Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy

Comprehensive Therapy

Volumn 29, Issue 2-3, 2003, Pages 130-145

  Vinik, Aaron I ^a,b   Mehrabyan, Anahit ^a  

^a EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b Strelitz Diabetes Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALDOSE REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETHANECHOL; CLONIDINE; COLESTYRAMINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DOMPERIDONE; DOXAZOSIN; ERYTHROMYCIN; FLUDROCORTISONE; GAMMA LINOLENIC ACID; GROWTH FACTOR; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INSULIN; LOPERAMIDE; METHYLDOPA; METOCLOPRAMIDE; METRONIDAZOLE; OCTREOTIDE; PROTEIN KINASE C INHIBITOR; RESERPINE; SILDENAFIL; SPIRONOLACTONE; SULPIRIDE; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; THIOCTIC ACID; UNINDEXED DRUG; VARDENAFIL;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ANHIDROSIS; ANORECTAL DISEASE; AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY; BLADDER DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONSTIPATION; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DIARRHEA; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DYSPEPSIA; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; FECES INCONTINENCE; FLUSHING; GALACTORRHEA; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEADACHE; HEART FUNCTION TEST; HEART PALPITATION; HEART RATE VARIABILITY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; INJECTION PAIN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; LIFE EXPECTANCY; METABOLIC DISORDER; MORTALITY; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NOSE CONGESTION; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PUPIL DISEASE; RASH; RETROGRADE EJACULATION; REVIEW; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN BLOOD FLOW; STOMACH PARESIS; SWEAT GLAND DISEASE; TOXIC MEGACOLON; UROGENITAL TRACT DISEASE; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; XEROSTOMIA;

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE UROGENITAL DISEASES; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIA; MALE UROGENITAL DISEASES; SWEATING, GUSTATORY;

EID: 0142122983     PISSN: 00988243     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1385/COMP:29:2-3:130     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Vinik AI, Mitchell BD, Leichter SB, Wagner AL, O'Brian JT, Georges LP. Epidemiology of the complications of diabetes. In: Leslie RDG, Robbins DC, eds. Diabetes: Clinical Science in Practice. Cambridge. U.K: Cambridge University Press; 1995:221-287.
2. Ziegler D, Fies FA, Spuler M, Lessmann F. The epidemiology of diabetic neuropathy: Diabetic Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Multicenter Study Group. J Diabetes Comp. 1992;6:49-57.
3. Ewing DJ, Boland O, Neilson JM, Cho CG, Clarke BF. Autonomic neuropathy, QT interval lengthening, and unexpected deaths in male diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 1991;34:182-185.
4. Rathmann W, Ziegler D, Jahnke M, Haastert B, Gries FA. Mortality in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Diabet Med. 1993;10:820-824.
5. O'Brian IA, McFadden JP, Corrall RJ. The influence of autonomic neuropathy on mortality in insulin-dependent diabetes. Q J Med. 1991;79:495-502.
6. Sundkvist G, Lilja B. Autonomic neuropathy predicts deterioration in glomerular filtration rate in patients with IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:773-779.
7. Wirta OR, Pasternack AI, Mustonen JT, Laippala PJ, Reinikainen PM. Urinary albumin excretion rate is independently related to autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Intern Med. 1999;245:329-335.
8. Toyry JP, Niskanen LK, Lansimies EA, Partanen KP, Uusitupa MI. Autonomic neuropathy predicts the development of stroke in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Stroke. 1996;27:1316-1318.
9. Schumer MP, Joyner SA, Pfeifer MA. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy testing in patients with diabetes. Diabet Spectr. 11:227-223, 1988.
10. Purewal TS, Watkins PJ. Postural hypotension in diabetic neuropathy: A review. Diabet Med. 1995;12:192-200.
11. Roy TM, Peterson HR, Snider HL, et al. Autonomic influence on cardiovascular performance in diabetic subjects. Am J Med. 1989;87:382-388.
12. Burgos LG, Ebert TJ, Asiddao C, et al. Increased intraoperative cardiovascular morbidity in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy. Anesthesiology. 1989;70:591-597.
13. Langer A, Freeman MR, Josse RG, Steiner G, Armstrong PW. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 1991;67:1073-1078.
14. Ziegler D, Gries FA, Muhlen H, Rathmann W, Spuler M, Lessmann F. Prevalence and clinical correlates of cardiovascular autonomic and peripheral diabetic neuropathy in patients attending diabetes center. The DiaCAN Multicenter Study Group. Diabet Metab. 1993;19:143-151.
15. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on measures of autonomic nervous system function in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trail (DCCT). Diabetologia. 1998;41:416-423.
16. May O, Arildsen H, Damsgaard EM, Mickley H. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Prevalence and estimated risk of coronary heart disease in the general population. J Intern Med. 2000;248:483-491.
17. Ziegler D. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: Clinical manifestations and measurement. Diabet Rev. 1999;7:342-357.
18. Jeyarajah R, Samarawickrama P, Jameel MM. Autonomic function tests in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients and apparently healthy volunteers. J Chron Dis. 1986;39:479-484.
19. Ewing DI, Irving JB, Kerr F, Wildsmith JA, Clarke BF. Cardiovascular responses to sustained handgrip in normal subjects and in patients with diabetes mellitus: a test of autonomic function. Clin Sci Mol Med. 1974;46:295-306.
20. Burke CM, O'Doherty A, Flanagan A, O'Connell BM, Devlin JG. Autonomic neuropathy in a diabetic clinic. Ir Med J. 1984;77:202-205.
21. Sharpey-Schafer EP, Taylor PJ. Absent circulatory reflexes in diabetic neuritis. Lancet. 1960;1:559.
22. Brownlee M. Advanced products of nonenzymatic glycosylation and the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. In: Rifkin H, Porte D, eds. Diabetes Mellitus: Theory and Practice. London: Elsevier, 1990:279.
23. Veglio M, Carpano-Maglioli P, Tonda L, et al. Autonomic neuropathy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients: correlation with age, sex, duration and metabolic control of diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 1990;16:200-206.
24. Maser RE, Pfeifer MA, Dorman JS, Kuller LH, Becker DJ, Orchard TJ. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy and cardiovascular risk: Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study III. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:1218-1822.
25. Ellenberg M. Diabetic neuropathy. In: Ellenberg M, Rifkin H, eds. Diabetes Mellitus: Theory and Practice. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982:777.
26. Ewing DJ, Campbell IW, Clarke BF. The natural history of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Q J Med. 1980;49:95-108.
27. Veglio M, Borra M, Stevens LK, Fuller JH, Perin PC. The relation between QTc interval prolongation and diabetic complications. The EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Group. Diabetologia. 1999;42:68-75.
28. Nakano S, Uchida K, Kigoshi T, et al. Circadian rhythm of blood pressure to normotensive NIDDM subjects: its relationship to microvascular complications. Diabetes Care. 1991;14:707-711.
29. Airaksinen KEJ, Koistinen MJ. Association between silent coronary artery disease, diabetes, and autonomic neuropathy: Fact or fallacy? Diabetes Care. 1992;15:288-292.
30. Marchant B, Umachandran V, Stevenson R, Kopelman PG, Timmis AD. Silent myocardial ischemia: role of subclinical neuropathy in patients with and without diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22:1433-1437.
31. Faerman I, Faccio E, Milei J, et al. Autonomic neuropathy and painless myocardial infarction in diabetic patients. Histologic evidence of their relationship. Diabetes. 1977;26:1147-1158.
32. Solar NG, Bennett MA, Pentecost BL, Fitzgerald MG, Malins JM. Myocardial infarction in diabetes. Q J Med. 1995;173:125-131.
33. Morning peak in the incidence of myocardial infarction: Experience in the ISIS-2 trial. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Eur Heart J. 1992;13:594-598.
34. Aronson D, Weinrauch LA, D'Elia JA, Tofler GH, Burger AJ. Circadian patterns of heart rate variability, fibrinolytic activity, and hemostatic factors in type I diabetes mellitus with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:449-453.
35. Bergstrom B, Lilja B, Osterlin S, Sundkvist G. Autonomic neuropathy in non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus: Possible influence of obesity. J Intern Med. 1990;227:57-63.
36. Ewing DJ, Neilson JM, Shapiro CM, Stewart JA, Reid W. Twenty four hour heart rate variability: effects of posture, sleep and, time of day in healthy control and comparison with bedside tests of autonomic function in diabetic patients. Br Heart J. 1991;65:239-244.
37. Zola B, Kahn JK, Juni JE, Vinik AI. Abnormal cardiac function in diabetics with autonomic neuropathy in the absence of ischemic heart disease. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 1986;63:208-214.
38. rd Ed. New York, NY: Thieme; 1999:637-647.
39. Makimatila S, Mantysaari M, Schlenzka A, Summanen P, Yki-Jarvinen H. Mechanism of altered hemodynamic and metabolic responses to insulin in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and autonomic dysfunction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:468-475.
40. Stansberry KB, Shapiro SA, Hill MA, McNitt PM, Meyer MD, Vinik AI: Impaired peripheral vasomotion in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1996;19:715-721.
41. Stansberry KB, Shapiro SA, Hill MA, McPitt PM, Meyer MD, Vinik AI. Impairment of peripheral blood flow responses in diabetes resembles an enhanced aging effect. Diabetes Care. 1997;20:1711-1716.
42. Stansberry KB, Peppard HR, Babyak LM, Popp G, McNitt PM, Vinik AI. Primary nociceptive afferents mediate the blood flow dysfunction in non-glabrous (hairy) skin of type 2 diabetes. A new model for the pathogenesis of microvascular dysfunction. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:1549-1554.
43. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on the development and progression of neuropathy. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:561-568.
44. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive diabetes therapy on measures of autonomic nervous system function in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trail (DCCT). Diabetologia. 1998;41:416-423.
45. Burger AJ, Weinrauch LA, D'Elia JA, Aronson D. Effect of glycemic control on heart rate variability in type I diabetic patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Am J Cardiol. 1999;84:687-691.
46. Gaede P, Vedel P, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Intensified multifactorial intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and microalbuminuria: The Steno type 2 randomised study. Lancet. 1999;353:617-622.
47. Hansen KW. Diurnal blood pressure profile, autonomic neuropathy and nephropathy in diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 1997;136:35-36.
48. Ziegler D, Schatz H, Conrad F, Gries FA, Ulrich H, Reichel G. Effects of treatment with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in NIDDM patients. A 4-month randomized controlled multicenter trial (DEKAN Study). Diabetes Care. 1997;20:369-373.
49. Ametov AS, Barinov A, Dyck PJ, Hermann R, Kozlova N, Schuette K, Strokov I, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K, Yakhno N, Ziegler D. The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alphe-lipoic acid: The SYDNEY Trial. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:770-776.
50. Ikeda T, Iwata K, Tanaka Y. Long-term effect of epalrestat on cardiac autonomic neuropathy in subjects with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999;43:193-198.
51. Abrahamsson H: Gastrointestinal motility disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Intern Med. 1995;237:403-409.
52. Spangeus A, El-Salhy M, Suhr O, Eriksson J, Lithner F. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in young and middle-aged diabetic patients. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999;34:1196-1202.
53. Koch KL. Diabetic gastropathy: Gastric neuromuscular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: a review of symptoms, pathophysiology, and treatment. Dig Dis Sci. 1999;44:1061-1075.
54. Verne GN, Sninsky CA. Diabetes and the gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1998;27:861-874.
55. Horowitz M, Edelbroek M, Fraser R, Maddox A, Wishart J. Disordered gastric motor function in diabetes mellitus. Recent insights into prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1991;26:673-684.
56. Gentry P, Miller P. Nutritional considerations in a patient with gastroparesis. Diabetes Educ. 1989;15:374-376.
57. Vinik A, Erbas T, Stansberry K. Gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and neurovascular disturbances in diabetes. Diabet Rev. 1999;7:358-378.
58. Erbas T, Varoglu E, Erbas B, Tastekin G, Akalin S. Comparison of metoclopramide and erythromycin in the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:1511-1514.
59. Lacy BE, Yu, S. Tegaserod. A new 5-HT4 Agonist. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2002;34:27-33.
60. Valdovinos MA, Camilleri M, Zimmerman BR. Chronic diarrhea in diabetes mellitus: Mechanisms and an approach to diagnosis and treatment. Mayo Clin Proc. 1993;687:691-702.
61. Corazziari E, Badiali D, Inghilleri M. Neurology disorders affecting the anorectum. Gastroenterology Clinics. 2001;30:253-268.
62. Maleki D, Camilleri M, Burton DD, et al. Pilot study of pathophysiology of constipation among community diabetics. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43:2373-2378.
63. McCulloch DK, Campbell IW, Wu FC, Prescott RJ, Clarke BF. The prevalence of diabetic impotence. Diabetologia. 1980;18:279-283.
64. Fishel B, Chen J, Alon M, Zhukovsky G, Matzkin H. Pudendal nerve conduction to evaluate organic erectile dysfunction. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 200180:885-888.
65. Hetch MJ, Neundorfer B. Kiesewetter F, Hiltz MJ. Neuropathy is a major contributing factor to diabetic erectile dysfunction. Neurological Res. 2001;23:651-654.
66. Rendell MS, Rajfer J, Wicker PA, Smith MD. Sildenafil for treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes: A randomized controlled trial. Sildenafil Diabetes Study Group. JAMA. 1999;281:421-426.
67. Enzlin P, Mathieu C, Vanderschueren, Demyttenaere K. Diabetes mellitus and female sexuality: A review of 25 years' research. Diabet Med. 1998;15:809-815.
68. Joshi N, Caputo GM, Weitekamp MR, Karchmer AW. Infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1906-1912.
69. Shaw JE, Abbott CA, Tindle K, Hollis S, Boulton AJ. A randomized controlled trial of topical glycopyrrolate, the first specific treatment for diabetic gustatory sweating. Diabetologia. 1997;40:299-301.
70. Meyer C, Grossmann R, Mitrakou A, et al. Effects of autonomic neuropathy on counterregulation and awareness of hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1960-1966.
71. Vinik AI, Erbas T. Recognizing and treating diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicina. 2001;68:928-944.