Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy for hyperbilirubinaemia in the neonate

Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy

Volumn 4, Issue 11, 2003, Pages 1939-1948

  Hansen, Thor Willy Ruud ^a  

^a OSLO UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

Author keywords

Clofibrate; D penicillamine; Exchange transfusion; Haem oxygenase inhibitors; Intravenous immunoglobulin; Neonatal jaundice; Phenobarbital; Phosphoglycoprotein; Phototherapy; Therapy

Indexed keywords

1,4 BIS(3,5 DICHLORO 2 PYRIDYLOXY)BENZENE; 3 INDOLEMETHANOL; ACTIVATED CARBON; AGAR; ALBUMIN; BILIRUBIN; CALCIUM PHOSPHATE; CLOFIBRATE; GLYCOPROTEIN; HEME OXYGENASE INHIBITOR; IBUPROFEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; LAXATIVE; MESOPORPHYRIN; MESOPORPHYRIN TIN; OXIDOREDUCTASE; PENICILLAMINE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHOSPHOPROTEIN; PROTOPORPHYRIN; PROTOPORPHYRIN TIN; PROTOPORPHYRIN ZINC; SULFONAMIDE; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN;

APLASTIC ANEMIA; BILIRUBIN METABOLISM; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD GROUP RHESUS SYSTEM; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SCREENING; DRUG TISSUE LEVEL; ERYTHEMA; EXCHANGE BLOOD TRANSFUSION; GOODPASTURE SYNDROME; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; KERNICTERUS; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; MEDICAL DOCUMENTATION; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; NEUROTOXICITY; NEWBORN JAUNDICE; NONHUMAN; PATIENT SELECTION; PHOTOTHERAPY; PROTEIN BINDING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; RAT; REVIEW; RHESUS ISOIMMUNIZATION; SOMNOLENCE; THROMBOCYTOPENIA;

ANIMALS; BILIRUBIN; ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; JAUNDICE, NEONATAL; LIVER;

EID: 0242575028     PISSN: 14656566     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14656566.4.11.1939     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. CHRISTENSEN T, AMUNDSEN I, KINN G, KJELDSTAD B: Terapienheter og belysningsforhold ved lysbehandling av nyfødte med hyperbilirubinemi. SIS-Rapport No.2. National Institute of Radiation Hygiene, Østerås, Norway (1992).
2. MAISELS MJ: Phototherapy. In: Neonatal jaundice. Maisels MJ, Watchko JF (Eds), Harwood Academic Publishers, London, UK (2000):177-203.
3. HANSEN TWR: Fetal and neonatal bilirubin metabolism. In: Neonatal jaundice. Maisels MJ, Watchko JF (Eds), Harwood Academic Publishers, London, UK (2000):3-20.
4. SCHMORL C: Zur Kenntnis des Ikterus neonatorum, insbesondere der dabei auftretenden Gehirnveränderungen. Verh. Dtsch. Pathol. Ges. (1904) 6:109-115.
5. ARKWRIGHT JA: A family series of fatal and dangerous cases of icterus neonatorum - fourteen cases in one family, with four survivors. Edinb. Med. J. (1902) 2:156-158.
6. BERAUD LS: Observation sur l'ictère congénital. Jean Martel, Montpellier, France (1817).
7. HERVIEUX JFE: De l'ictère des nouveaunés. Thèse, Paris, France (1847).
8. HANSEN TWR, PAULSEN BS: Treatment of neonatal jaundice in 18th, and 19th Century Europe. Pediatr. Res. (2003) 53:304A.
9. WALLERSTEIN H: Treatment of severe erythroblastosis by simultaneous removal and replacement of the blood of the newborn infant. Science (1946) 103:583-584.
10. DIAMOND LK: Erythroblastosis foetalis or haemolytic disease of the newborn. Proc. Royal. Soc. Med. (1947) 40:546-559.
11. DIAMOND LK, ALLEN FH, THOMAS WO: Erythroblastosis fetalis. VII. Treatment with exchange transfusion. N. Engl. J. Med. (1951) 244:39-49.
12. HSIA DY, ALLEN F, GELLIS SS, DIAMOND LK: Erythroblastosis fetalis. VIII. Prevention of kernicterus. N. Engl. J. Med. (1952) 246:668-671.
13. MOLLISON PL, CUTBUSH M: Haemolytic disease of the newborn. In: Recent advances in pediatrics. Gairdner D (Ed.), P. Blakiston and Son, New York, NY, USA (1954): 110.
14. WATCHKO JF, OSKI F: Bilirubin 20mg/dl = Vigintifobia. Pediatrics (1983) 71:660-663.
15. HANSEN TWR: Therapeutic practices in neonatal jaundice: an international survey. Clin. Pediatr. (1996) 35:309-316.
16. CREMER RJ, PERRYMAN PW, RICHARDS DH: Influence of light on the hyperbilirubinaemia of infants. Lancet (1958) 1:1094-1097.
17. OBES-POLLERI J, HILL WS: La fototerapia en las icterícias del recien nacido. Rev. Chil. Ped. (1964) 25:638.
18. LUCEY JF, FERREIRO M, HEWITT J: Prevention of hyperbilirubinemia of prematurity by phototherapy. Pediatrics (1968) 40:1047-1054.
19. VREMAN HJ, WONG RJ, STEVENSON DK et al.: Light-emitting diodes: a novel light source for phototherapy. Pediatr. Res. (1998) 44(5):804-809.
20. DE CARVALHO M, DE CARVALHO D, TRZMIELINA S, LOPES JMA, HANSEN TWR: Intensified phototherapy using daylight fluorescent lamps. Acta Peadiatr. (1999) 88:768-771.
21. MAISELS MJ, KRING E: Length of stay, jaundice, and hospital readmission. Pediatrics (1998) 101(6):995-998.
22. BROWN AK, JOHNSON L: Loss of concern about jaundice and the re-emergence of kernicterus in full term infants in the era of managed care. In: Yearbook of Neonatal and Perinatal Medicine. Fanaroff A, Klaus M (Eds), Mosby Yearbook, St. Louis, MO, USA (1996):17-28.
23. EBBESEN F: Recurrence of kernicterus in term and near term infants in Denmark. Acta Paediatr. (2001) 89:1213-1217.
24. HANSEN TWR. Kernicterus: an international perspective. Semin. Neonatol. (2002) 7:103-109.
25. HANSEN TWR: Kernicterus in term and near-term infants - the specter walks again. Acta Pediatr. (2000) 89:1155-1157.
26. MAISELS MJ, NEWMAN TB: Bilirubin and neurological dysfunction-do we need to change what we are doing? Pediatr. Res. (2001) 50(6):677-678.
27. DENNERY PA. Pharmaceutical interventions for the treatment of neonatal jaundice. Semin. Neonatol. (2002) 7:111-119.
28. VREMAN HJ, WONG RJ, STEVENSON DK: Alternative metalloporphyrins for the treatment of neonatal jaundice. J. Perinatol. 21:S108-S113.
29. VREMAN HJ, EKSTRAND BC, STEVENSON DK: Selection of metalloporphyrin heme oxygenase inhibitors based on potency and photoreactivity. Pediatr. Res. (1993) 33:195-200.
30. QUATO MK, MAINES MD: Prevention of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia in non-human primates by Zn-protoporphyrin. Biochem. J. (1985) 226:51-57.
31. KAPPAS A, DRUMMOND GS, HENSCHKE C, VALAES T: Direct comparison of Sn-mesoporphyrin, an inhibitor of bilirubin production, and phototherapy in controlling hyperbilirubinemia in term and near-term newborns. Pediatrics (1995) 95(4):468-474.
32. MARTINEZ JC, GARCIA HO, OTHEGUY LE, DRUMMOND GS, KAPPAS A: Control of severe hyperbilirubinemia in full-term newborns with the inhibitor of bilirubin production Sn-mesoporphyrin. Pediatrics (1999) 103(1):1-5.
33. VALAES T, PETMEZAKI S, HENSCHKE C, DRUMMOND GS, KAPPAS A: Control of jaundice in preterm newborns by an inhibitor of bilirubin production: studies with tinmesoporphyrin. Pediatrics (1994) 93(1):1-11.
34. VALAES T, DRUMMOND GS, KAPPAS A: Control of hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient newborns using an inhibitor of bilirubin production, Sn-mesoporphyrin. Pediatrics (1998) 101(5):E1.
35. KAPPAS A, DRUMMOND GS, VALAES T: A single dose of Sn-mesoporphyrin prevents development of severe hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient newborns. Pediatrics (2001) 108(1):25-30.
36. KAPPAS A, DRUMMOND GS, MUNSON DP, MARSHALL JR: Sn-Mesoporphyrin interdiction of severe hyperbilirubinemia in Jehovah's Witness newborns as an alternative to exchange transfusion. Pediatrics (2001) 108(6):1374-1377.
37. HINTZ SR, VREMAN HJ, STEVENSON DK: Mortality of metalloporphyrin-treated neonatal rats after light exposure. Dev. Pharmacol. Ther. (1990) 14(3):187-192.
38. KEINO H, NAGAE H, MIMURA S, WATANABE K, KASHIWAMATA S: Dangerous effects of tin-protoporphyrin plus photoirradiation on neonatal rats. Eur. J. Pediatr. (1990) 149(4):278-279.
39. CABLE E, GILDEMEISTER OS, PEPE JA, LAMBRECHT RW, BONKOVSKY HL: Mechanism of induction of heme oxygenase by metalloporphyrins in primary chick embryo liver cells: evidence against a stress-mediated response. MoLec. Cell. Bioche. (1997) 169(1-2):13-20.
40. YANG G, NGUYEN X, OU J, REKULAPELLI P, STEVENSON DK, DENNERY PA: Unique effects of zinc protoporphyrin on HO-1 induction and apoptosis. Blood (2001) 97(5):1306-1313.
41. GALBRAITH RA, DRUMMOND GS, KAPPAS A: Suppression of bilirubin production in the Criglet-Najjar Type I syndrome: studies with the heme oxygenase inhibitor tin-mesoporphyrin. Pediatrics (1992) 89(2):175-182.
42. RUBALTELLI FF, DARIO C, ZANCAN L: Congenital nonobstructive, nonhemolytic jaundice: effect of tin-mesoporphyrin. Pediatrics (1995) 95(6):942-944.
43. KAPPAS A, DRUMMOND GS, GALBRAITH RA: Prolonged clinical use of a heme oxygenase inhibitor: hematological evidence for an inducible but reversible iron-deficiency state. Pediatrics (1993) 91(3):537-539.
44. WIEDEMANN M, KONTUSH A, FINCKH B, HELLWEGE HH, KOHLSCHATTER A: Neonatal blood plasma is less susceptible to oxidation than adult plasma owing to its higher content of bilirubin and lower content of oxidizable fatty acids. Pediatr. Res. (2003) 53(5):843-849.
45. KITAMURA Y, ISHIDA Y, TAKATA K et al.: Hyperbilirubinemia protects against focal ischemia in rats. J. Neurosci. Res. (2003) 71(4):544-550.
46. DORE S, GOTO S, SAMPEI K et al.: Heme oxygenase-2 acts to prevent neuronal death in brain cultures and following transient cerebral ischemia. Neuroscience (2000) 99(4):587-592.
47. CHANG EF, WONG RJ, VREMAN HJ et al.: Heme oxygenase-2 protects against lipid peroxidation-mediated cell loss and impaired motor recovery after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurosci. (2003) 23(9):3689-3696.
48. STEINER AA, RESTE G, BRANCO LG: Role of the brain heme oxygenase-carbon monoxide pathway in stress fever in rats. Neurosci. Lett. (2003) 341(3):193-196.
49. FIUMANA E, PARFENOVA H, JAGGER JH, LEFFLER CW. Carbon monoxide mediates vasodilator effects of glutamate in isolated pressurized cerebral arterioles of newbom pigs. Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. (2003) 284(4):H1073-1079.
50. NY L, ANDERSSON KE, GRUNDEMAR L: Inhibition by zinc protoporphyrin-IX of receptor-mediated relaxation of the rat aorta in a manner distinct from inhibition of haem oxygenase. Br.J. Pharmacol. (1995) 115(1):186-190.
51. DRUMMOND GS, KAPPAS A: Sn-protoporphyrin inhibition of fetal and neonatal brain heme oxygenase. Transplacental passage of the metalloporphyrin and prenatal suppression of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn animal. J. Clin. Invest. (1986) 77:971-976.
52. KAPPAS A, DRUMMOND GS, MANOLA T, PETMEZAKI S, VALAES T: Sn-protoporphyrin use in the management of hyperbilirubinemia in term newborns with direct Coombs-positive AB0 incompatibility. Pediatrics (1988) 81:485-497.
53. JUCKETT M, ZHENG Y, YUAN H et al: Heme and the endothelium. Effects of nitric oxide on catalytic iron and heme degradation by heme oxygenase. J. Biol. Chem. (1998) 273(36):23388-23397.
54. OROSZLAN G, LAKATOS L, SZABO L, MATKOVICS B, KARMAZSIN L: Heme oxygenase activity is decreased by D-penicillamine in neonates. Experientia (1983) 39(8):888-889.
55. LAKATOS L, KOVER B, OROSZLAN G, VEKERDY Z: D-penicillamine therapy in ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn infant. Eur J Pediatr. (1976) 123(2):133-137.
56. PECES R, RIERA JR, ARBOLEYA LR, LOPEZ-LARREA C, ALVAREZ J: Goodpastures syndrome in a patient receiving penicillamine and carbimazole. Nephron (1987) 45(4):316-320.
57. LOUIE S, GAMBLE CN, CROSS CE: Penicillamine associated pulmonary hemorrhage. J. Rheumatol. (1986) 13(5):963-966.
58. NARAYANAN CS, BEHARI M: Generalized myasthenia gravis following use of D-penicillamine in Wilson's disease. J. Assoc. Phys. India (1999) 47(6):648.
59. KAUFMAN DW, KELLY JP, JURGELON JM et al.: Drugs in the aetiology of agranulocytosis and aplastic anaemia. Eur. J. Haematol. Suppl. (1996) 60:23-30.
60. FISHEL B, TISHLER M, CASPI D, YARON M: Fatal aplastic anaemia and liver toxicity caused by D-penicillamine treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. (1989) 48(7):609-610.
61. SATO K, HARA T, KONDO T, IWAO H, HONDA S, UEDA K: High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin therapy for neonatal immune haemolytic jaundice due to blood group incompatibility. Acta Paediatr. Scand. (1991) 80:163-166.
62. RÜBO J, ALBRECHT K, LASCH P et al.: High-dose intravenous immune globulin therapy for hyperbilirubinemia cause by Rh hemolytic disease. J. Pediatr. (1992) 121:93-97.
63. ALCOCK GS, LILEY H: Immunoglobulin infusion for isoimmune haemolytic jaundice in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2002) 3:CD003313.
64. GOTTSTEIN R, COOKE RW: Systematic review of intravenous immunoglobulin in haemolytic disease of the newborn. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal. Neonatal. Ed. (2003) 88:F6-F10.
65. HAMMERMAN C, VREMAN HJ, KAPLAN M, STEVENSON DK: Intravenous immune globulin in neonatal immune hemolytic disease: does it reduce hemolysis? Acta Pediatr. (1996) 85(11):1351-1353.
66. LAVIN A, SUNG C, KLIBANOV AM, LANGER R: Enzymatic removal of bilirubin from blood: a potential treatment for neonatal jaundice. Science (1985) 230(4725):543-545.
67. HANSEN TWR: Acute management of extreme neonatal jaundice - the potential benefits of intensified phototherapy and interruption of enterohepatic bilirubin circulation. Acta Paediatr. (1997) 86:843-846.
68. ODELL GB, GUTCHER GR, WHITINGTON PF, YANG G: Enteral administration of agar as an effective adjunct to phototherapy of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatr. Res. (1983) 17(10):810-814.
69. CAGLAYAN S, CANDEMIR H, AKSIT S, KANSOY S, ASIK S, YAPRAK I: Superiority of oral agar and phototherapy combination in the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics (1993) 92(1):86-89.
70. ROMAGNOLI C, POLIDORI G, FOSCHINI M et al.: Agar in the management of hyperbilirubinaemia in the premature baby. Arch. Dis. Child (1975) 50(3):202-204.
71. WINDORFER A JR, KUNZER W, BOLZE H, ASCHER K, WILCKEN F, HOEHNE K: Studies on the effect of orally administered agar on the serum bilirubin level of premature infants and mature newborns. Acta Paediatr. Scand. (1975) 64(5):699-702.
72. MELONI T, COSTA S, CORTI R, CUTILLO S: Agar in control of hyperbilirubinemia of full-term newborn infants with erythrocyte G-6-PD deficiency. Biol. Neonate (1978) 34(5-6):295-298.
73. DAVIS DR, YEARY RA, LEE K: Activated charcoal decreases plasma bilirubin levels in the hyperbilirubinemic rat. Pediatr. Res. (1983) 17(3):208-209.
74. KIMURA M, MATSUMURAY, KONNO T, MIYAUCHI Y, MAEDA H: Enzymatic removal of bilirubin toxicity by bilirubin oxidase in vitro and excretion of degradation products in vivo. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. (1990) 195(1):64-69.
75. JOHNSON L, DWORANCZYK R, ABBASI M, DALIN C: Bilirubin oxidase feedings significantly decrease serum bilirubin levels in jaundiced infant Gunn rats. Pediatr. Res. (1988) 23:412A.
76. HAFKAMP AM, HAVINGA R, SINAASAPPEL M, ELFERINK RPJO, VERKADE HJ: Highly effective enteral treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in Gunn rats. Pediatr. Res. (2003) 53:400A.
77. GOURLEY G: Breast-feeding, neonatal jaundice and kernicterus. Semin. Neonatol. (2002) 7:135-141
78. GOURLEY G, KREAMER B, COHNEN M, KOSOROK MR: Neonatal jaundice and diet. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. (1999) 153:184-188
79. OKUDA H, POTTER BJ, BLADES B, MCHUGH TA, JACOBS LN, BERK PD: Dose-related effects of phenobarbital on hepatic glutathione-S-transferase activity and ligandin levels in the rat. Drug. Metab. Dispos. (1989) 17(6):677-682.
80. STERN L, KHANNA NN, LEVY G, YAFFE SJ: Effect of phenobarbital on hyperbilirubinemia and glucuronide formation in newborns. Am. J. Dis. Child. (1970) 120(1):26-31.
81. VALAES T, KIPOUROS K, PETMEZAKI S, SOLMAN M, DOXIADIS SA: Effectiveness and safety of prenatal phenobarbital for the prevention of neonatal jaundice. Pediatr. Res. (1980) 14(8):947-952.
82. ARIAS IM: Chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia without overt signs of hemolysis in adolescents and adults. J. Clin. Invest. (192) 41:2233-2245.
83. HANSEN TWR, TOMMARELLO S: Effects of phenobarbital on bilirubin clearance and metabolism in rat brain. Biol. Neonate. (1998) 73:106-111.
84. FARWELL JR, LEE YJ, HIRTZ DG, SULZBACHER SI, ELLENBERG JH, NELSON KB: Phenobarbital for febrile seizures-effects on intelligence and on seizure recurrence. N. Engl. J. Med. (1990) 322(6):364-369.
85. LINDENBAUM A, HERNANDORENA X, VIAL M et al.: Clofibrate for the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia neonates born at term: a double blind controlled study. Arch. Franc. Pediatrie. (1981) 38(Suppl. 1):867-873.
86. TIRIBELLI C, OSTROW JD: New concepts in bilirubin chemistry, transport and metabolism: report of the second international bilirubin workshop, April 9-11, 1992, Trieste, Italy. Hepatology (1993) 17:715-736.
87. KAPITULNIK J, GONZALEZ FJ: Marked endogenous activation of the CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 genes in the congenitally jaundiced Gunn rat. Mol. Pharmacol. (1993) 43:722-725.
88. DE MATTEIS F, DAWSON SJ, PONS N, PIPINO S: Bilirubin and uroporphyrinogen oxidation by induced cytochrome P4501A and cytochrome P4502B. Role of polyhalogenated biphenyls of different configuration. Biochem. Pharmacol. (2002) 63:615-624.
89. HANSEN TWR: Bilirubin oxidation in brain. Molec. Genet. Metab. (2000) 71:411-417.
90. JORRITSMA U, SCHRADER E, KLAUNICK G et al.: Monitoring of cytochrome P450 IA activity by determination of die urinary pattern of caffeine metabolites in Wistar and hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats. Toxicology (2000) 144:229-236.
91. SURESH G, LUCEY JF: Lack of deafness in Crigler-Najjar syndrome Type 1: a patient survey. Pediatrics (1997) 100:e9.
92. HUANG W, ZHANG J, CHUA SS et al.: Induction of bilirubin clearance by die constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2003) 100(7):4156-4161.
93. LI YQ, PRENTICE DA, HOWARD ML, MASHFORD ML, DESMOND PV: Bilirubin and bile acids may modulate their own metabolism via regulating uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase expression in the rat. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. (2000) 15(8):865-870.
94. TZAMELI I, PISSIOS P, SCHUETZ EG, MOORE DD: The xenobiotic compound 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene is an agonist ligand for the nuclear receptor CAR. Molec. Cell. Biol. (2000) 20(9):2951-2958.
95. ODELL GB, CUKIER JO, SEUNGDAMRONG S, ODELL JL: The displacement of bilirubin from albumin. Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. (1976) 12:192-200.
96. BRATLID D: The effect of antimicrobial agents on bilirubin binding by human erythrocytes. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. (1972) 30:331-337.
97. BRATLID D: Pharmacologic aspects of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Birth Defects Orig. Artic. Ser. (1976) 12:184-189.
98. SILVERMAN WA, ANDERSEN DH, BLANC WA et al.: A difference in mortality rate and incidence of kernicterus among premature infants allotted to two prophylactic antibacterial regimens. Pediatrics (1956) 18:614-624.
99. COOPER-PEEL C, BRODERSEN R, ROBERTSON A: Does ibuprofen affect bilirubin-albumin binding in newborn infant serum? Pharmacol. Toxicol. (1996) 79:297-299.
100. HANSEN TWR: Ibuprofen for closure of patent ductus arteriosus - is it really safe in hyperbilirubinemic infants? Eur. J. Pediatr. (2003) 162:356.
101. WATCHKO JF, DAOOD MJ, HANSEN TWR: Brain bilirubin content is increased in P-glycoprotein deficient transgenic null mutant mice. Pediatr. Res. (1998) 44:763-766.
102. FORD JM, HAIT WN: Pharmacological circumvention of multidrug resistance. Cytotechnology (1993) 12:171-212.
103. CARLSEN SA, TILL JE, LING V: Modulation of membrane drug permeability in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. (1976) 455:900-912.
104. FARDEL O, LECUREUR V, LOYER P, GUILLOUZO A: Rifampin enhances anticancer drug accumulation and activity in multidrug-resistant cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1995) 49:1255-1260.
105. HANKØ E, TOMMARELLO S, WATCHKO JF, HANSEN TWR: Pharmacological inhibition of blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein increases brain bilirubin and alters regional distribution of bilirubin in rat brain. Pediatr. Res. (2003) 54(4):441-445.
106. MACDONALD MG: Hidden risks: early discharge and bilirubin toxicity due to glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Pediatrics (1995) 96:734-738.
107. JOHNSON LH, BHUTANI VK, BROWN AK: System-based approach to management of neonatal jaundice and prevention of kernicterus. J. Pediatr. (2002) 140:396-403.
108. JOSEPH R, HO LY, GOMEZ JM, RAJDURAI VS, SIVASANKARAN S, YIP YY. Mass newborn screening for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Singapore. SE. Asian. J. Trop. Med. Publ. Health. (1999) 30(Suppl. 2):70-71.
109. LI KC, LAI SS, LAM ST: Adequacy and pitfalls of G6PD deficiency counseling in Hong Kong. SE Asian J. Trop. Med. Publ. Health. (1999) 30(Suppl. 2):79-83.
110. BHUTANI VK, JOHNSON L, SIVIERI EM: Predictive ability of a predischarge hour-specific serum bilirubin for subsequent significant hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term and near-term newborns. Pediatrics (1999) 103:6-14.
111. BHUTANI VK, GOURLEY GR, ADLER S et al.: Noninvasive measurement of total serum bilirubin in a multiracial predischarge newborn population to assess the risk of severe hyperbilirubinemia. Pediatrics (2000) 106:e17.
112. STEVENSON DK, FANAROFF AA, MAISELS MJ et al.: Prediction of hyperbilirubinemia in near-term and term infants. J. Perinatol. (2001) 21:S63-S72.