Genomics of the human Y-chromosome: 1. Association with male infertility

Gene

Volumn 321, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 25-37

  Ali, Sher ^a   Hasnain, Seyed E ^b,c  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF IMMUNOLOGY   (India)

^b CENTRE FOR DNA FINGERPRINTING AND DIAGNOSTICS   (India)

^c JAWAHARLAL NEHRU CENTRE FOR ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

Autosomal mutation; Azoospermia factor(s); Endogenous retroviruses; Human Y chromosome; Male infertility; Paracrine control

Indexed keywords

GENE FREQUENCY; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE MUTATION; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC CODE; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOMICS; HUMAN; MALE INFERTILITY; NUCLEOTIDE REPEAT; PARACRINE SIGNALING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; Y CHROMOSOME;

EID: 0242661632     PISSN: 03781119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2003.08.006     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Adams J.W., Kaufman R.E., Kretschmer P.J., Harrison M., Nienhuis A.W. A family of long reiterated DNA sequences, one copy of which is next to the human beta globin gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 8:1980;6113-6128.
2. Ali S., Gangadharan S. Differential evolution of coding and non-coding sequences in related vertebrates, implications in probe design. Proc. Ind. Nat. Sci. Acad. (PINSA)-B. 66:2000;49-67.
3. Ali S., Hasnain S.E. Molecular dissection of the human Y chromosome. Gene. 383:2002;1-10.
4. Ali S., Gauri, Bala S. A synthetic oligonucleotide probe (5′TTCCA3′)n uncovers a male specific hybridization pattern in the human genome. Mol. Cell. Probes. 6:1992;521-525.
5. Arnemann J., Epplen J.T., Cooke H.J., Sauermann U., Engel W., Schmidtke J. A human Y-chromosomal DNA sequence expressed in testicular tissue. Nucleic Acids Res. 15:1987;8713-8724.
6. Barbaux S., Vilain E., Raoul O., Gilgenkrantz S., Jeandidier E., Chadenas D., Souleyreau N., Fellous M., McElreavey K. Proximal deletions of the long arm of the Y chromosome suggest a critical region associated with a specific subset of characteristic turner stigmata. Hum. Mol. Genet. 4:1995;1565-1568.
7. Bashamboo A., Ali S. Minisatellite associated sequence amplification (MASA) of the hypervariable repeat marker 33.15 reveals a male specific band in humans. Mol. Cell. Probes. 15:2001;89-92.
8. Bashamboo A., Bhatnagar S., Kaur A., Sarhadi V.K., Singh J.R., Ali S. Molecular characterization of a Y-derived marker chromosome and identification of indels in the DYS1 region in a patient with stigmata of Turner syndrome. Curr. Sci. 84:2003;219-224.
9. Burk R.D., Szabo P., O'Brien S., Nash W.G., Yu L., Smith K.D. Organization and chromosomal specificity of autosomal homologs of human Y chromosome repeated DNA. Chromosoma. 92:1985;225-233.
10. Charlesworth B. Model for evolution of Y chromosomes and dosage compensation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 75:1978;5618-5622.
11. Cooke H. Repeated sequence specific to human males. Nature. 262:1976;182-186.
12. Deininger P.L., Jolly D.J., Rubin C.M., Friedmann T., Schmid C.W. Base sequence studies of 300 nucleotide renatured repeated human DNA clones. J. Mol. Biol. 151:1981;17-33.
13. Disteche C.M., Casanova M., Saal H., Friedman C., Sybert V., Graham J., Thuline H., Page D.C., Fellous M. Small deletions of the short arm of the Y chromosome in 46, XY females. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 83:1986;7841-7844.
14. Doolittle W.F., Sapienza C. Selfish genes, the phenotype paradigm and genome evolution. Nature. 284:1980;601-603.
15. Dunsmuir W.D., Edwards S.M., Lakhani S.R., Young M., Corbishley C., Kirby R.S., Dearnaley D.P., Dowe A., Ardern-Jones A., Kelly J., Eeles R.A. Allelic imbalance in familial and sporadic prostate cancer at the putative human prostate cancer susceptibility locus, HPC1. CRC/BPG UK Familial Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators. Cancer Research Campaign/British Prostate Group. Br. J. Cancer. 78:1998;1430-1433.
16. Dupuy B.M., Andreassen R., Flones A.G., Tomassen K., Egeland T., Brion M., Carracedo A., Olaisen B. Y-chromosome variation in a Norwegian population sample. Forensic Sci. Int. 117:2001;163-173.
17. Elliott D.J., Millar M.R., Oghene K., Ross A., Kiesewetter F., Pryor J., McIntyre M., Hargreave T.B., Saunders P.T., Vogt P.H., Chandley A.C., Cooke H. Expression of RBM in the nuclei of human germ cells is dependent on a critical region of the Y chromosome long arm. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94:1997;3848-3853.
18. Ellison J.W., Wardak Z., Young M.F., Gehron R.P., Laig-Webster M., Chiong W. PHOG, a candidate gene for involvement in the short stature of Turner syndrome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 6:1997;1341-1347.
19. Epplen J.T. On simple repeated GATA/GACA sequences, a critical reappraisal. J. Hered. 79:1988;409-417.
20. Fisher E.M., Beer-Romero P., Brown L.G., Ridley A., McNeil J.A., Lawrence J.B., Willard H.F., Bieber F.R., Page D.C. Homologous ribosomal protein genes on the human X and Y chromosomes, escape from X inactivation and possible implications for Turner syndrome. Cell. 63:1990;1205-1218.
21. Foster J.W., Graves J.A. An SRY-related sequence on the marsupial X chromosome, implications for the evolution of the mammalian testis-determining gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91:1994;1927-1931.
22. Fryns J.P., Kleczkowska A., Kubien E., Van den B.H. XYY syndrome and other Y chromosome polysomies. Mental status and psychosocial functioning. Genet. Couns. 6:1995;197-206.
23. Ganesh S., Raman R. CvSox-4, the lizard homologue of the human SOX4 gene, shows remarkable conservation among the amniotes. Gene. 196:1997;287-290.
24. Gauri, Bala S., Ahmad J., Ali S. Genomic distribution of 5′TTCCA3′ repeat motif and its diagnostic potential in human Y-chromosome-related anomalies. Clin. Genet. 50:1996;358-365.
25. Geerkens C., Just W., Held K.R., Vogel W. Ullrich-Turner syndrome is not caused by haploinsufficiency of RPS4X. Hum. Genet. 97:1996;39-44.
26. Genest P., Genest F.B. The influence of the length of the human Y chromosome on spontaneous abortions. A prospective study in family lines with inherited polymorphic Y chromosomes. Ann. Genet. 28:1985;143-148.
27. Graves J.A. The origin and function of the mammalian Y chromosome and Y-borne genes - an evolving understanding. Bioessays. 17:1995;311-320.
28. Graves J.A., Foster J.W. Evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes and sex determining genes. Int. Rev. Cytol. 154:1994;191-259.
29. Hammer M.F., Karafet T., Rasanayagam A., Wood E.T., Altheide T.K., Jenkins T., Griffiths R.C., Templeton A.R., Zegura S.L. Out of Africa and back again, nested cladistic analysis of human Y chromosome variation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15:1998;427-441.
30. Held K.R., Kerber S., Kaminsky E., Singh S., Goetz P., Seemanova E., Goedde H.W. Mosaicism in 45, X Turner syndrome, does survival in early pregnancy depend on the presence of two sex chromosomes? Hum. Genet. 88:1992;288-294.
31. Hook E.B., Warburton D. The distribution of chromosomal genotypes associated with Turner's syndrome, live birth prevalence rates and evidence for diminished fetal mortality and severity in genotypes associated with structural X abnormalities or mosaicism. Hum. Genet. 64:1983;24-27.
32. Hunter T. Anti-phosphatases take the stage. Nat. Genet. 18:1998;303-305.
33. Jelinek W.R., Toomey T.P., Leinwand L., Duncan C.H., Biro P.A., Choudary P.V., Weissman S.M., Rubin C.M., Houck C.M., Deininger P.L., Schmid C.W. Ubiquitous, interspersed repeated sequences in mammalian genomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 77:1980;1398-1402.
34. Jobling M.A., Heyer E., Dieltjes P., de Knijff P. Y-chromosome-specific microsatellite mutation rates re-examined using a minisatellite, MSY1. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8:1999;2117-2120.
35. Joseph M., Cantu E.S., Pai G.S., Willi S.M., Papenhausen P.R., Weiss L. Xp pseudoautosomal gene haploinsufficiency and linear growth deficiency in three girls with chromosome Xp22;Yq11 translocation. J. Med. Genet. 33:1996;906-911.
36. Kirk J.A., VanDevanter D.R., Biberman J., Bryant E.M. Y chromosome loss in chronic myeloid leukemia detected in both normal and malignant cells by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 11:1994;141-145.
37. Klink A., Schiebel K., Winkelmann M., Rao E., Horsthemke B., Ludecke H.J., Claussen U., Scherer G., Rappold G. The human protein kinase gene PKX1 on Xp22.3 displays Xp/Yp homology and is a site of chromosomal instability. Hum. Mol. Genet. 4:1995;869-878.
38. Kobayashi K., Mizuno K., Hida A., Komaki R., Tomita K., Matsushita I., Namiki M., Iwamoto T., Tamura S., Minowada S. PCR analysis of the Y chromosome long arm in azoospermic patients, evidence for a second locus required for spermatogenesis. Hum. Mol. Genet. 3:1994;1965-1967.
39. Krausz C., McElreavey K. Y chromosome and male infertility. Front Biosci. 4:1999;E1-E8.
40. Kunkel L.M., Smith K.D. Evolution of human Y-chromosome DNA. Chromosoma. 86:1982;209-228.
41. Kunkel L.M., Smith K.D., Boyer S.H., Borgaonkar D.S., Wachtel S.S., Miller O.J., Breg W.R., Jones H.W. Jr., Rary J.M. Analysis of human Y-chromosome-specific reiterated DNA in chromosome variants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 74:1977;1245-1249.
42. Kuroda-Kawaguchi T., Skaletsky H., Brown L.G., Minx P.J., Cordum H.S., Waterston R.H., Wilson R.K., Silber S., Oates R., Rozen S., Page D.C. The AZFc region on the Y chromosome features massive palindromes and uniform recurrent deletions in infertile men. Nat. Genet. 29:2001;279-286.
43. Kuroki Y., Iwamoto T., Lee J., Yoshiike M., Nozawa S., Nishida T., Ewis A.A., Nakamura H., Toda T., Tokunaga K., Kotliarova S.E., Kondoh N., Koh E., Namiki M., Shinka T., Nakahori Y. Spermatogenic ability is different among males in different Y chromosome lineage. J. Hum. Genet. 44:1999;289-292.
44. Lahn B.T., Page D.C. Functional coherence of the human Y chromosome. Science. 278:1997;675-680.
45. Lahn B.T., Page D.C. Four evolutionary strata on the human X chromosome. Science. 286:1999;964-967.
46. Lahn B.T., Pearson N.M., Jegalian K. The human Y chromosome in the light of evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2:2001;207-217.
47. Lander E.S., Linton L.M., Birren B., Nusbaum C., Zody M.C., Baldwin J., Devon K., Dewar K., Doyle M., Fitz Hugh W., et al. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature. 409:2001;860-921.
48. Lau E.C., Mohandas T.K., Shapiro L.J., Slavkin H.C., Snead M.L. Human and mouse amelogenin gene loci are on the sex chromosomes. Genomics. 4:1989;162-168.
49. Lezzoni J.C., Kap-Herr C., Golden W.L., Gaffey M.J. Gonadoblastomas in 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, analysis of Y chromosome distribution by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 108:1997;197-201.
50. Löwer R., Löwer J., Kurth R. The viruses in all of us: characteristics and biological significance of human endogenous retrovirus sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93:1996;5177-5184.
51. Luoh S.W., Bain P.A., Polakiewicz R.D., Goodheart M.L., Gardner H., Jaenisch R., Page D.C. Zfx mutation results in small animal size and reduced germ cell number in male and female mice. Development. 124:1997;2275-2284.
52. McElreavey K., Krausz C. Sex chromosome genetics '99. Male infertility and the Y chromosome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64:1999;928-933.
53. Mertens F., Johansson B., Hoglund M., Mitelman F. Chromosomal imbalance maps of malignant solid tumors, a cytogenetic survey of 3185 neoplasms. Cancer Res. 57:1997;2765-2780.
54. Miklos G.L., John B. Heterochromatin and satellite DNA in man, properties and prospects. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 31:1979;264-280.
55. Moreira-Filho C.A., Toledo S.P., Bagnolli V.R., Frota-Pessoa O., Bisi H., Wajntal A. H-Y antigen in Swyer syndrome and the genetics of XY gonadal dysgenesis. Hum. Genet. 53:1979;51-56.
56. Muller H.J. The relation of recombination to mutational advance. Mutat. Res. 1:1964;2-9.
57. Murray J.C., Buetow K.H., Weber J.L., Ludwigsen S., Scherpbier-Heddema T., Manion F., Quillen J., Sheffield V.C., Sunden S., Duyk G.M. A comprehensive human linkage map with centimorgan density. Cooperative Human Linkage Center (CHLC). Science. 265:1994;2049-2054.
58. Myers M.P., Tonks N.K. PTEN, sometimes taking it off can be better than putting it on. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61:1997;1234-1238.
59. Nakahori Y., Mitani K., Yamada M., Nakagome Y. A human Y-chromosome specific repeated DNA family (DYZ1) consists of a tandem array of pentanucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:1986;7569-7580.
60. Nielsen J. Large Y chromosome (Yq+) and increased risk of abortion. Clin Genet. 13:1978;415-416.
61. Ogata T., Yoshizawa A., Muroya K., Matsuo N., Fukushima Y., Rappold G., Yokoya S. Short stature in a girl with partial monosomy of the pseudoautosomal region distal to DXYS15, further evidence for the assignment of the critical region for a pseudoautosomal growth gene(s). J. Med. Genet. 32:1995;831-834.
62. Orgel L.E., Crick F.H. Selfish DNA, the ultimate parasite. Nature. 284:1980;604-607.
63. Patience C., Wilkinson D.A., Weiss R.A. Our retroviral heritage. Trends Genet. 13:1997;116-120.
64. Patil S.R., Lubs H.A. A possible association of long Y chromosomes and fetal loss. Hum. Genet. 35:1977;233-235.
65. Prasanth S.G., Ali S. Expression of Protooncogene c-kit receptor in rats Rattus norvegicus and identification of a mutant mRNA transcript implicated in spermatogenic failure. DNA Cell Biol. 22:2003;447-456.
66. Pryor J.L., Kent-First M., Muallem A., Van Bergen A.H., Nolten W.E., Meisner L., Roberts K.P. Microdeletions in the Y chromosome of infertile men. N. Engl. J. Med. 336:1997;534-539.
67. Quintana-Murci L., Fellous M. The human Y chromosome: the biological role of a "functional wasteland" J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 1:2001;18-24.
68. Quintana-Murci L., Krausz C., Heyer E., Gromoll J., Seifer I., Barton D.E., Barrett T., Skakkebaek N.E., Rajpert-De Meyts E., Mitchell M., Lee A.C., Jobling M.A., McElreavey K. The relationship between Y chromosome DNA haplotypes and Y chromosome deletions leading to male infertility. Hum. Genet. 108:2001;55-58.
69. Ramana G.V., Su B., Jin L., Singh L., Wang N., Underhill P., Chakraborty R. Y-chromosome SNP haplotypes suggest evidence of gene flow among caste, tribe, and the migrant Siddi populations of Andhra Pradesh, South India. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 9:2001;695-700.
70. Rao E., Weiss B., Fukami M., Rump A., Niesler B., Mertz A., Muroya K., Binder G., Kirsch S., Winkelmann M., Nordsiek G., Heinrich U., Breuning M.H., Ranke M.B., Rosenthal A., Ogata T., Rappold G.A. Pseudoautosomal deletions encompassing a novel homeobox gene cause growth failure in idiopathic short stature and Turner syndrome. Nat. Genet. 16:1997;54-63.
71. Reijo R., Lee T.Y., Salo P., Alagappan R., Brown L.G., Rosenberg M., Rozen S., Jaffe T., Straus D., Hovatta O. Diverse spermatogenic defects in humans caused by Y chromosome deletions encompassing a novel RNA-binding protein gene. Nat. Genet. 10:1995;383-393.
72. Repping S., Skaletsky H., Lange J., Silber S., Van der Veen F., Oates R.D., Page D.C., Rozen S. Recombination between palindromes P5 and P1 on the human Y chromosome causes massive deletions and spermatogenic failure. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71:2002;906-922.
73. Riske C.B., Morgan R., Ondreyco S., Sandberg A.A. X and Y chromosome loss as sole abnormality in acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 72:1994;44-47.
74. Rozen S., Skaletsky H., Marszalek J.D., Minx P.J., Cordum H.S., Waterston R.H., Wilson R.K., Page D.C. Abundant gene conversion between arms of palindromes in human and ape Y chromosomes. Nature. 423:2003;873-876.
75. Ruiz L.M., Szmulewicz M.N., Herrera R.J. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in repetitive sequences of the human deleted in azoospermia complex. Electrophoresis. 23:2002;1021-1024.
76. Sachidanandam R., et al. A map of human genome sequence variation containing 1.42 million single nucleotide polymorphisms. Nature. 409:2001;928-933.
77. Salido E.C., Yen P.H., Koprivnikar K., Yu L.C., Shapiro L.J. The human enamel protein gene amelogenin is expressed from both the X and the Y chromosomes. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 50:1992;303-316.
78. Salo P., Kaariainen H., Petrovic V., Peltomaki P., Page D.C., de la C.A. Molecular mapping of the putative gonadoblastoma locus on the Y chromosome. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 14:1995;210-214.
79. Saxena R., Brown L.G., Hawkins T., Alagappan R.K., Skaletsky H., Reeve M.P., Reijo R., Rozen S., Dinulos M.B., Disteche C.M., Page D.C. The DAZ gene cluster on the human Y chromosome arose from an autosomal gene that was transposed, repeatedly amplified and pruned. Nat. Genet. 14:1996;292-299.
80. Schiebel K., Winkelmann M., Mertz A., Xu X., Page D.C., Weil D., Petit C., Rappold G.A. Abnormal XY interchange between a novel isolated protein kinase gene, PRKY, and its homologue, PRKX, accounts for one third of all (Y+) XX males and (Y-) XY females. Hum. Mol. Genet. 6:1997;1985-1989.
81. Schmeckpeper B.J., Scott A.F., Smith K.D. Transcripts homologous to a long repeated DNA element in the human genome. J. Biol. Chem. 259:1984;1218-1225.
82. Schmid C.W., Jelinek W.R. The Alu family of dispersed repetitive sequences. Science. 216:1982;1065-1070.
83. Schnieders F., Dork T., Arnemann J., Vogel T., Werner M., Schmidtke J. Testis-specific protein, Y-encoded (TSPY) expression in testicular tissues. Hum. Mol. Genet. 5:1996;1801-1807.
84. Schwinger E., Kirschstein M., Greiwe M., Konermann T., Orth U., Gal A. Short stature in a mother and daughter with terminal deletion of Xp22.3. Am. J. Med. Genet. 63:1996;239-242.
85. Shafit-Zagardo B., Brown F.L., Zavodny P.J., Maio J.J. Transcription of the KpnI families of long interspersed DNAs in human cells. Nature. 304:1983;277-280.
86. Silber S.J., Repping S. Transmission of male infertility to future generations: lessons from the Y chromosome. Hum. Reprod. Update. 8:2002;217-229.
87. Silber S.J., Alagappan R., Brown L.G., Page D.C. Y chromosome deletions in azoospermic and severely oligozoospermic men undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection after testicular sperm extraction. Hum. Reprod. 13:1998;3332-3337.
88. Skaletsky H., et al. The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is a mosaic of discrete sequence classes. Nature. 423:2003;825-837.
89. Smith K.D., Young K.E., Talbot C.C. Jr., Schmeckpeper B.J. Repeated DNA of the human Y chromosome. Development. 101(Suppl.):1987;77-92.
90. Spranger S., Kirsch S., Mertz A., Schiebel K., Tariverdian G., Rappold G.A. Molecular studies of an X;Y translocation chromosome in a woman with deletion of the pseudoautosomal region but normal height. Clin. Genet. 51:1997;346-350.
91. Stevanovic M., Lovell-Badge R., Collignon J., Goodfellow P.N. SOX3 is an X-linked gene related to SRY. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2:1993;2013-2018.
92. Sultana R., Myerson D., Disteche C.M. In situ hybridization analysis of the Y chromosome in gonadoblastoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 13:1995;257-262.
93. Sun C., Skaletsky H., Birren B., Devon K., Tang Z., Silber S., Oates R., Page D.C. An azoospermic man with a de novo point mutation in the Y-chromosomal gene USP9Y. Nat. Genet. 23:1999;429-432.
94. Sun C., Skaletsky H., Rozen S., Gromoll J., Nieschlag E., Oates R., Page D.C. Deletion of Azoospermia factor a (AZFa) region of human Y chromosome caused by recombination between HERV15 proviruses. Hum. Mol. Genet. 9:2000;2291-2296.
95. Szmulewicz M.N., Ruiz L.M., Reategui E.P., Hussini S., Herrera R.J. Single-nucleotide variant in multiple copies of a deleted in azoospermia (DAZ) sequence - a human Y chromosome quantitative polymorphism. Hum. Hered. 53:2002;8-17.
96. Tilford C.A., Kuroda-Kawaguchi T., Skaletsky H., Rozen S., Brown L.G., Rosenberg M., McPherson J.D., Wylie K., Sekhon M., Kukaba T.A., Waterston R.H., Page D.C. A physical map of the human Y chromosome. Nature. 409:2001;943-945.
97. Tsuchiya K., Reijo R., Page D.C., Disteche C.M. Gonadoblastoma, molecular definition of the susceptibility region on the Y chromosome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 57:1995;1400-1407.
98. Underhill P.A., Passarino G., Lin A.A., Shen P., Foley R.A., Mirazón Lahr M., Oefner P.J., Cavalli-Sforza L.L. The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origin of modern human populations. Ann. Hum. Genet. 65:2001;43-62.
99. Vogt P.H. Human Y chromosome deletions in Yq11 and male fertility. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 424:1997;17-30.
100. Vogt P.H., Edelmann A., Kirsch S., Henegariu O., Hirschmann P., Kiesewetter F., Köhn F.M., Schill W.B., Farah S., Ramos C., Hartmann M., Hartschuh W., Meschede D., Behre H.M., Castel A., Nieschlag E., Weidner W., Gröne H.J., Jung A., Engel W., Haidl G. Human Y chromosome azoospermia factors (AZF) mapped to different sub-regions in the Yq11. Hum. Mol. Genet. 5:1996;933-943.
101. Watanabe A., Kawachi Y., Nishihara T., Uchida T., Setsu K., Hikiji K. Extra Y chromosome in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 89:1996;85-87.
102. Xu J., Meyers D., Freije D., Isaacs S., Wiley K., Nusskern D., Ewing C., Wilkens E., Bujnovszky P., Bova G.S., Walsh P., Isaacs W., Schleutker J., Matikainen M., Tammela T., Visakorpi T., Kallioniemi O.P., Berry R., Schaid D., French A., McDonnell S., Schroeder J., Blute M., Thibodeau S., Trent J. Evidence for a prostate cancer susceptibility locus on the X chromosome. Nat. Genet. 20:1998;175-179.
103. Zhang J.S., Yang-Feng T.L., Muller U., Mohandas T.K., de Jong P.J., Lau Y.F. Molecular isolation and characterization of an expressed gene from the human Y chromosome. Hum. Mol. Genet. 1:1992;717-726.
104. Zinn A.R., Ross J.L. Turner syndrome and haploinsufficiency. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 8:1998;322-327.