Critical DNA damage recognition functions of XPC-hHR23B and XPA-RPA in nucleotide excision repair

Molecular Carcinogenesis

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 1-13

  Thoma, Brian S ^a   Vasquez, Karen M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

DNA repair; Global genome repair; Transcription coupled repair

Indexed keywords

BINDING PROTEIN; DNA; REPLICATION PROTEIN A; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM PROTEIN A REPLICATION PROTEIN A; XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM PROTEIN C HOMOLOG OF RAD23B;

CANCER; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL SURVIVAL; DNA DAMAGE; DNA TRANSCRIPTION; EXCISION REPAIR; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; REVIEW; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION;

DNA; DNA DAMAGE; DNA REPAIR; DNA-BINDING PROTEINS; HUMANS;

EID: 0141567801     PISSN: 08991987     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/mc.10143     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Hanawalt PC, Setlow RB. Effect of monochromatic UV on macromolecular synthesis in E. coli. Biochim Biophys Acta 1960;41:283-294.
2. Hanawalt PC. Controlling the efficiency of excision repair. Mutat Res 2001;485:3-13.
3. Hanawalt PC. Revisiting the rodent repairadox. Environ Mol Mutagen 2001;38:89-96.
4. Beukers R, Berends W. Isolation and identification of the irradiation product of thymine. Biochim Biophys Acta 1960;41:550-551.
5. Setlow JK, Setlow RB. Nature of the photoreactivable ultraviolet lesion in DNA. Nature 1963;197:560-562.
6. Pettijohn D, Hanawalt PC. Deoxyribonucleic acid replication in bacteria following ultraviolet irradiation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1963;72:127-129.
7. Pettijohn D, Hanawalt PC. Evidence for repair-replication of ultraviolet damaged DNA in bacteria. J Mol Biol 1964;9:395-410.
8. Setlow RB, Carrier WL. The disappearance of thymine dimers from DNA: An error-correcting mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1964;51:226-231.
9. Boyce R, Howard-Flanders P. Release of ultraviolet light-induced thymine dimers from DNA in E. coli K-12. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1964;51:293-300.
10. Hanawalt PC, Haynes R. Repair replication of DNA in bacteria: Irrelevance of chemical nature of base defect. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1965;19:462-467.
11. Wagner R, Jr., Meselson M. Repair tracts in mismatched DNA heteroduplexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1976;73:4135-4139.
12. Rasmussen RE, Painter RB. Evidence for repair of ultra-violet damaged deoxyribonucleic acid in cultured mammalian cells. Nature 1964;203:1360-1362.
13. Rasmussen RE, Painter RB. Radiation-stimulated DNA synthesis in cultured mammalian cells. J Cell Biol 1966;29:11-19.
14. Cleaver JE. Defective repair replication of DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum. Nature 1968;218:652-656.
15. Bootsma D, Kraemer KH, Cleaver JE, Hoeijmakers JH. Nucleotide excision repair syndromes: Xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, and trichothiodystrophy. The genetic basis of human cancer. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division; 2002. p 211-239.
16. Doll R, Peto R. The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981;66:1191-1308.
17. Friedberg EC, Walker GC, Siede W. DNA repair and mutagenesis. Washington, DC: 95th annual meeting of the American Society for Microbiology; 1995.
18. Araujo SJ, Tirode F, Coin F, et al. Nucleotide excision repair of DNA with recombinant human proteins: Definition of the minimal set of factors, active forms of TFIIH, and modulation by CAK. Genes Dev 2000;14:349-359.
19. Aboussekhra A, Biggerstaff M, Shivji MK, et al. Mammalian DNA nucleotide excision repair reconstituted with purified protein components. Cell 1995;80:859-868.
20. Mu D, Park CH, Matsunaga T, Hsu DS, Reardon JT, Sancar A. Reconstitution of human DNA repair excision nuclease in a highly defined system. J Biol Chem 1995;270:2415-2418.
21. Cleaver JE, States JC. The DNA damage-recognition problem in human and other eukaryotic cells: The XPA damage binding protein. Biochem J 1997;328:1-12.
22. Fujiwara Y, Masutani C, Mizukoshi T, Kondo J, Hanaoka F, Iwai S. Characterization of DNA recognition by the human UV-damaged DNA-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1999;274:20027-20033.
23. Evans E, Moggs JG, Hwang JR, Egly JM, Wood RD. Mechanism of open complex and dual incision formation by human nucleotide excision repair factors. EMBO J 1997;16:6559-6573.
24. Buschta-Hedayat N, Buterin T, Hess MT, Missura M, Naegeli H. Recognition of nonhybridizing base pairs during nucleotide excision repair of DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:6090-6095.
25. Hess MT, Naegeli H, Capobianco M. Stereoselectivity of human nucleotide excision repair promoted by defective hybridization. J Biol Chem 1998;273:27867-27872.
26. Hess MT, Schwitter U, Petretta M, Giese B, Naegeli H. Bipartite substrate discrimination by human nucleotide excision repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:6664-6669.
27. Sugasawa K, Okamoto T, Shimizu Y, Masutani C, Iwai S, Hanaoka F. A multistep damage recognition mechanism for global genomic nucleotide excision repair. Genes Dev 2001;15:507-521.
28. Sugasawa K, Ng JM, Masutani C, et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex is the initiator of global genome nucleotide excision repair. Mol Cell 1998;2:223-232.
29. Lao Y, Gomes XV, Ren Y, Taylor JS, Wold MS. Replication protein A interactions with DNA. III. Molecular basis of recognition of damaged DNA. Biochemistry 2000;39:850-859.
30. Reardon JT, Mu D, Sancar A. Overproduction, purification, and characterization of the XPC subunit of the human DNA repair excision nuclease. J Biol Chem 1996;271:19451-19456.
31. Hey T, Lipps G, Krauss G. Binding of XPA and RPA to damaged DNA investigated by fluorescence anisotropy. Biochemistry 2001;40:2901-2910.
32. Missura M, Buterin T, Hindges R, et al. Double-check probing of DNA bending and unwinding by XPA-RPA: An architectural function in DNA repair. EMBO J 2001;20:3554-3564.
33. Yang ZG, Liu Y, Mao LY, Zhang JT, Zou Y. Dimerization of human XPA and formation of XPA2-RPA protein complex. Biochemistry 2002;41:13012-13020.
34. Vasquez KM, Christensen J, Li L, Finch RA, Glazer PM. Human XPA and RPA DNA repair proteins participate in specific recognition of triplex-induced helical distortions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99:5848-5853.
35. Jones CJ, Wood RD. Preferential binding of the xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein to damaged DNA. Biochemistry 1993;32:12096-12104.
36. Asahina H, Kuraoka I, Shirakawa M, et al. The XPA protein is a zinc metalloprotein with an ability to recognize various kinds of DNA damage. Mutat Res 1994;315:229-237.
37. Robins P, Jones CJ, Biggerstaff M, Lindahl T, Wood RD. Complementation of DNA repair in xeroderma pigmentosum group A cell extracts by a protein with affinity for damaged DNA. EMBO J 1991;10:3913-3921.
38. Wakasugi M, Sancar A. Order of assembly of human DNA repair excision nuclease. J Biol Chem 1999;274:18759-18768.
39. He Z, Henricksen LA, Wold MS, Ingles CJ. RPA involvement in the damage-recognition and incision steps of nucleotide excision repair. Nature 1995;374:566-569.
40. Batty D, Rapic'-Otrin V, Levine AS, Wood RD. Stable binding of human XPC complex to irradiated DNA confers strong discrimination for damaged sites. J Mol Biol 2000;300:275-290.
41. Kusumoto R, Masutani C, Sugasawa K, et al. Diversity of the damage recognition step in the global genomic nucleotide excision repair in vitro. Mutat Res 2001;485:219-227.
42. Tanaka K, Miura N, Satokata I, et al. Analysis of a human DNA excision repair gene involved in group A xeroderma pigmentosum and containing a zinc-finger domain. Nature 1990;348:73-76.
43. Kobayashi T, Takeuchi S, Saijo M, et al. Mutational analysis of a function of xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA) protein in strand-specific DNA repair. Nucleic Acids Res 1998;26:4662-4668.
44. Mu D, Wakasugi M, Hsu DS, Sancar A. Characterization of reaction intermediates of human excision repair nuclease. J Biol Chem 1997;272:28971-28979.
45. Mu D, Hsu DS, Sancar A. Reaction mechanism of human DNA repair excision nuclease. J Biol Chem 1996;271:8285-8294.
46. Li L, Lu X, Peterson CA, Legerski RJ. An interaction between the DNA repair factor XPA and replication protein A appears essential for nucleotide excision repair. Mol Cell Biol 1995;15:5396-5402.
47. Sugasawa K, Shimizu Y, Iwai S, Hanaoka F. A molecular mechanism for DNA damage recognition by the xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex. DNA Repair (Amst) 2002;1:95-107.
48. Mu D, Tursun M, Duckett DR, Drummond JT, Modrich P, Sancar A. Recognition and repair of compound DNA lesions (base damage and mismatch) by human mismatch repair and excision repair systems. Mol Cell Biol 1997;17:760-769.
49. Moggs JG, Szymkowski DE, Yamada M, Karran P, Wood RD. Differential human nucleotide excision repair of paired and mispaired cisplatin-DNA adducts. Nucleic Acids Res 1997;25:480-491.
50. Mu D, Sancar A. Model for XPC-independent transcription-coupled repair of pyrimidine dimers in humans. J Biol Chem 1997;272:7570-7573.
51. Yokoi M, Masutani C, Maekawa T, Sugasawa K, Ohkuma Y, Hanaoka F. The xeroderma pigmentosum group C protein complex XPC-HR23B plays an important role in the recruitment of transcription factor IIH to damaged DNA. J Biol Chem 2000;275:9870-9875.
52. Li RY, Calsou P, Jones CJ, Salles B. Interactions of the transcription/DNA repair factor TFIIH and XP repair proteins with DNA lesions in a cell-free repair assay. J Mol Biol 1998;281:211-218.
53. Uchida A, Sugasawa K, Masutani C, et al. The carboxy-terminal domain of the XPC protein plays a crucial role in nucleotide excision repair through interactions with transcription factor IIH. DNA Repair (Amst) 2002;1:449-461.
54. Park CH, Mu D, Reardon JT, Sancar A. The general transcription-repair factor TFIIH is recruited to the excision repair complex by the XPA protein independent of the TFIIE transcription factor. J Biol Chem 1995;270:4896-4902.
55. Nocentini S, Coin F, Saijo M, Tanaka K, Egly JM. DNA damage recognition by XPA protein promotes efficient recruitment of transcription factor II H. J Biol Chem 1997;272:22991-22994.
56. Winkler GS, Sugasawa K, Eker AP, de Laat WL, Hoeijmakers JH. Novel functional interactions between nucleotide excision DNA repair proteins influencing the enzymatic activities of TFIIH, XPG, and ERCC1-XPF. Biochemistry 2001;40:160-165.
57. Volker M, Mone MJ, Karmakar P, et al. Sequential assembly of the nucleotide excision repair factors in vivo. Mol Cell 2001;8:213-224.
58. Drapkin R, Reardon JT, Ansari A, et al. Dual role of TFIIH in DNA excision repair and in transcription by RNA polymerase II. Nature 1994;368:769-772.
59. Feaver WJ, Svejstrup JQ, Bardwell L, et al. Dual roles of a multiprotein complex from S. cerevisiae in transcription and DNA repair. Cell 1993;75:1379-1387.
60. Schaeffer L, Roy R, Humbert S, et al. DNA repair helicase: A component of BTF2 (TFIIH) basic transcription factor. Science 1993;260:58-63.
61. Mansbridge JN, Hanawalt PC. Domain-limited repair of DNA in ultraviolet irradiated fibroblasts from xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C. Cellular responses to DNA damage: Proceedings of the UCLA symposium held at Keystone, Colorado, April 10-15, 1983. A.R. Liss; 1983. p xxiv, 753 p.
62. Tyrrell RM, Amaudruz F. Evidence for two independent pathways of biologically effective excision repair from its rate and extent in cells cultured from sun-sensitive humans. Cancer Res 1987;47:3725-3728.
63. Kantor GJ, Hull DR. The rate of removal of pyrimidine dimers in quiescent cultures of normal human and xeroderma pigmentosum cells. Mutat Res 1984;132:21-31.
64. Venema J, van Hoffen A, Karcagi V, Natarajan AT, van Zeeland AA, Mullenders LH. Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C cells remove pyrimidine dimers selectively from the transcribed strand of active genes. Mol Cell Biol 1991;11:4128-4134.
65. Mellon I, Spivak G, Hanawalt PC. Selective removal of transcription-blocking DNA damage from the transcribed strand of the mammalian DHFR gene. Cell 1987;51:241-249.
66. Mellon I, Hanawalt PC. Induction of the Escherichia coli lactose operon selectively increases repair of its transcribed DNA strand. Nature 1989;342:95-98.
67. Hanawalt PC. Transcription-coupled repair and human disease. Science 1994;266:1957-1958.
68. Hanawalt PC, Mellon I. Stranded in an active gene. Curr Biol 1993;3:67-69.
69. Donahue BA, Yin S, Taylor JS, Reines D, Hanawalt PC. Transcript cleavage by RNA polymerase II arrested by a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer in the DNA template. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:8502-8506.
70. Le Page F, Kwoh EE, Avrutskaya A, et al. Transcription-coupled repair of 8-oxoguanine: Requirement for XPG, TFIIH, and CSB and implications for Cockayne syndrome. Cell 2000;101:159-171.
71. Wood RD. DNA damage recognition during nucleotide excision repair in mammalian cells. Biochimie 1999;81:39-44.
72. Mayne LV, Lehmann AR. Failure of RNA synthesis to recover after UV irradiation: An early defect in cells from individuals with Cockayne's syndrome and xeroderma pigmentosum. Cancer Res 1982;42:1473-1478.
73. van Oosterwijk MF, Versteeg A, Filon R, van Zeeland AA, Mullenders LH. The sensitivity of Cockayne's syndrome cells to DNA-damaging agents is not due to defective transcription-coupled repair of active genes. Mol Cell Biol 1996;16:4436-4444.
74. Tantin D. RNA polymerase II elongation complexes containing the Cockayne syndrome group B protein interact with a molecular complex containing the transcription factor IIH components xeroderma pigmentosum B and p62. J Biol Chem 1998;273:27794-27799.
75. Leadon SA. Transcription-coupled repair of DNA damage: Unanticipated players, unexpected complexities. Am J Hum Genet 1999;64:1259-1263.
76. Selby CP, Sancar A. Human transcription-repair coupling factor CSB/ERCC6 is a DNA-stimulated ATPase but is not a helicase and does not disrupt the ternary transcription complex of stalled RNA polymerase II. J Biol Chem 1997;272:1885-1890.
77. Iyer N, Reagan MS, Wu KJ, Canagarajah B, Friedberg EC. Interactions involving the human RNA polymerase II transcription/nucleotide excision repair complex TFIIH, the nucleotide excision repair protein XPG, and Cockayne syndrome group B (CSB) protein. Biochemistry 1996;35:2157-2167.
78. Kim C, Paulus BF, Wold MS. Interactions of human replication protein A with oligonucleotides. Biochemistry 1994;33:14197-14206.
79. Kim C, Snyder RO, Wold MS. Binding properties of replication protein A from human and yeast cells. Mol Cell Biol 1992;12:3050-3059.
80. Wobbe CR, Weissbach L, Borowiec JA, et al. Replication of simian virus 40 origin-containing DNA in vitro with purified proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987;84:1834-1838.
81. Wold MS, Kelly T. Purification and characterization of replication protein A, a cellular protein required for in vitro replication of simian virus 40 DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:2523-2527.
82. Fairman MP, Stillman B. Cellular factors required for multiple stages of SV40 DNA replication in vitro. EMBO J 1988;7:1211-1218.
83. de Laat WL, Appeldoorn E, Sugasawa K, Weterings E, Jaspers NG, Hoeijmakers JH. DNA-binding polarity of human replication protein A positions nucleases in nucleotide excision repair. Genes Dev 1998;12:2598-2609.
84. Shivji MK, Eker AP, Wood RD. DNA repair defect in xeroderma pigmentosum group C and complementing factor from HeLa cells. J Biol Chem 1994;269:22749-22757.
85. Guzder SN, Habraken Y, Sung P, Prakash L, Prakash S. Reconstitution of yeast nucleotide excision repair with purified Rad proteins, replication protein A, and transcription factor TFIIH. J Biol Chem 1995;270:12973-12976.
86. Bohr VA, Smith CA, Okumoto DS, Hanawalt PC. DNA repair in an active gene: Removal of pyrimidine dimers from the DHFR gene of CHO cells is much more efficient than in the genome overall. Cell 1985;40:359-369.
87. Mitchell DL, Nairn RS. The biology of the (6-4) photoproduct. Photochem Photobiol 1989;49:805-819.
88. van Hoffen A, Venema J, Meschini R, van Zeeland AA, Mullenders LH. Transcription-coupled repair removes both cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts with equal efficiency and in a sequential way from transcribed DNA in xeroderma pigmentosum group C fibroblasts Embo J 1995;14:360-367.
89. Emmert S, Kobayashi N, Khan SG, Kraemer KH. The xeroderma pigmentosum group C gene leads to selective repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers rather than 6-4 photoproducts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:2151-2156.
90. Hwang BJ, Chu G. Purification and characterization of a human protein that binds to damaged DNA. Biochemistry 1993;32:1657-1666.
91. Bessho T, Sancar A, Thompson LH, Thelen MP. Reconstitution of human excision nuclease with recombinant XPF-ERCC1 complex. J Biol Chem 1997;272:3833-3837.
92. Tang JY, Hwang BJ, Ford JM, Hanawalt PC, Chu G. Xeroderma pigmentosum p48 gene enhances global genomic repair and suppresses UV-induced mutagenesis. Mol Cell 2000;5:737-744.
93. Hwang BJ, Ford JM, Hanawalt PC, Chu G. Expression of the p48 xeroderma pigmentosum gene is p53-dependent and is involved in global genomic repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:424-428.
94. Wakasugi M, Shimizu M, Morioka H, Linn S, Nikaido O, Matsunaga T. Damaged DNA-binding protein DDB stimulates the excision of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers in vitro in concert with XPA and replication protein A. J Biol Chem 2001;276:15434-15440.
95. Wakasugi M, Kawashima A, Morioka H, et al. DDB accumulates at DNA damage sites immediately after UV irradiation and directly stimulates nucleotide excision repair. J Biol Chem 2002;277:1637-1640.
96. Clugston CK, McLaughlin K, Kenny MK, Brown R. Binding of human single-stranded DNA binding protein to DNA damaged by the anticancer drug cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (11). Cancer Res 1992;52:6375-6379.
97. Patrick SM, Turchi JJ. Human replication protein A preferentially binds cisplatin-damaged duplex DNA in vitro. Biochemistry 1998;37:8808-8815.
98. Schweizer U, Hey T, Lipps G, Krauss G. Photocrosslinking locates a binding site for the large subunit of human replication protein A to the damaged strand of cisplatin-modified DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1999;27:3183-3189.
99. Reardon JT, Sancar A. Molecular anatomy of the human excision nuclease assembled at sites of DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol 2002;22:5938-5945.
100. Wold MS. Replication protein A: A heterotrimeric, single-stranded DNA-binding protein required for eukaryotic DNA metabolism. Annu Rev Biochem 1997;66:61-92.
101. Vasquez KM, Wilson JH. Triplex-directed modification of genes and gene activity. Trends Biochem Sci 1998;23:4-9.
102. Vasquez KM, Glazer PM. Triplex-forming oligonucleotides: Principles and applications. Q Rev Biophys 2002;35:89-107.
103. Barre FX, Ait-Si-Ali S, Giovannangeli C, et al. Unambiguous demonstration of triple-helix-directed gene modification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:3084-3088.
104. Vasquez KM, Narayanan L, Glazer PM. Specific mutations induced by triplex-forming oligonucleotides in mice. Science 2000;290:530-533.
105. Faruqi AF, Datta HJ, Carroll D, Seidman MM, Glazer PM. Triple-helix formation induces recombination in mammalian cells via a nucleotide excision repair-dependent pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2000;20:990-1000.
106. Datta HJ, Chan PP, Vasquez KM, Gupta RC, Glazer PM. Triplex-induced recombination in human cell-free extracts. Dependence on XPA and HsRad51. J Biol Chem 2001;276:18018-18023.
107. Vasquez KM, Wang G, Havre PA, Glazer PM. Chromosomal mutations induced by triplex-forming oligonucleotides in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1999;27:1176-1181.
108. Wang G, Seidman MM, Glazer PM. Mutagenesis in mammalian cells induced by triple helix formation and transcription-coupled repair. Science 1996;271:802-805.
109. He Z, Ingles CJ. Isolation of human complexes proficient in nucleotide excision repair. Nucleic Acids Res 1997;25:1136-1141.
110. Araujo SJ, Nigg EA, Wood RD. Strong functional interactions of TFIIH with XPC and XPG in human DNA nucleotide excision repair, without a preassembled repairosome. Mol Cell Biol 2001;21:2281-2291.
111. Balajee AS, Bohr VA. Genomic heterogeneity of nucleotide excision repair. Gene 2000;250:15-30.
112. Balajee AS, May A, Dianova I, Bohr VA. Efficient PCNA complex formation is dependent upon both transcription coupled repair and genome overall repair. Mutat Res 1998;409:135-146.
113. Balajee AS, May A, Bohr VA. Fine structural analysis of DNA repair in mammalian cells. Mutat Res 1998;404:3-11.
114. Karmarkar P, Leer-van Hoffen A, Natarajan AT, van Zeeland AA, Mullenders LH. UV-induced alterations in the spatial distribution of the basal transcription factor TFIIH: An early event in nucleotide excision repair. Mutat Res 1998;404:129-131.
115. Aboussekhra A, Wood RD. Detection of nucleotide excision repair incisions in human fibroblasts by immunostaining for PCNA. Exp Cell Res 1995;221:326-332.
116. Miura M, Nakamura S, Sasaki T, Takasaki Y, Shiomi T, Yamaizumi M. Roles of XPG and XPF/ERCC1 endonucleases in UV-induced immunostaining of PCNA in fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1996;226:126-132.
117. Otrin VR, McLenigan M, Takao M, Levine AS, Protic M. Translocation of a UV-damaged DNA binding protein into a tight association with chromatin after treatment of mammalian cells with UV light. J Cell Sci 1997;110(Pt 10): 159-1168.
118. Park MS, Knauf JA, Pendergrass SH, et al. Ultraviolet-induced movement of the human DNA repair protein, Xeroderma pigmentosum type G, in the nucleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:8368-8373.
119. Houtsmuller AB, Rademakers S, Nigg AL, Hoogstraten D, Hoeijmakers JH, Vermeulen W. Action of DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1/XPF in living cells. Science 1999;284:958-961.
120. Branum ME, Reardon JT, Sancar A. DNA repair excision nuclease attacks undamaged DNA. A potential source of spontaneous mutations. J Biol Chem 2001;276:25421-25426.
121. Hey T, Lipps G, Sugasawa K, Iwai S, Hanaoka F, Krauss G. The XPC-HR23B complex displays high affinity and specificity for damaged DNA in a true-equilibrium fluorescence assay. Biochemistry 2002;41:6583-6587.
122. Hermanson-Miller IL, Turchi JJ. Strand-specific binding of RPA and XPA to damaged duplex DNA. Biochemistry 2002;41:2402-2408.
123. Furuta T, Ueda T, Aune G, Sarasin A, Kraemer KH, Pommier Y. Transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair as a determinant of cisplatin sensitivity of human cells. Cancer Res 2002;62:4899-4902.
124. Sugasawa K, Masutani C, Uchida A, et al. HHR23B, a human Rad23 homolog, stimulates XPC protein in nucleotide excision repair in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 1996;16:4852-4861.
125. Sugasawa K, Ng JM, Masutani C, et al. Two human homologs of Rad23 are functionally interchangeable in complex formation and stimulation of XPC repair activity. Mol Cell Biol 1997;17:6924-6931.
126. Moggs JG, Yarema KJ, Essigmann JM, Wood RD. Analysis of incision sites produced by human cell extracts and purified proteins during nucleotide excision repair of a 1,3-intrastrand d(GpTpG)-cisplatin adduct. J Biol Chem 1996;271:7177-7186.