Early reactions to cannabis predict later dependence

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 60, Issue 10, 2003, Pages 1033-1039

  Fergusson, David M ^a   Horwood, L John ^a   Lynskey, Michael T ^b   Madden, Pamela A F ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CANNABIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; CANNABIS ADDICTION; FEMALE; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; MALE; NEW ZEALAND; PROGNOSIS; SMOKING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGE OF ONSET; ATTITUDE; BEHAVIOR, ADDICTIVE; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COHORT STUDIES; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MARIJUANA ABUSE; NEW ZEALAND; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0141864561     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.60.10.1033     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Eissenberg T, Balster RL. Initial tobacco use episodes in children and adolescents: current knowledge, future directions. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2000;59 (suppl 1):S41-S60.
2. Newlin DB, Thomson JB. Alcohol challenge with sons of alcoholics: a critical review and analysis. Psychol Bull. 1990;108:383-402.
3. Pollock VE. Meta-analysis of subjective sensitivity to alcohol in sons of alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149:1534-1538.
4. Conrod PJ, Peterson JB, Pihl RO. The bi-phasic effects of alcohol on heart rate are influenced by alcoholic family history and rate of alcohol ingestion. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997;21:140-149.
5. Finn PR, Pihl RO. Risk for alcoholism: a comparison between two different groups of sons of alcoholics on cardiovascular reactivity and sensitivity to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1988;12:742-747.
6. Finn PR, Zeitouni NC, Pihl RO. Effects of alcohol on psychophysiological hyperactivity to nonaversive aversive stimuli in men at high risk for alcoholism. J Abnorm Psychol. 1990;99:79-85.
7. Peterson JB, Pihl RO, Gianoulakis C, Conrod PJ, Finn PR, Stewart SH, LeMarquand DG, Bruce KR. Ethanol-induced change in cardiac and endogenous opiate function and risk for alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20:1542-1552.
8. Schuckit MA. Self-rating of alcohol intoxication by young men with and without family histories of alcoholism. J Stud Alcohol. 1980;41:242-249.
9. Schuckit MA. Subjective responses to alcohol in sons of alcoholics and controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984;41:879-884.
10. Schuckit MA, Smith TL. An 8-year follow-up of 450 sons of alcoholic and control subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:314-324.
11. Conrod PJ, Peterson JB, Pihl RO. Reliability and validity of alcohol-induced heart rate increase as a measure of sensitivity to the stimulant properties of alcohol, Psychopharmacology. 2001;157:20-30.
12. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Shannon FT, Lawton JM. The Christchurch Child Development Study: a review of epidemiological findings. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1989;3:278-301.
13. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. The Christchurch Health and Development Study: review of findings on child and adolescent mental health. Aust NZJ Psychiatry. 2001;35:287-296.
14. Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT, Horwood LJ. Patterns of cannabis use among 13-14 year old New Zealanders. N Z Med J. 1993;106:247-250.
15. World Health Organization. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1993.
16. Poulton RG, Brooke M, Moffitt TE, Stanton WR, Silva PA. Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use and dependence in young New Zealanders. N Z Med J 1997;110:68-70.
17. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Cannabis use and dependence in a New Zealand birth cohort. N Z Med J. 2000;113:156-158.
18. Elley WB, Irving JC. Revised socio-economic index for New Zealand. N Z J Educ Stud. 1976;11:25-36.
19. Straus MA. Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: the Conflict Tactics (CT) Scale. J Marriage Fam, February 1979;41:75-88.
20. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Exposure to interparental violence in childhood and psychosocial adjustment in young adulthood. Child Abuse Negl. 1998;22:339-357.
21. Armsden GC, Greenberg MT. The inventory of parent and peer attachment: individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. J Youth Adolesc. 1987;16:427-454.
22. Fergusson DM, Lynskey MT, Horwood LJ. Childhood sexual abuse and psychiatric disorder in young adulthood, I: prevalence of sexual abuse and factors associated with sexual abuse. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35:1355-1364.
23. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Woodward LJ. The stability of child abuse reports: a longitudinal study of young adults. Psychol Med. 2000;30:529-544.
24. Cloninger CR. A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants: a proposal. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:573-588.
25. Quay HC, Peterson DR. Manual for the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Miami, Fla: HC Quay & DR Peterson; 1987.
26. Costello A, Edelbrock C, Kalas R, Kessler M, Klaric SA. Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC). Bethesda, Md: National Institute of Mental Health; 1982.
27. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Prospective childhood predictors of deviant peer affiliations in adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999;40:581-592.
28. Lee J. Covariance adjustment of rates based on the multiple logistic regression model. J Chronic Dis. 1981;34:415-426.
29. Lynskey MT, Heath AC, Nelson EC, Bucholz KK, Madden PAF, Slutske WS, Statham DJ, Martin NG. Genetic and environmental contributions to cannabis dependence in a national young adult twin sample. Psychol Med. 2002;32:195-207.
30. Kendler KS, Karkowski LM, Neale MC, Prescott CA. Illicit psychoactive substance use, heavy use, abuse, and dependence in a US population-based sample of male twins. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:261-269.
31. Kendler KS, Prescott CA. Cannabis use, abuse and dependence in a population-based sample of female twins. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1016-1022.
32. US Congress Office of Technology Assessment. Biological Components of Substance Use and Addiction. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; September 1993.
33. Balfour D. The role of mesolimbic dopamine in nicotine dependence. Available at: http://psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/archive/00000130/#html. Accessed December 9, 2002.
34. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults. Addiction. 1997;92:279-296.
35. Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Modern Epidemiology: Second Edition. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1998.
36. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use? Addiction. 2000;95:505-520.
37. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Swain-Campbell NR. Cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood. Addiction. 2002;97:1123-1135.
38. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Northstone K, ALSPAC [Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood] Study Team. Maternal use of cannabis and pregnancy outcome. BJOG. 2002;109:21-27.
39. Taylor DR, Fergusson DM, Milne BJ, John HL, Moffitt TE, Sears MR, Poulton R. A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco and cannabis exposure on lung function in young adults, Addiction. 2002;97:1055-1061.
40. Lynskey MT, Heath AC, Bucholz KK, Slutske WS, Madden PAF, Nelson EC, Statham DJ, Martin NG. Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls. JAMA. 2003;289:427-433.