Changes in organic matter production and accumulation as a mechanism for isotopic evolution in the Mesoproterozoic ocean

Geological Magazine

Volumn 140, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 397-420

  Frank, T D ^a   Kah, L C ^b   Lyons, T W ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

C 13 C 12; Carbon cycle; Carbonate rocks; Chemostratigraphy; Mesoproterozoic

Indexed keywords

DIGITAL STORAGE; ISOTOPES;

CARBON CYCLES; CARBONATE ROCK; CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY; EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT; MESOPROTEROZOIC; ORGANIC CARBON BURIAL; ORGANIC CARBON STORAGES; PRESERVATION POTENTIAL;

ORGANIC CARBON;

CARBON CYCLE; CARBON ISOTOPE; CARBONATE ROCK; CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY; DIAGENESIS; ORGANIC MATTER; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PROTEROZOIC;

CANADA; CANADIAN ARCTIC; NORTHWEST TERRITORIES; NUNAVUT;

EID: 0141683991     PISSN: 00167568     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0016756803007830     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. AITKEN, J. & PUGH, D. 1984. The Fort Norman and Leith Ridge structures: major, buried, Precambrian features underlying Franklin Mountains and Great Bear and Mackenzie Plains. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology 32, 139-46.
2. ANBAR, A. D. & KNOLL, A. H. 2002. Proterozoic ocean chemistry and evolution: a bioinorganic bridge? Science 297, 1137-42.
3. ANDERSON, H. E. & DAVIS, D. W. 1995. U-Pb geochronology of the Moyie sills, Purcell Supergroup, southeastern British Columbia: implications for the Mesoproterozoic geological history of the Purcell (Belt) basin. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, 1180-93.
4. BANNER, J. L. & HANSON, G. N. 1990. Calculation of simultaneous isotopic and trace element variations during water-rock interaction with applications to carbonate diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 54, 3123-37.
5. BARAGER, W. R. A. & DONALDSON, J. A. 1973. Coppermine and Dismal Lakes Map Area. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 71-39, 20 pp.
6. BARTLEY, J. K., KNOLL, A. H., GROTZINGER, J. P. & SERGEEV, V. N. 2000. Lithification and fabric genesis in precipitated stromatolites and associated peritidal carbonates, Mesoproterozoic Billyakh Group, Siberia. In Carbonate Sedimentation and Diagenesis in the Evolving Precambrian World (eds J. P. Grotzinger and N. P. James), pp. 59-73. SEPM Special Publication no. 67.
7. BARTLEY, J. K., POPE, M., KNOLL, A. H., SEMIKHATOV, M. A. & PETROV, P. YU. 1998. A Vendian-Cambrian boundary succession from the northwestern margin of the Siberian Platform; stratigraphy, palaeontology, chemostratigraphy and correlation. Geological Magazine 135, 473-94.
8. BARTLEY, J. K., SEMIKHATOV, M. A., KAUFMAN, A. J., KNOLL, A. H., POPE, M. C. & JACOBSEN, S. B. 2001. Global events across the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic boundary: C and Sr isotopic evidence from Siberia. Precambrian Research 111, 165-202.
9. BOWRING, S. A. & Ross, G. M. 1985. Geochronology of the Narakay volcanic complex: Implications for the age of the Coppermine Homocline and Mackenzie igneous events. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, 774-80.
10. BRAND, U. & VEIZER, J. 1980. Chemical diagenesis of a multicomponent carbonate system - 1) Trace elements. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 50, 1219-36.
11. BRASIER, M. D., GREEN, O. & SHIELDS, G. 1997. Ediacarian sponge spicule clusters from southwestern Mongolia and the origins of the Cambrian fauna. Geology 25, 303-6.
12. BRASIER, M. D. & LINDSAY, J. F. 1998. A billion years of environmental stability and the emergence of eukaryotes: New data from northern Australia. Geology 26, 555-8.
13. BRASIER, M. D., SHIELDS, G., KULESHOV, V. N. & ZHEGALLO, L. A. 1996. Integrated chemo- and biostratigraphic calibration of early animal evolution: Neoproterozoic-early Cambrian of southwest Mongolia. Geological Magazine 133, 445-85.
14. BUICK, R., DES MARAIS, D. & KNOLL, A. H. 1995. Stable isotope compositions of carbonates from the Mesoproterozoic Bangemall Group, Australia. Chemical Geology 123, 153-71.
15. BUTTERFIELD, N. J. 1997. Plankton ecology and the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition. Paleobiology 23, 247-62.
16. BUTTERFIELD, N. J. 2000. Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes. Paleobiology 26, 386-404.
17. BUTTERFIELD, N. J. & CHANDLER, F. W. 1992. Palaeoenvironmental distribution of Proterozoic microfossils, with an example from the Agu Bay Formation, Baffin Island. Palaeontology 35, 943-57.
18. BUTTERFIELD, N. J., KNOLL, A. H. & SWETT, K. 1990. A bangiophyte red alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada. Science 250, 104-7.
19. CAMPBELL, F. H. A. 1978. Geology of the Helikian rocks of the Bathurst Inlet area, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 78-1A, 97-106.
20. CANFIELD, D. E. 1989. Sulfate reduction and oxic respiration in marine sediments; implications for organic carbon preservation in euxinic environments. Deep-Sea Research. Part A: Oceanographic Research Papers 36(1a), 121-38.
21. CANFIELD, D. E. 1994. Factors influencing organic carbon preservation in marine sediments. Chemical Geology 114,315-29.
22. CANFIELD, D. E. 1998. A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry. Nature 396, 450-3.
23. CANFIELD, D. E. & DES MARAIS, D. J. 1993. Biogeochemical cycles of carbon, sulfur, and free oxygen in a microbial mat. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, 3971-84.
24. CANFIELD, D. E. & TESKE, A. 1996. Late Proterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygen concentration inferred from phylogenetic and sulphur-isotope studies. Nature 382, 127-32.
25. 86Sr and Sr/Mg ratios of Late Devonian marine calcite: Implications for the composition of ancient seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 1991-2010.
26. CHOQUETTE, P. W. & JAMES, N. P. 1990. Limestones - the burial diagenetic environment. In Diagenesis (eds I. A. McIlreath and D. W. Morrow), pp. 75-111. Geoscience Canada Reprint Series 4.
27. COOK, D. G. & MACLEAN, B. C. 1992. Proterozoic thick-skinned intracratonic deformation, Colville Hills region, Northwest Territories, Canada. Geology 20, 67-70.
28. COOK, D. G. & MACLEAN, B. C. 1995. The intracratonic Palaeoproterozoic Forward orogeny, and implications for regional correlations, Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, 1991-2008.
29. COOK, D. G. & MACLEAN, B. C. 1996. Mid-continent tectonic inversions, Northwest Territories, Canada. Journal of Structural Geology 18, 791-802.
30. COOK, F. A. & TAYLOR, G. G. 1991. Seismic reflection trace synthesized from Proterozoic outcrop and its correlation to seismic profiles in northwestern Canada. Tectonophysics 191, 111-26.
31. CRAIG, H. 1957. Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass-spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 12, 133-49.
32. DALZIEL, I. W. D. 1991. Pacific margins of Laurentia and East Antarctica-Australia as a conjugate rift pair: evidence and implications for an Eocambrian supercontinent. Geology 19, 598-601.
33. DEMAISON, G. J. & MOORE, G. T. 1980. Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 64(8), 1179-1209.
34. DES MARAIS, D. J. 1991. Microbial mats, stromatolites and the rise of oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere. Global and Planetary Change 5, 93-6.
35. DES MARAIS, D. J. 1994. Tectonic control of the crustal organic carbon reservoir during the Precambrian. Chemical Geology 114, 303-14.
36. DES MARAIS, D. J. 1997. Isotopic evolution of the biogeochemical carbon cycle during the Proterozoic Eon. Organic Geochemistry 27, 185-93.
37. DES MARAIS, D. J., STRAUSS, H., SUMMONS, R. E. & HAYES, J. M. 1992. Carbon isotope evidence for the stepwise oxidation of the Proterozoic environment. Science 359, 605-9.
38. DICKENS, G. R., CASTILLO, M. M. & WALKER, J. C. G. 1997. A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene; simulating first-order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate. Geology 25(3), 259-62.
39. DICKENS, G. R., O'NEIL, J. R., REA, D. K. & OWEN, R. M. 1995. Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography 10, 965-71.
40. DONALDSON, J. A. 1976. Palaeoecology of conophyton and associated stromatolites in the Precambrian Dismal Lakes and Rae groups, Canada. In Stromatolites. Developments in Sedimentology 20 (ed. M. R. Walter), pp. 523-34. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
41. DOUGHTY, P. T. & CHAMBERLAIN, K. R. 1996. Salmon River Arch revisited: new evidence for 1370 Ma rifting near the end of deposition in the Middle Proterozoic Belt basin. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, 1037-52.
42. FAIRCHILD, I. J., MARSHALL, J. D. & BERTRAND-SARFATI, J. 1990. Stratigraphic shifts in carbon isotopes from Proterozoic stromatolitic carbonates (Mauritania); influences of primary mineralogy and diagenesis. American Journal of Science 290-A, 46-79.
43. FEDONKIN, M. A. 1990. Major events in the history of India: Precambrian metazoans. In Palaeobiology: A Synthesis (eds D. E. G. Briggs and P. R. Crowther), pp. 132-7. Bristol: University of Bristol.
44. 18O records in Precambrian carbonates: a Mesoproterozoic case study. In Carbonate sedimentation and diagenesis in the evolving Precambrian world (eds J. P. Grotzinger and N. P. James), pp. 315-26. SEPM Special Publication no. 67.
45. FRANK, T. D., LYONS, T. W. & LOHMANN, K. C 1997. Isotopic evidence for the paleoenvironmental evolution of the Mesoproterozoic Helena Formation, Belt Supergroup, Montana. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 5023-41.
46. GHAZBAN, F., SCHWARTZ, H. P. & FORD, D. C. 1992. Multistage dolomitization in the Society Cliffs Formation, northern Baffin Island Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earfh Sciences 29, 1459-73.
47. GROTZINGER, J. P. 1989. Facies and evolution of Precambrian depositional systems: emergence of the modern platform archetype. In Controls on Carbonate Platform and Basin Development (eds P. D. Crevello, J. J. Wilson, J. F. Sarg and J. F. Read), pp. 79-106. SEPM Special Publication no. 44.
48. GROTZINGER, J. P. 1990. Geochemical model for Proterozoic stromatolite decline. American Journal of Science 290A, 80-103.
49. GROTZINGER, J. P., BOWRING, S. A., SAYLOR, B. Z. & KAUFMAN, A. J. 1995. Biostratigraphic and geochronologic constraints on early animal evolution. Science 270, 598-604.
50. GROTZINGER, J. P., WATTERS, W. A. & KNOLL, A. H. 2000. Calcified metazoans in thrombolite-stromatolite reefs of the terminal Proterozoic Nama Group, Namibia. Paleobiology 26, 334-59.
51. HILDEBRAND, R. 1981. Early Proterozoic Labine Group of Wopmay Orogen: remnant of a continental volcanic arc developed during oblique convergence. In Proterozoic Basins of Canada (ed. F. H. A. Campbell), pp. 133-56. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 81-10.
52. HOFFMAN, P. F. 1980a. Conjugate transcurrent faults in north-central Wopmay Orogen (early Proterozoic) and their dip-slip reactivation during post-orogenic extension, Hepburn Lake map area, District of Mackenzie. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 80-1A, 183-5.
53. HOFFMAN, P. F. 1980b. On the relative age of the Muskox intrusion and the Coppermine River basalts, District of Mackenzie. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 80-1A, 223-5.
54. HOFFMAN, P. E. 1989. Speculations on Laurentia's first gigayear (2.0 to 1.0 Ga). Geology 17, 135-8.
55. HOFFMAN, P. F. 1991. Did the breakout of Laurentia turn Gondwanaland inside-out? Science 252, 1409-12.
56. HOFFMAN, P. F. & BOWRING, S. A. 1984. Short-lived 1.9 Ga continental margin and its destruction, Wopmay orogen, northwest Canada. Geology 12, 68-72.
57. HOFFMAN, P. F., KAUFMAN, A. J. & HALVERSON, G. P. 1998. Comings and goings of global glaciations on a Neoproterozoic tropical platform in Namibia. GSA Today 8, 1-9.
58. HOFFMAN, P. F., KAUFMAN, A. J. & HALVERSON, G. P. & SCHRAG, D. P. 1998. A Neoproterozoic snowball Earth. Science 281, 1342-6.
59. HOFFMAN, P. F. & ST-ONGE, M. R. 1981. Contemporaneous thrusting and conjugate transcurrent faulting during the second collision in Wopmay Orogen: implications for the subsurface structure if post-orogenic outliers. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 80-1A, 251-7.
60. HOFMANN, H. J. & JACKSON, G. D. 1991. Shelf-facies microfossils from the Uluksan Group (Proterozoic Bylot Supergroup), Baffin Island, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 65, 361-82.
61. HOLLAND, H. D. 1984. The chemical evolution of the atmosphere and oceans. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 582 pp.
62. HORODYSKI, R. J. & DONALDSON, J. A. 1980. Microfossils from the Middle Proterozoic Dismal Lakes Group, Arctic Canada. Precambrian Research 11, 125-59.
63. HORODYSKI, R. J. & DONALDSON, J. A. 1983. Distribution and significance of microfossils in cherts of the Middle Proterozoic Dismal Lakes Group, District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 57,271-88.
64. IRVINE, T. N. 1970. Crystallization sequences in the Muskox intrusion and other layered intrusions, I. Olivine-pyroxene-plagioclase relations. Geological Society of South Africa, Special Publication 1, 441-76.
65. JAVAUX, E. J., KNOLL, A. H. & WALTER, M. R. 2001. Morphological and ecological complexity in early eukaryotic ecosystems. Nature 412, 66-9.
66. 18O signatures in Proterozoic dolostones: Geochemical constraints on seawater chemistry and early diagenesis. In Carbonate sedimentation and diagenesis in the evolving Precambrian world (eds J. P. Grotzinger and N. P. James), pp. 345-60. SEPM Special Publication no. 67.
67. KAH, L. C. & BARTLEY, J. K. 1997. Establishing a carbon isotopic reference curve for the Mesoproterozoic: Biogeochemical links to the tectonic assembly of Rodinia: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 29, A-115.
68. KAH, L. C., BARTLEY, J. K., FRANK, T. D. & LYONS, T. W. 1999b. Reef facies and possible chemosynthetic communities of the Sulky formation, ∼1.3 Ga Dismal Lakes Group, NWT, Canada. Geological Association of Canada/Mineralogical Association of Canada, Joint Annual Meeting Abstracts 24, 60.
69. KAH, L. C. & KNOLL, A. H. 1996. Microbenthic distribution in Proterozoic tidal flats: Environmental and tapholomic considerations. Geology 24, 79-82.
70. KAH, L. C., LYONS, T. W. & CHESLEY, J. T. 2001. Geochemistry of a 1.2 Ga carbonate-evaporite succession, northern Baffin and Bylot Islands: implications for Mesoproterozoic marine evolution. Precambrian Research 111, 203-34.
71. 13C isotope stratigraphy of the Mesoproterozoic Bylot Supergroup, northern Baffin Island: Implications for regional lithostratigraphic correlations. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, 313-32.
72. KARHU, J. A. & HOLLAND, H. D. 1996. Carbon isotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Geology 24, 867-70.
73. KARLSTROM, K. E., ÅHALL, K.-I., HARLAN, S. S., WILLIAMS, M. L., MCLELLAND, J. & GEISSMAN, J. W. 2001. Long-lived (1.8-1.0 Ga) convergent orogen in southern Laurentia, its extensions to Australia and Baltica, and implications for refining Rodinia. Precambrian Research 111, 5-30.
74. KAUFMAN, A. J., HAYES, J. M., KNOLL, A. H. & GERMS, G. J. B. 1991. Isotopic compositions of carbonates and organic carbon from upper Proterozoic successions in Namibia: stratigraphic variation and the effects of diagenesis and metamorphism. Precambrian Research 49, 301-27.
75. KAUFMAN, A. J., JACOBSEN, S. B. & KNOLL, A. H. 1993. The Vendian record of Sr and C isotopic variations in seawater: Implications for tetonics and paleoclimate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 120, 409-30.
76. KAUFMAN, A. J. & KNOLL, A. H. 1995. Neoproterozoic variations in the C-isotopic composition of seawater; stratigraphic and biogeochemical implications. Precambrian Research 73, 27-49.
77. KAUFMAN, A. J., KNOLL, A. H. & NARBONNE, G. M. 1997. Isotopes, ice ages, and terminal Proterozoic earth history. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, 6600-5.
78. KAUFMAN, A. J., KNOLL, A. H., SEMIKHATOV, M. A., GROTZINGER, J. P., JACOBSEN, S. B. & ADAMS, W. 1996. Integrated chronostratigraphy of Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary beds in the western Anabar Region, northern Siberia. Geological Magazine 133, 509-33.
79. 13C excursions, and carbonate precipitation. Journal of Sedimentary Research 66, 1050-64.
80. KERANS, C. 1983. Timing of emplacement of the Muskox intrusions: constraints from Coppermine Homocline cover strata. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 20, 673-83.
81. KERANS, C. & DONALDSON, J. A. 1988. Proterozoic paleokarst profile, Dismal lakes Group, N.W.T., Canada. In Paleokarst (eds N. P. James and P. W. Choquette), pp. 167-82. New York: Springer-Verlag.
82. KERANS, C. & DONALDSON, J. A. 1989. Deepwater conical stromatolite reef, Sulky Formation (Dismal Lakes Group), Middle Proterozoic, N.W.T. In Reefs, Canada and Adjacent Area (eds H. H. J. Geldsetzer, N. P. James and G. E. Tebutt), pp. 81-8. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir no. 13.
83. KERANS, C., ROSS, G. M., DONALDSON, J. A. & GELDSETZER, H. J. 1981. Tectonism and depositional history of the Helikian Hornby Bay and Dismal Lakes groups, District of Mackenzie. In Proterozoic Basins of Canada (ed. F. H. A. Campbell), pp. 157-82. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 81-10.
84. KHUDOLEY, A. K., RAINBIRD, R. H., STERN, R. A., KROPACHEV, A. P., HEAMAN, L. M., ZANIN, A. M., PODKOVYROV, V. N., BELOVA, V. N. & SUKHORUKOV, V. I. 2001. Sedimentary evolution of the Riphean-Vendian basin of southeastern Siberia. Precambrian Research 111, 129-63.
85. KNOLL, A. H. 1992. The early evolution of eukaryotes: a geological perspective. Science 256, 622-7.
86. KNOLL, A. H. 1994. Proterozoic and Early Cambrian protists: evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo. Proceedings, National Academy of Science 91, 6743-50.
87. KNOLL, A. H., BAMBACH, R. K., CANFIELD, D. E., & GROTZINGER, J. P. 1996. Comparative Earth history and Late Permian mass extinction. Science 273, 452-7.
88. KNOLL, A. H., FAIRCHILD, I. J. & SWETT, K. 1993. Calcified microbes in Neoproterozoic carbonates: implications for our understanding of the Proterozoic/Cambrian transition. Palaios 8, 512-25.
89. KNOLL, A. H., HAYES, J. M., KAUFMAN, A. J., SWETT, K. & LAMBERT, I. B. 1986. Secular variation in carbon isotope ratios from Upper Proterozoic successions of Svalbard and East Greenland. Nature 321, 832-8.
90. KNOLL, A. H., KAUFMAN, A. J. & SEMIKHATOV, M. A. 1995. The carbon isotopic composition of Proterozoic carbonates: Riphean successions from northwestern Siberia (Anabar Massif, Turukhansk Uplift). American Journal of Science 295, 823-50.
91. KNOLL, A. H. & SERGEEV, V N. 1995. Taphonomic and evolutionary changes across the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic boundary. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie 195, 289-302.
92. KNOLL, A. H. & SWETT, K. 1990. Carbonate deposition during the late Proterozoic era: an example from Spitsbergen. American Journal of Science 290-A, 104-32.
93. KNOLL, A. H. & WALTER, M. R. 1992. Latest Proterozoic stratigraphy and Earth history. Nature 136, 673-8.
94. KUMP, L. R. 1991. Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: Strangelove oceans. Geology 19, 299-302.
95. KUMP, L. R. & ARTHUR, M. A. 1999. Interpreting carbonisotope excursions; carbonates and organic matter. Chemical Geology 161, 181-98.
96. LAMBERT, I. B., WALTER, M. R., WENLONG, Z., SONGNIAN, L. & GUOGAN, M. 1987. Palaeoenvironment and carbon isotope stratigraphy of Upper Proterozoic carbonates of the Yangtze Platform. Nature 325, 140-2.
97. LECHEMINANT, A. N. & HEAMAN, L. M. 1989. Mackenzie igneous events, Canada: Middle Proterozoic hotspot magmatism associated with ocean opening. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 96, 38-48.
98. LUEPKE, & LYONS, T.W. 2001. Pre-Rodinian (Meso-proterozoic) supercontinental rifting along the western margin of Laurentia; geochemical evidence from the Belt-Purcell Supergroup. Precambrian Research 111, 79-90.
99. LINDSAY, J. F. & BRASIER, M. D. 2000. A carbon isotope reference curve for ca. 1700-1575 Ma, McArthur and Mount Isa Basins, Northern Australia. Precambrian Research 99, 271-308.
100. LOHMANN, K. C. 1988. Geochemical patterns of meteoric diagenetic systems and their application to studies of paleokarst. In Paleokarst (eds N. P. James and P. W. Choquette), pp. 58-80. Springer-Verlag.
101. MAGARITZ, M., KIRSCHVINK, J. L., LATHAM, A. J., ZHURAVLEV, A. Y. & ROZANOV, A. Y. 1991. Precambrian/Cambrian boundary problem: Carbon isotope correlations for Vendian and Tommotian time between Siberia and Morocco. Geology 19, 847-50.
102. MCLELLAND, J., DALY, J. S. & MCLELLAND, J. M. 1996. The Grenville orogenic cycle (ca. 1350-1000 Ma); an Adirondack perspective. Tectonophysics 265, 1-28.
103. MOORES, E. M. 2002. Pre-1 Ga (pre-Rodinian) ophiolites; their tectonic and environmental implications. Geological Society of America Bulletin 114, 80-95.
104. NARBONNE, G. M. 1998. The Ediacara biota: a terminal Neoproterozoic experiment in the evolution of life. GSA Today 8, 1-6.
105. NARBONNE, G. M., KAUFMAN, A. J. & KNOLL, A. H. 1994. Integrated chemostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the upper Windermere Supergroup, northwestern Canada: Implications for Neoproterozoic correlations and the early evolution of animals. Geological Society of America Bulletin 106, 1281-92.
106. PARRISH, R. R. & BELL, R. T. 1987. Age of the NOR Breccia Pipe, Wernecke Supergroup, radiogenic age and isotopic studies. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 87-2, 3-42.
107. PAVLOV, A. A., HURTGEN, M. T., KASTING, J. F. & ARTHUR, M. A. 2003. Methane-rich Proterozoic atmosphere? Geology 31, 87-90.
108. PELECHATY, S. M., JAMES, N. P., KERANS, C. & GROTZINGER, J. P. 1991. A middle Proterozoic palaeokarst unconformity and associated sedimentary rocks; Elu Basin, Northwest Canada. Sedimentology 38, 775-97.
109. 13C isotope stratigraphy for intrabasinal correlation: Vendian strata of northeast Siberia. Geological Society of America Bulletin 108, 992-1003.
110. RAINBIRD, R. H., HEAMAN, L. M. & YOUNG, G. M. 1992. Sampling Laurentia; detrital zircon geochronology offers evidence for an extensive Neoproterozoic river system originating from the Grenville Orogen. Geology 20,351-4.
111. RAINBIRD, R. H., JEFFERSON, C. W., HILDEBRAND, R. S. & WORTH, J. K. 1994. The Shaler Supergroup and revision of Neoproterozoic stratigraphy in Amundsen Basin, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 1994-C, 61-70.
112. RAINBIRD, R. H., JEFFERSON, C. W. & YOUNG, G. M. 1996. The early Neoproterozoic sedimentary Succession B of northwestern Laurentia: Correlations and palaeogeographic significance. Geological Society of America Bulletin 108, 454-70.
113. ROSS, G. M. 1982. The Narakay Volcanic Complex: mafic volcanism in the Helikian Hornby Bay Group of Dease Arm, Great Bear Lake - a preliminary report on depositional processes and tectonic significance. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 82-1A, 329-40.
114. ROSS, G. M. & KERANS, C. 1988. Geology of the Hornby Bay and Dismal Lakes groups, Coppermine Homocline, District of Mackenzie, Northwest Territories. Geological Survey of Canada, Map 1663A, 1:250,000.
115. ROTHS, P. J. 1993. Geochemical and geochronological studies of the Grenville-age (1250-1000 Ma) Allamoore and Hazel Formations, Hudspeth and Culberson Counties, West Texas. In Precambrian geology of Franklin Mountains and Van Horn Area, Trans-Pecos, Texas (eds K. Socgaard, K. C. Nielsen, K. Marsaglia, C. Barnes, P. Roths, D. P. Elston and G. A. Clough), pp. 11-35. Denver: Geological Society of America.
116. SERGEEV, V. N. 1994. Microfossils in cherts from the Middle Riphean (Mesoproterozoic) Avzyan Formation, southern Ural Mountains, Russian Federation. Precambrian Research 65, 231-54.
117. SERGEEV, V. N., KNOLL, A. H. & GROTZINGER, J. P. 1995. Palaeobiology of the Mesoproterozoic Billyakh Group, northern Siberia. Palaeontological Society Memoir 39, 1-37.
118. SERGEEV, V. N., KNOLL, A. H., KOLOSOVA, S. P. & KOLOSOV, P. N. 1994. Microfossils in cherts from the Mesoproterozoic (Middle Riphean) Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, Northeastern Siberia. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 2, 19-33.
119. STRAUSS, H., DES, M. D. J., HAYES, J. M. & SUMMONS, R. E. 1992. The carbon-isotopic record. In The Proterozoic biosphere; a multidisciplinarv study (eds W. Schopf and C. Klein), pp. 117-27. Cambridge University Press.
120. SUMMONS, R. E. & WALTER, M. R. 1990. Molecular fossils and microfossils of prokaryotes and protists from Proterozoic sediments. American Journal of Science 290-A, 212-44.
121. SUMNER, D. Y. 1997. Late Archean calcite-microbe interactions: Two morphologically distinct microbial communities that affected calcite nucleation differently. Palaios 12, 302-18.
122. SUMNER, D. Y. & GROTZINGER, J. P 1996a. Herringbone calcite: Petrography and environmental significance. Journal of Sedimentary Research 66, 419-29.
123. SUMNER, D. Y. & GROTZINGER, J. P. 1996b. Were kinetics of Archean calcium carbonate precipitation related to oxygen concentration? Geology 24, 119-22.
124. VALLEY, J. W. 1986. Stable isotope geochemistry of metamorphic rocks. In Stable Isotopes in High Temperature Geological Processes (eds J. W. Valley, H. P. Taylor and J. R. O'Neil), pp. 445-90. Reviews in Mineralogy 16.
125. VAN SCHMUS, W. R. & BOWRING, S. A. 1980. Chronology of igneous events in the Wopmay Orogen, Northwest Territories, Canada. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs 12, 540.
126. VEIZER, J. 1983. Trace elements and isotopes in sedimentary carbonates. Reviews in Mineralogy 11, 265-300.
127. WOODS, K., KNOLL, A. H. & GERMAN, T. 1998. Xanthophyte algae from the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic transition: confirmation of evolutionary implications. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 30, A-232.
128. XIAO, S., KNOLL, A. H., KAUFMAN, A. J., YIN, L. & ZHANG, Y. 1997. Neoproterozoic fossils in Mesoproterozoic rocks? Chemostratigraphic resolution of a biostratigraphic conundrum from the North China Platform. Precambrian Research 84, 197-220.
129. XIAO, S., KNOLL, A. H. & YUAN, X. 1998. Morphological reconstruction of Miaohephyton bifurcatum, a possible brown alga from the Neoproterozoic Duoshantuo Formation, South China. Journal of Paleontology 72, 1072-86.
130. XIAO, S., ZHANG, Y. & KNOLL, A. H. 1998. Three-dimensional preservation of algae and animal embryos in a Neoproterozoic phosphorite. Nature 391, 553-8.
131. YOUNG, G. M. 1979. Correlation of middle and upper Proterozoic strata of the northern rim of the North Atlantic craton. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 70, 323-36.
132. YOUNG, G. M. 1981a. Upper Proterozoic supracrustal rocks of North America: a brief review. Precambrian Research 15, 305-30.
133. YOUNG, G. M. 1981b. The Amundsen Embayment, Northwest Territories; relevance to the Upper Proterozoic evolution of North America. In Proterozoic Basins of Canada (ed. F. H. A. Campbell), pp. 203-18. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 81-10.
134. ZACHOS, J. C., ARTHUR, M. A., & DEAN, W. E. 1989. Geochemical evidence for suppression of pelagic marine productivity at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature 337, 61-4.
135. ZHANG, Y. & YUAN, X. 1996, Sexual reproductive structures of Latest Proterozoic multicellular rhodophytes (red algae) from South China. Science in China, Series C, Life Sciences 39, 28-36.