Recent advances in our knowledge of the Myxozoa

Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology

Volumn 48, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 395-413

  Kent, Michael L ^a   Andree, Karl B ^b   Bartholomew, Jerri L ^a   El Matbouli, Mansour ^c   Desser, Sherwin S ^d   Devlin, Robert H ^e   Feist, Stephen W ^f   Hedrick, Ronald P ^b   Hoffmann, Rudolf W ^c   Khattra, Jaswinder ^c   Hallett, Sascha L ^g   Lester, Robert J G ^g   Longshaw, Matthew ^f   Palenzuela, Oswaldo ^h   Siddall, Mark E ⁱ   Xiao, Chongxie ^d  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^e FISHERIES AND OCEANS CANADA   (Canada)

^f CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^h CSIC Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal IATS   (Spain)

ⁱ DIVISION OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Actinosporea; Ceratomyxa; Disease; Fin fish; Kudoa; Myxidium; Myxosporean; Myxozoa; Nomenclature; Phylogeny; Sphaerospora; Tetracapsula; Whirling disease

Indexed keywords

AQUACULTURE; AUSTRALIA; EVOLUTION; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; LIFE CYCLE; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MORPHOLOGY; PARASITIC INFECTION; PARASITISM; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RIBOSOME DNA; UNITED STATES; WHIRLING DISEASE; WILD RELATIVE;

PARASITE;

CERATOMYXA SHASTA; DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX; KUDOA THYRSITES; MYXIDIUM LEEI; MYXOBOLUS CEREBRALIS; ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS; SALMO SALAR; SPHAEROSPORA; TETRACAPSULA BRYOSALMONAE; TUBIFEX TUBIFEX;

EID: 0034953452     PISSN: 10665234     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00173.x     Document Type: Review

References (203)

1. Development of monoclonal antibodies to 'PKX', the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease
2. Pathology of Myxosporea in marine fish culture
3. Ceratomyxa spp. (Protozoa: Myxosporea) infections in wild and cultured sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, from the Spanish Mediterranean area
4. Phylogenetic relationships of the Myxozoa
5. A triploblast origin for Myxozoa?
6. 18S rDNA sequences indicate that PKX organism parasitizes Bryozoa
7. Molecular data implicate bryozoans as hosts for PKX (Phylum Myxozoa) and identify a clade of bryozoan parasites within the Myxozoa
8. Molecular confirmation of the life cycle of Thelohanellus hovorkai Achmerov, 1960 (Myxozoa: Myxosporea)
9. Small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences unite alternate actinosporean and myxosporean stages of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease in salmonid fish
10. A nested polymerase chain reaction for the detection of genomic DNA of Myxobolus cerebralis in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
11. Comparison of 18S and ITS-1 sequences of selected geographic isolates of Myxobolus cerebralis
12. Relationships among members of the genus Myxobolus (Myxozoa: Bivalvulida) based on small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences
13. Detection of early stages of Myxobolus cerebralis in fish and tubificid oligochaete hosts by in situ hybridization
14. Detection of Myxobolus cerebralis in rainbow trout and oligochaete tissues by using a non-radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) protocol
15. Diseases of Puntazzo puntazzo Cuvier in marine aquaculture systems in Greece
16. Host resistance to infection by the myxosporean parasite Ceratomyxa shasta: A review
17. Development of a DNA probe for the myxosporean parasite Ceratomyxa shasta, using the polymerase chain reaction with arbitrary primers
18. Development, characterization, and use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against the myxosporean, Ceratomyxa shasta
19. The life cycle of Ceratomyxa shasta, a myxosporean parasite of salmonids, requires a freshwater polychaete as an alternate host
20. Finfish species diversification in the context of Mediterranean marine fish farming development
21. Molecular phylogeny of tubificid oligochaetes with special emphasis on Tubifex tubifex (Tubificidae) as the host to the fish parasite Myxobolus cerebralis
22. The alternation of actinosporidian and myxosporidian sporal forms in the development of Myxidium giardi (parasite of Anguilla anguilla) through oligochaetes
23. Myxosporean infection causing intestinal disease in farmed turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), (Teleostei: Scophthalmidae)
24. Detection of a triactinomyxid myxozoan in an oligochaete from ponds with proliferative gill disease in channel catfish
25. Myxosporidien
26. Development of a myxozoan parasite Tetracapsula bryozoides gen. n. et sp. n. in Cristatella mucedo (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata)
27. Tetracapsula bryosalmonae n. sp. for PKX organism, the cause of PKD in salmonid fish
28. A new class and order of myxozoans to accommodate parasites of bryozoans with ultrastructural observations on Tetracapsula bryosalmonae (PKX organism)
29. Lectin histochemistry and ultrastructure of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss kidneys affected by proliferative kidney disease
30. Soft flesh disease in Atlantic salmon: Analysis of Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) spore antigens using monoclonal antibodies
31. Proliferative kidney disease in brown trout Salmo trutta: Further evidence of a myxosporean etiology
32. Fine structure of an unidentified protozoan in the epithelium of rainbow trout exposed to water with Myxosoma cerebralis
33. A hox/hom homeobox gene in sponges
34. A new pathogenic histozoic Myxidium (Myxosporea) in cultured gilt-head sea bream Sparus aurata L.
35. Fish-to-fish transmission of a marine myxosporean
36. Myxidium leei n. sp., a pathogenic myxosporean of cultured sea bream Sparus aurata
37. Extrapiscine development of Myxobolus drjagini Akhmerov, 1954 (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) in oligochaete alternative hosts
38. Development of Myxobolus hungaricus (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) in oligochaete alternate hosts
39. Development of Myxobolus portucalensis (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) in the oligochaete Tubifex tubifex (Müller)
40. Studies on the occurrence of actinosporean stages of fish myxosporeans in a fish farm of Hungary, with the description of triactinomyxon, raabeia, aurantiactinomyxon, and neoactinomyxon types
41. Studies on the occurrence of actinosporean stages of myxosporeans in Lake Balaton, Hungary, with the description of triactinomyxon, raabeia, and aurantiactinomyxon types
42. Experimental transmission of two Myxobolus spp. developing bisporogeny via tubificid worms
43. Prevention of experimentally induced whirling disease in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss by fumagillin
44. Myxobolus carassii Klokaceva, 1914 also requires an aquatic oligochaete, Tubifex tubifex as an intermediate host in its life cycle
45. Light and electron microscopic study on the chronological development of Myxobolus cerebralis in Tubifex tubifex to the actinosporean stage triactinomyxon
46. Transmission of Hoferellus carassi Achmerov, 1960 to goldfish Carassius auratus via an aquatic oligochaete
47. Present knowledge on the life cycle, taxonomy, pathology, and therapy of some Myxosporea spp. important for freshwater fish
48. Light and electron microscopic observations on the route of the triactinomyxonsporoplasm of Myxobolus cerebralis from epidermis into rainbow trout cartilage
49. Whirling Disease: Host specificity and interaction between the actinosporean stage of Myxobolus cerebralis and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
50. Effect of water temperature on the development, release and survival of the triactinomyxon stage of Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease, in its oligochaete host
51. Development of Myxobolus bramae (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) in an oligochaete alternate host, Tubifex tubifex
52. Parsimony jackknifing outperforms neighbor-joining
53. Pathogenicity of renal myxosporeans of fish
54. Induction of Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Richardson) via the bryozoan Fredericella sultana (Blumenbach, 1779), infected with Tetracapsula bryosalmonae Canning, Curry, Feist, Longshaw & Okamura, 1999
55. Maximum likelihood and minimum-steps methods for estimating evolutionary trees from data on discrete characters
56. Strategies for diagnosis of Ceratomyxa shasta using the PCR: Comparison of lethal and non-lethal sampling with microscopic examination
57. A myxozoan-like parasite causing xenomas in the brain of the mole Talpa europrea L., 1758
58. The Myxosporea of fish: A review
59. La myxosporidie Sphaeromyxa sabrazei et le novel embranchement de Myxospoaire (Myxozoa). Recherches sur l'état pluricellulaire primitif et considerations phylogenetiques
60. Is it better to add taxa or characters to a difficult phylogenetic problem?
61. First evidence that Hoferellus cyprini (Doflein, 1898) is transmitted by Nais sp.
62. Experimental transmission of Sphaerospora renicola to common carp Cyprinus carpio fry
63. Ultrastructure and small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequence of Henneguya lesteri n. sp. (Myxosporea), a parasite of sand whiting Sillago analis (Sillaginidae) from the coast of Queensland, Australia
64. Actinosporeans (Myxozoa) with four developing spores within a pansporocyst: Tetraspora discoidea n.g., n.sp. and Tetraspora rotundum n.sp.
65. Actinosporeans (Myxozoa) from marine oligochaetes of the Great Barrier Reef
66. Structure and development of a marine actinosporean, Sphaeractinomyxon ersei n. sp. (Myxozoa)
67. The biology of Myxosoma cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease of salmonids
68. The phylogenetic position of Rhopalura ophiocomae (Orthonectida) based on 18S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis
69. Proliferative kidney disease of salmonid fish
70. Whirling disease: Re-emergence among wild trout
71. Rapid lectin-based staining procedure for the detection of the myxosporean causing proliferative kidney disease in salmonid fish
72. Susceptibility of selected inland salmonids to experimentally induced infections with Myxobolus cerebralis, the causative agent of whirling disease
73. Susceptibility of three species of anadromous salmonids to experimentally-induced infections with Myxobolus cerebralis the causative agent of whirling disease
74. Ceratomyxa shasta-resistant salmonids are susceptible to experimentally-induced infections with Myxobolus cerebralis
75. Comparative susceptibility of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta to Myxobolus cerebralis, the cause of salmonid whirling disease
76. Ultraviolet irradiation inactivates the waterborne infective stages of Myxobolus cerebralis: A treatment for hatchery water supplies
77. Taxonomy of Kudoa species (Myxosporea) using small subunit ribosomal DNA sequence
78. Über die drehkrankheit der regenbogenforelle
79. Intercontinental and transcontinental dissemination and transfaunation of fish parasites with emphasis on whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis)
80. Whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis): Control with ultraviolet irradiation and effect on fish
81. Control of whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis): Use of methylene blue staining as a possible indicator of effect of heat on spores
82. Myxobolus cerebralis, a worldwide cause of salmonid whirling disease
83. Fish age as related to susceptibility to Myxosoma cerebralis, cause of whirling disease
84. Studies on the control of whirling disease (Myxosoma cerebralis). I. The effects of chemicals on spores in vitro, and of calcium oxide as a disinfectant in simulated ponds
85. Host susceptibility and the effect of aging, freezing, heat, and chemicals on spores of Myxosoma cerebralis
86. Kudoa thyrsites (Gilchrist, 1924) (Myxozoa) in the cardiac muscle of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri)
87. A myxozoan resembling Myxidium leei in the anemone fish Amphiprion frenatus from the Pacific Ocean
88. Development of the PKX myxosporean in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri
89. Can a new species of Myxozoa be described solely on their actinosporean stage?
90. Myxozoa
91. The demise of a class of protists: Taxonomic and nomenclatural revisions proposed for the protist phylum Myxozoa Grassé, 1970
92. Sphaerospora oncorhynchi n. sp. (Myxosporea: Sphaerosporidae) from the kidney of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in British Columbia and its possible relationship to the myxosporean causing proliferative kidney disease in salmonid fishes
93. Transmission of Myxobolus arcticus Pugachev and Khokhlov, 1979, a myxosporean parasite of Pacific salmon, via a triactinomyxon from the aquatic oligochaete Stylodrilus heringianus (Lumbriculidae)
94. Tetracapsula renicola n. sp. (Myxozoa: Saccosporidae); the PKX myxozoan - The cause of proliferative kidney disease of salmonid fishes
95. Ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of isolates of the PKX myxosporean and their relationship to members of the genus Sphaerospora
96. Phylum Myxozoa Grassé 1970
97. Review of Myxosporea of importance to salmonid fisheries and aquaculture in British Columbia
98. Large-scale phylogenies and measuring the performance of phylogenetic estimators
99. Myxosporidium bryozoides
100. First record of an actinosporean (Myxozoa) in a marine polychaete annelid
101. The case for naming actinosporeans using the Zoological Code
102. Can a new species of Myxozoa be described based solely on their actinosporean stage
103. Small subunit ribosomal RNA sequence of Henneguya exilis (Class Myxosporea) identifies the actinosporean stage from an oligochaete host
104. A guideline for the preparation of species descriptions in Myxosporea
105. Myxosporea (Phylum Myxozoa)
106. Ultrastructural features of the actinosporean phase of Myxosporea (phylum Myxozoa): A comparative study
107. Revised classification of the Myxosporea Bütschli, 1881
108. Sphaerospora molnari sp. nov. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea), an agent of gill, skin and blood sphaerosporosis of common carp in Europe
109. Guidelines for the uniform characterisation of the actinosporean stages of parasites of the phylum Myxozoa
110. First identification of PKX in Bryozoans from the United Kingdom - Molecular evidence
111. Lectin histochemical studies on Sphaerospora sp. (Myxosporea) from Italian brown trout, Salmo trutta L.
112. Comparative studies of PKX and Sphaerospora spp. from salmonids using lectin and monoclonal antibody staining techniques
113. Monoclonal antibody and lectin probes recognize developmental and sporogonic stages of PKX, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease in European and North American salmonid fish
114. Salmonid whirling disease: Dynamics of experimental production of the infective stage - The triactinomyxon spore
115. Portals of entry for salmonid whirling disease in rainbow trout
116. Salmonid whirling disease: Myxosporean and actinosporean stages cross-react in a direct fluorescent antibody test
117. Whirling disease: Earliest susceptible age of rainbow trout to the triactinomyxid of Myxobolus cerebralis
118. Experimentally induced whirling disease. I. Dose response of fry and adults of rainbow trout exposed to the triactinomyxon stage of Myxobolus cerebralis
119. Experimentally induced whirling disease. II. Determination of longevity of the infective triactinomyxon stage of Myxobolus cerebralis by vital staining
120. Myxosoma cerebralis (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) etiologic agent of salmonid whirling disease requires tubificid worms (Annelida: Oligochaetea) in its life cycle
121. Studies of actinosporean myxozoan stages parasitic in oligochaetes from the sediments of a hatchery where Atlantic salmon harbour Sphaerospora truttae infection
122. The implications of congruence in Menidia
123. Development of Myxobolus dispar Thelohan, 1895 (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) in an oligochaete alternate host Tubifex tubifex (Müller)
124. Experimental indentification of the actinosporean stage of Sphaerospora renicola Dykova and Lom 1982 (Myxosporea: Sphaerosporidae) in oligochaete alternate hosts
125. Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) infections in pen-reared Atlantic salmon in the Northeast Pacific Ocean with a survey of potential non-salmonid reservoir hosts
126. A review of myxosporean genus Kudoa Meglitsch, 1947, and its impact on the international aquaculture industry and commercial fisheries
127. Natural and laboratory transmission of the marine myxozoan parasite Kudoa thyrsites to Atlantic salmon
128. Development of Kudoa thyrsites (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) in netpenreared Atlantic salmon determined by light microscopy and a polymerase chain reaction test
129. Studies of the PKX parasite in rainbow trout via immunohistochemistry and immunogold electron microscopy
130. In situ hybridization of DNA probes to PKX, the causative organism of proliferative kidney disease (PKD)
131. In situ hybridisation identifies the gill as a portal of entry for PKX (Phylum Myxozoa), the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease in salmonids
132. Myxosporea
133. Immunohistochemical characterization of a polyclonal antibody against Sphaespora dicentrarchi (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida), a parasite from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)(Teleostei: Serranidae)
134. Immunohistochemical reactivity of polyclonal antibodies against Sphaerospora testicularis and Ceratomyxa labracis (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida), with other myxosporean parasites
135. Comparative studies on carbohydrates of several myxosporean parasites of fish using lectin histochemical methods
136. Whirling disease in the wild: The new reality in the intermountain west
137. Occurrence, prevalence, and effects of the myxozoan Tetracapsula bryozoides parasitic in the freshwater bryozoan Cristatella mucedo (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata)
138. The life cycle of Sphaerospora truttae (Myxozoa: Myxosporea) and some features of the biology of both the actinosporean and myxosporean stages
139. Myxidium leei (Myxozoa) infections in aquarium-reared Mediterranean fish species
140. Phylogeny of the genus Ceratomyxa and other marine myxozoans based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences
141. Phylogeny of the genus Ceratomyxa and other marine myxozoans based on small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences
142. Ceratomyxa sparusaurati (Protozoa: Myxosporea) infections in cultured gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata (Pisces: Teleostei) from Spain: Aspects of the host-parasite relationship
143. Development of a polymerase chain reaction diagnostic assay for Ceratomyxa shasta, a myxosporean parasite of salmonid fish
144. Kudoa - The Irish Experience
145. MODELTEST: Testing the model of DNA substitution
146. Small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences link the cause of proliferative gill disease in channel catfish to Henneguya n. sp. (Myxozoa: Myxosporea)
147. Ceratomyxa spp. (Myxosporea) infection in cultured common dentex from Greece
148. First record of triactinomyxon actinosporean in marine oligochaete
149. The role of tubificid worms as an intermediate host in the life cycle of Myxobolus pavlovskii (Achmerov, 1954)
150. Lack of selection for resistance to whirling disease among progeny of Colorado River rainbow trout
151. Descriptions and phylogenetic systematics of Myxobolus spp. from cyprinids in Algonquin Park, Ontario
152. Antigenic and biochemical study of PKX, the myxosporean causative agent of proliferative kidney disease of salmonid fish
153. Polymerase chain reaction primers for investigations on the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease of salmonids
154. Die Dre-kankheit in der forellenzucht und ihre Bekampfung
155. Phylogenetic analysis of complete small subunit ribosomal RNA coding region of Myxidium lieberkuehni: Evidence that Myxozoa are Metazoa and related to the Bilateria
156. Buddenbrockia plumatellae, eine neue Mesozoenart aus Plumatellae repens L. und Pl. fungosa Pall
157. Stratigraphic fit to phylogenies: A proposed solution
158. The demise of a phylum of protists: Phylogeny of the Myxozoa and other parasitic cnidaria
159. Long-branch abstractions
160. Sphaerospora testicularis sp. nov. (Myxosporea: Sphaerosporidae) in wild and cultured sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), from the Spanish Mediterranean area
161. Light and electron microscopical description of Ceratomyxa labracis n. sp. and a redescription of C. diplodae (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida) from wild and cultured Mediterranean sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) (Teleostei: Serranidae)
162. Ceratomyxa sparusaurati n. sp. (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida), a new parasite from cultured gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) (Teleostei: Sparidae): Light and electron microscopic description
163. Molecular evidence that the myxozoan protists are metazoans
164. A comparative study of muscle texture and intensity of Kudoa thyrsites in pen-reared Atlantic salmon
165. Prevalence of Kudoa thyrsites in sexually mature and immature pen-reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in British Columbia, Canada
166. Actinomyxidies, nouveau groupe de Mesozoaires parent des Myxosporidies
167. Quartet puzzling: A quartet maximum likelihood method for reconstructing tree topologies
168. Experimental production of proliferative gill disease in channel catfish exposed to a myxozoan-infected oligochaete, Dero digitata
169. Life history, pathology, and description of Kudoa ovivora n. sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea): An ovarian parasite of Caribbean labroid fishes
170. Infection of roach (Rutilus rutilus) by experimentally produced triactinospores of Myxobolus pseudodispar
171. Development of Thelohanellus hovorkai and Thelohanellus nikolskii (Myxosporea: Myxozoa) in oligochaete alternate hosts
172. Experimental detection of the actinospores of Myxobolus pseudodispar (Myxosporea: Myobolidae) in oligochaete alternate hosts
173. Field exposure of seven species or subspecies of salmonids to Myxobolus cerebralis in the Colorado River, Middle Park, Colorado
174. A new look at the life cycle of Hoferellus carassii in the goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) and its relation to "kidney enlargement disease" (KED)
175. Alternation of actinosporean and myxosporean phases in the life cycle of Zschokkella nova (Myxozoa)
176. Atypically low rate of cytochrome b evolution in the scleractinian coral genus Acropora
177. Whirling disease and wild trout: The Montana experience
178. An intracellular gill parasite as the possible causative agent of mortality during swim-bladder inflammation in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.
179. L'interpretation des Cnidosporidies et la valeur taxonomique de leur cnidome. Leur cycle comparé à la phase larvaire des Narcomeduses Cuninides
180. Optimization alignment: The end of multiple sequence alignment in phylogenetics?
181. Myxosporea Kudoa thrysites: A cause of soft flesh in farm-reared Atlantic salmon
182. Kudoa thyrsites (Myxosporea) and soft flesh in pen-reared coho salmon
183. Biology contravenes taxonomy in the Myxozoa: New discoveries show alternation of invertebrate and vertebrate hosts
184. Salmonid whirling disease: Tubifex tubifex (Müller) identified as the essential oligochaete in the protozoan life cycle
185. Actinosporean stages of myxozoan parasites of oligochaetes from Lake Sasajewun, Algonquin Park, Ontario: New forms of triactinomyxon and raabeia
186. Actinosporean stages of myxozoan parasites of oligochaetes from Lake Sasajewun, Algonquin Park, Ontario: New forms of echinactinomyxon, neoactinomyxon, aurantiactinomyxon, guyenotia, synactinomyxon, and antonactinomyxon
187. Cladistic analysis of myxozoan species with known alternating life-cycles
188. The longevity of actinosporean spores from oligochaetes of Lake Sasajewun, Algonquin Park, Ontario, and their reaction to fish mucus
189. Molecular characterization of myxozoan parasites from Lake Sasajewun, Algonquin Park, Ontario, by riboprinting
190. Transmission of Thelohanellus hovorkai Achmerov, 1960 (Myxosporea: Myxozoa) to common carp, Cyprinus carpio, through the alternate oligochaete host
191. Polymerase chanin reaction and indirect fluorescent antibody technique for the detection of Kudoa amamiensis (Multivalvulida: Myxozoa) in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata
192. Some biological characteristics of actinosporeans from the oligochaete Branchiura sowerbyi
193. Involvement of Branchiura sowerbyi (Oligochaeta: Annelida) in the transmission of Hoferellus carassii (Myxosporea: Myxozoa), the causative agent of kidney enlargement disease (KED) of goldfish Carassius auratus
194. Myxobolus cultus n. sp. (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) in the goldfish Carassius auratus transformed from the actinosporean stage in the oligochaete Branchiura sowerbyi