. Monteiro A.S., et al. Orphan worm finds a home: Buddenbrockia is a myxozoan. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19:2002;968-971.
15. Grassé P.-P., Lavette A. La myxosporidie Sphaeromyxa sabrazesi et le nouvel embranchement des Myxozoaire (Myxozoa). Recherches sur l'état pluricellulaire primitif et considérations phylogénetiques. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 20:1978;193-285.
16. Smothers J.F., et al. Molecular evidence that the myxozoan protists are metazoans. Science. 265:1994;1719-1721.
17. Katayama T., et al. Phylogenetic position of the dicyemid Mesozoa inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Biol. Bull. 189:1995;81-90.
18. Hanelt B., et al. The phylogenetic position of Rhopalura ophiocomae (Orthonectida) based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 13:1996;1187-1191.
19. Schlegel M., et al. Phylogenetic analysis of complete small subunit ribosomal RNA coding region of Myxidium lieberkuehni: evidence that Myxozoa are Metazoa and related to the Bilateria. Arch. Protist. 147:1996;1-9.
20. Kim J., et al. A new perspective on lower metazoan relationships from 18S rDNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16:1999;423-427.
21. Siddall M.E., et al. The demise of a Phylum of protists: phylogeny of Myxozoa and other parasitic Cnidaria. J. Parasitol. 81:1995;961-967.
22. Zrzavú J. The interrelationships of metazoan parasites: a review of Phylum and higher-level hypotheses from recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Folia Parasitol. 48:2001;81-103.
23. Siddall M.E., Whiting M.F. Long branch abstractions. Cladistics. 15:1999;9-24.
24. Anderson C.L., et al. A triploblast origin for Myxozoa? Nature. 392:1998;346-347.
25. Ferrier D.E.K., Holland P.W.H. Ancient origin of the Hox gene cluster. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2:2001;33-38.
26. Finnerty J.R. Cnidarians reveal intermediate stages in the evolution of Hox clusters and axial complexity. Am. Zool. 41:2001;608-620.
27. Zrzavú J., et al. Phylogeny of the Metazoa based on morphological and 18S ribosomal DNA evidence. Cladistics. 14:1998;249-285.
28. Brusca R.C., Brusca G.J. Invertebrates. 2nd edn:2003;Sinauer.
29. Schröder O. Buddenbrockia plumatellae, eine neue Mesozoenart aus Plumatella repens L. und Pl. fungosa Pall. Zeit. Wissenschaft. Zool. 96:1910;525-537.
30. Okamura B., et al. Ultrastructure of Buddenbrockia sp., identifies it as a myxozoan and verifies the bilaterian origin of the Myxozoa. Parasitology. 124:2002;215-223.
31. Canning E.U., et al. Ecology, development and pathogenicity of Buddenbrockia plumatellae Schröder, 1910 (Myxozoa, Malacosporea) (syn. Tetracapsula bryozoides) and establishment of Tetracapsuloides n. gen. for Tetracapsula bryosalmonae. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49:2002;280-295.
32. Shostak S. A symbiogenetic theory for the origin of cnidocysts in Cnidaria. Biosystems. 29:1993;49-58.
33. van Hoek A.H.A.M., et al. Multiple acquisition of methanogenic archaeal symbionts by anaerobic ciliates. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17:2000;251-258.
34. Selosse M.-A., et al. Reducing the genome size of organelles favours gene transfer to the nucleus. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16:2001;135-141.
35. Williams B.A.P., et al. A mitochondrial remnant in the microsporidian Trachipleistophora hominis. Nature. 418:2002;865-869.
36. Wilson R.J.M. Progress with parasite plastids. J. Mol. Biol. 319:2002;257-274.
37. Vickerman K., et al. Mastigophora. Harrison F.W., Corliss J.O. Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Vol. 1:1991;13-159 Wiley-Liss.
38. Margulis L. Symbiosis in Cell Evolution. Microbial Communities in the Archean and Proterozoic Eons. 2nd edn:1993;W.H. Freeman & Co.
39. Maynard-Smith J., Szathmáry E. The Major Transitions in Evolution. 1995;Oxford University Press.
40. Willmer P. Invertebrate Relationships. Patterns in Animal Evolution. 1990;Cambridge University Press.
41. Raikova E.V. Ultrastructure of the stolon of Polypodium hydriforme Ussov (Coelenterata) parasitic in oocytes of Acipenserid fishes. Mon. Zool. Ital. New Ser. 18:1984;1-24.
42. Okamura B., et al. Patterns of occurrence and 18S rDNA sequence variation of PKX (Tetracapsula bryosalmonae), the causative agent of salmonid proliferative kidney disease. J. Parasitol. 87:2001;379-385.
43. Poulin R., Cribb T.H. Trematode life cycles: short is sweet? Trends Parasitol. 18:2002;176-183.
44. Diamant A. Fish-to-fish transmission of a marine myxosporean. Dis. Aquat. Org. 30:1997;99-105.
45. Redondo M.J., et al. Experimental transmission of Enteromyxum scophthalmi (Myxozoa), an enteric parasite of turbot Scophthalmus maximus. J. Parasitol. 88:2002;482-488.
46. Yasuda H., et al. Fish-to-fish transmission of Myxidium spp. (Myxozoa) in cultured tiger puffer suffering from emaciation disease. Fish Pathol. 37:2002;29-33.
47. Friedrich C., et al. A myxozoan-like parasite causing xenomas in the brain of the mole, Talpa europaea L., 1758 (Vertebrate, Mammalia). Parasitology. 121:2000;483-492.
48. Lowenstine L.J., et al. Myxozoanosis in waterfowl: a new host record? Proc. Am. Soc. Zoo Vet. Ann. Meet. 2002:2002;86-87.
49. Moncada L.I., et al. Myxobolus sp., another opportunistic parasite in immunosuppressed patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 39:2001;1938-1940.
50. Dobson A.P., Merenlender A. Coevolution of macroparasites and their hosts. Toft C.A., et al. Parasite-Host Associations. Coexistence or Conflict? 1991;83-101 Oxford University Press.
51. Poulin R. Evolutionary Ecology of Parasites. From Individuals to Communities. 1998;Chapman & Hall.
52. Hedrick R.P., El-Matbouli M. Recent advances with taxonomy, life cycle, and development of Myxobolus cerebralis in the fish and oligochaete hosts. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 29:2002;45-53.
53. Cribb T.H., et al. The nature and evolution of the association among digeneans, molluscs and fishes. Int. J. Parasitol. 31:2001;997-1011.
54. Kinne O. Diseases of Marine Animals. Vol. 1:1980;John Wiley & Sons.
55. Feist S.W. Pathogenicity of renal myxosporeans in fish. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol. 17:1997;209-214.
56. Bartholomew J.L., et al. The life cycle of Ceratomyxa shasta, a myxosporean parasite of salmonids, requires a freshwater polychaete as an alternate host. J. Parasitol. 83:1997;859-868.
57. Feist S.W., et al. Proliferative kidney disease and renal myxosporidiosis in juvenile salmonids from rivers in England and Wales. J. Fish Dis. 25:2002;451-458.
58. Wahli T., et al. Proliferative kidney disease in Switzerland: current state of knowledge. J. Fish Dis. 25:2002;491-500.
59. Dumortier B.C., Van Beneden P.J. Histoire naturelle des polypes composés d'eau douce. Nouv. Mém. Acad. R. Sci. Belles-Lett. Bruxelles. 16:1850;33-96.
60. Schröder O. Weiterer Mitteilungen zur Kenntnis der Buddenbrockia plumatellae Ol. Schröder. Verhand. Nat. Med. Vereins Heidelberg. 11:1912;230-237.
61. Braem F. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Fauna Turkestans. VII. Bryozoen und deren Parasiten. Trav. Soc. Imp. Nat. St. Petersbourg. 42:1911;1-56.
62. Westfall J.A., et al. Ultrastructure of the dinoflagellate Polykrikos. 1. Development of the nematocyst-taeniocyst complex and morphology of the site for extrusion. J. Cell Sci. 63:1983;245-261.
63. Raikov I.G. Unusual extrusive organelles in karyorelictid ciliates: an argument for the ancient origin of this group. Biosystems. 28:1992;195-201.
64. Moldowan J.M., Talyzina N.M. Biogeochemical evidence for dinoflagellate ancestors in the Early Cambrian. Science. 281:1998;1168-1170.
65. Bernhard D., Schlegel M. Evolution of histone H4 and H3 genes in different ciliate lineages. J. Mol. Evol. 46:1998;344-354.
66. Tourancheau A.B., et al. Protein coding gene trees in ciliates: comparisons with rRNA-based phylogenies. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 10:1998;299-309.
67. Lynn D.H., et al. Phylogenetic relationships of orders within the class Colpodea (Phylum Ciliophora) inferred from small subunit rRNA gene sequences. J. Mol. Evol. 48:1999;605-614.
68. Buss L.W., Seilacher A. The Phylum Vendobionta: a sister group of the Eumetazoa. Paleobiol. 20:1994;1-4.
69. Keeling P.J., Fast N.M. Microsporidia: biology and evolution of highly reduced intracellular parasites. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 56:2002;93-116.
70. Conklin E.J., Mariscal R.N. Feeding behavior, ceras structure, and nematocyst storage in the aeolid nudibranch, Spurilla neopolitana. Bull. Mar. Sci. 27:1977;658-667.