Response of subglacial sediments to basal freeze-on 1. Theory and comparison to observations from beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 108, Issue 4, 2003, Pages

  Christoffersen, Poul ^a   Tulaczyk, Slawek ^b  

^a TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Antarctica; Basal ice; Freeze on; Ice stream; Stoppage; Till

Indexed keywords

BASAL ICE; FREEZING; FROST HEAVE; ICE SHEET; ICE STREAM; SUBGLACIAL DEPOSIT;

ANTARCTICA; WEST ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET;

EID: 0043094318     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Alley, R. B., D. D. Blankenship, C. R. Bentley, and S. T. Rooney, Till beneath Ice Stream-B, 3, Till deformation - Evidence and implications, J. Geophys. Res., 92(B9), 8921-8929, 1987.
2. Alley, R. B., S. Anandakrishnan, C. R. Bentley, and N. Lord, A water-piracy hypothesis for the stagnation of Ice Stream C, Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., 20, 187-194, 1994.
3. Alley, R. B., K. M. Cuffey, E. B. Evenson, J. C. Strasser, D. E. Lawson, and G. J. Larson, How glaciers entrain and transport basal sediment: Physical constraints, Quat. Sci. Rev., 16(9), 1017-1038, 1997.
4. Anandakrishnan, S., D. D. Blankenship, R. B. Alley, and P. L. Stoffa, Influence of subglacial geology on the position of a West Antarctic ice stream from seismic observations, Nature, 394, 62-65, 1998.
5. Anderson, J. B., Antarctic Marine Geology, 289 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1999.
6. Bell, R. E., D. D. Blankenship, C. A. Finn, D. L. Morse, T. A. Scambos, J. M. Brozena, and S. M. Hodge, Influence of subglacial geology on the onset of a West Antarctic ice stream from aerogeophysical observations, Nature, 394, 58-62, 1998.
7. Bentley, C. R., Geophysics: Ice on the fast track. Nature, 394, 21-22, 1998.
8. Bentley, C. R., N. Lord, and C. Liu, Radar reflections reveal a wet bed beneath stagnant Ice Stream C and a frozen bed beneath ridge BC, West Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 44(146), 149-156, 1998.
9. Biermans, M., K. M. Dijkema, and D. A. Devries, Water-movement in porous media towards an ice front, J. Hydrol., 37(1-2), 137-148, 1978.
10. Blankenship, D. D., C. R. Bentley, S. T. Rooney, and R. B. Alley, Seismic measurements reveal a saturated porous layer beneath an active Antarctic ice stream, Nature, 322, 54-57, 1986.
11. Blankenship, D. D., C. R. Bentley, S. T. Rooney, and R. B. Alley, Till beneath Ice Stream-B, 1, Properties derived from seismic travel-times, J. Geophys. Res., 92(B9), 8903-8911, 1987.
12. Bougamont, M., S. Tulaczyk, and I. Joughin, Response of subglacial sediments to basal freeze-on, 2, Application in numerical modeling of the recent stoppage of Ice Stream C, West Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi:10.1029/2002JB001936, in press, 2003.
13. Boulton, G. S., and K. E. Dobbie, Consolidation of sediments by glaciers: Relations between sediment geotechnics, soft-bed glacier dynamics and subglacial groundwater flow, J. Glaciol., 39(131), 26-44, 1993.
14. Boulton, G. S., and U. Spring, Isotopic fractionation at the base of polar and sub-polar glaciers, J. Glaciol., 32(112), 475-485, 1986.
15. Boulton, G. S., P. E. Caban, and K. van Gijssel, Groundwater flow beneath ice sheets, 1, Large scale patterns, Quat. Sci. Rev., 14(6), 545-562, 1995.
16. Carsey, F., A. Behar, and A. L. Lane, Ice borehole video of basal domain of Ice Stream C in the 2000-2001 field season, Eos Trans. AGU, 82(47), F536, Fall Meet. Suppl., 2001.
17. Carsey, F., A. Behar, A. L. Lane, V. Realmuto, and H. Engelhardt, A borehole camera system for imaging the deep interior of ice sheets, J. Glaciol, in press, 2003.
18. Catania, G., and C. Paola, Braiding under glass, Geology, 29(3), 259-262, 2001.
19. Christoffersen, P., and S. Tulaczyk, Thermodynamics of basal freeze-on: Predicting basal and subglacial signatures beneath stopped ice streams and interstream ridges, Ann. Glaciol., in press, 2003.
20. Domenico, P. A., and F. W. Schwartz, Physical and Chemical Hydrogeology, 824 pp., John Wiley, New York, 1990.
21. Echelmeyer, K. A., W. D. Harrison, C. Larsen, and J. E. Mitchell, The role of the margins in the dynamics of an active ice stream, J. Glaciol., 40(136), 527-538, 1994.
22. Engelhardt, H., and B. Kamb, Basal hydraulic system of a West Antarctic ice stream: Constraints from borehole observations, J. Glaciol., 43(144), 207-230, 1997.
23. Engelhardt, H., and B. Kamb, Basal sliding of Ice Stream B, West Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 44(147), 223-230, 1998.
24. Engelhardt, H., N. Humphrey, B. Kamb, and M. Fahnestock, Physical conditions at the base of a fast moving Antarctic ice stream. Science, 248, 57-59, 1990.
25. Everett, The thermodynamics of frost damage to porous solids, Trans. Faraday Soc., 57, 1541-1551, 1961.
26. Fowler, A. C., and W. B. Krantz, A generalized secondary frost heave model, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 54(6), 1650-1675, 1994.
27. Gades, A. M., C. F. Raymond, H. Conway, and R. W. Jacobel, Bed properties of Siple Dome and adjacent ice streams, West Antarctica, inferred from radio-echo sounding measurements, J. Glaciol., 46(152), 88-94, 2000.
28. Gold, L. W., A possible force mechanism associated with freezing of water in porous materials, High. Res. Board Bull., 168, 65-72, 1957.
29. Goodwin, I. D., Basal ice accretion and debris entrainment within the coastal ice margin, Law Dome, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 39(131), 157-166, 1993.
30. Gow, A. J., S. Epstein, and W. Sheeny, On the origin of stratified debris in ice cores from the bottom of the Antarctic ice sheet, J. Glaciol., 23(89), 1979, 1979.
31. Gow, A. J., D. A. Meese, R. B. Alley, J. J. Fitzpatrick, S. Anandakrishnan, G. A. Woods, and B. C. Elder, Physical and structural properties of the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core: A review, J. Geophys. Res., 102(C12), 26,559-26,575, 1997.
32. Harrison, W. D., Temperature of a temperate glacier, J. Glaciol., 11(61), 15-29, 1972.
33. Herron, S., and C. C. J. Langway. The debris-laden ice at the bottom of the Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Glaciol., 23(89), 193-208, 1979.
34. Hohmann, M., Soil freezing: The concept of soil water potential: State of the art, Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 25(2), 101-110, 1997.
35. Hooke, R. L., Principles of Glacier Mechanics, 248 pp., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1998.
36. Hooker, B. L., S. J. Fitzsimons, and R. K. Morgan, Chemical characteristics and origin of clear basal ice facies in dry-based glaciers, South Victoria Land, Antarctica, Glob. Planet. Change, 22, 29-38, 1999.
37. Hopke, S. W., A model for frost heave including overburden, Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 3(2-3), 111-127, 1980.
38. Howat, I. M., and E. W. Domack, Western Ross Sea paleo-ice stream grounding zone reconstruction from high-resolution seismic stratigraphy, Boreas, in press, 2003.
39. Hubbard, B., Freezing-rate effects on the physical characteristics of basal ice formed by net adfreezing, J. Glaciol., 37(127), 339-347, 1991.
40. Hubbard, B., and M. Sharp, Basal ice facies and their formation in the Western Alps, Arct. Alp. Res., 27(4), 301-310, 1995.
41. Iverson, N. R., Regelation of ice through debris at glacier beds: Implications for sediment transport, Geology, 21(6), 559-562, 1993.
42. Iverson, N. R., and D. J. Semmens, Intrusion of ice into porous media by regelation: A mechanism of sediment entrainment by glaciers, J. Geophys. Res., 100(B6), 10,219-10,230, 1995.
43. Jackson, M., and B. Kamb, The marginal shear stress of Ice Stream B, West Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 43(145), 415-426, 1997.
44. Jacobson, H. P., and C. F. Raymond, Thermal effects on the location of ice stream margins, J. Geophys. Res., 103(12), 12,111-12,122, 1998.
45. Joughin, I., and S. Tulaczyk, Positive mass balance of the Ross Ice Streams, West Antarctica, Science, 295, 476-480, 2002.
46. Joughin, I., S. Tulaczyk, R. Bindschadler, and S. Price, Changes in West Antarctic ice stream velocities: Observation and analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B11), 2289, doi:10.1029/2001JB001029, 2002.
47. Joughin, I., S. Tulaczyk, and H. Engelhardt, Basal melt beneath Whillans Ice Stream, and Ice Streams A and C, Ann. Glaciol., in press, 2003.
48. Kamb, B., Rheological nonlinearity and flow instability in the deforming bed mechanism of ice stream motion, J. Geophys. Res., 96(B10), 16,585-16,595, 1991.
49. Kamb, B., Basal zone of the West Antarctic ice streams and its role in lubrication of their rapid motion, in The West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Behavior and Environment, AGU Antarct. Res. Ser., vol. 77, edited by R. B. Alley and R. A. Bindschadler, pp. 157-201, AGU, Washington, D.C., 2001a.
50. Kamb, B., Looking at basal processes in glaciers and ice sheets with borehole photography and video, Eos Trans. AGU, 82(47), Fall Meet. Suppl., F536, 2001b.
51. Kirkbride, M. P., Processes of transport, in Modern Glacial Environments: Processes, Dynamics, and Sediments, edited by J. Menzies, pp. 261-292, Butterworth-Heinemann, Newton, Mass., 1995.
52. Knight, P. G., The basal layer of glaciers and ice sheets, Quat. Sci. Rev., 16(9), 975-993, 1997.
53. Koerner, R. M., and D. A. Fisher, Discontinuous flow, ice structure, and dirt content in the basal layers of the Devon Island ice cap, J. Glaciol., 23(89), 209-220, 1979.
54. Konrad, J. M., Frost heave in soils: Concepts and engineering, Can. Geotech. J., 31(2), 223-245, 1994.
55. Konrad, J. M., and C. Duquennoi, A model for water transport and ice lensing in freezing soils, Water Resour. Res., 29(9), 3109-3124, 1993.
56. Krantz, W. B., and K. E. Adams, Application of a fully predictive model for secondary frost heave, Arct. Alp. Res., 28(3), 284-293, 1996.
57. Lawson, D. E., and J. B. Kulla, Oxygen isotope investigation of origin of basal ice of Matanuska glacier, Alaska, Eos Trans. AGU, 58(6), 385, 1977.
58. Lawson, D. E., J. C. Strasser, E. B. Evenson, R. B. Alley, G. J. Larson, and S. A. Arcone, Glaciohydraulic supercooling - a freeze-on mechanism to create stratified, debris-rich basal ice, I, Field evidence, J. Glaciol., 44(148), 547-562, 1998.
59. Michalowski, R. L., A constitutive model of saturated soils for frost heave simulations, Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 22(1), 47-63, 1993.
60. Mitchell, J. K., Fundamentals of Soil Behavior, 437 pp., John Wiley, New York, 1993.
61. Miyata, Y., A thermodynamic study of liquid transportation in freezing porous media, JSME Int. J. Ser. B-Fluids Therm. Eng., 41(3), 601-609, 1998.
62. Miyata, Y., and S. Akagawa, An experimental study of dynamic solid-liquid phase equilibrium in a porous medium, JSME Int. J. Ser. B-Fluids Therm. Eng., 41(3), 590-600, 1998.
63. O'Neill, K., The physics of mathematical frost heave models: A review, Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 6(3), 275-291, 1983.
64. O'Neill, K., and R. D. Miller, Exploration of a rigid ice model of frost heave, Water Resour. Res., 21(3), 281-296, 1985.
65. Padilla, F., and J. P. Villeneuve, Modeling and experimental studies of frost heave including solute effects, Cold Reg. Sci. Tech., 20(2), 183-194, 1992.
66. Panday, S., and M. Y. Corapcioglu, Solute rejection in freezing soils, Water Resour. Res., 27(1), 99-108, 1991.
67. Parizek, B. R., R. B. Alley, S. Anandakrishnan, and H. Conway, Sub-catchment melt and long-term stability of ice stream D, West Antarctica, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(8), 1214, doi:10,1029/2001GL014326, 2002.
68. Paterson, W. S. B., The Physics of Glaciers, 480 pp., Butterworth-Heinemann, Newton, Mass., 1994.
69. Piotrowski, J. A., and A. M. Kraus, Response of sediment to ice-sheet loading in northwestern Germany: Effective stresses and glacier-bed stability, J. Glaciol., 43(145), 495-502, 1997.
70. Raymond, C., Shear margins in glaciers and ice sheets, J. Glaciol., 42(140), 90-102, 1996.
71. Raymond, C. F., and W. D. Harrison, Some observations on the behavior of the liquid and gas phases in temperate glacier ice, J. Glaciol., 14(71), 213-234, 1975.
72. Rempel, A. W., and M. G. Worster, The interaction between a particle and an advancing solidification front, J. Cryst. Growth, 205(3), 427-440, 1999.
73. Rempel, A. W., E. D. Waddington, J. S. Wettlaufer, and M. G. Worster, Possible displacement of the climate signal in ancient ice by premelting and anomalous diffusion, Nature, 411, 568-571, 2001a.
74. Rempel, A. W., J. S. Wettlaufer, and M. G. Worster, Interfacial premelting and the thermomolecular force: Thermodynamic buoyancy, Phys. Rev. Lett., 87(8), 88,501-88,504, 2001b.
75. Shipp, S., J. Anderson, and E. Domack, Late Pleistocene-Holocene retreat of the West Antarctic Ice- Sheet system in the Ross Sea, part 1, Geophysical results, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., III(10), 1486-1516, 1999.
76. Siegert, M. J., R. Kwok, C. Mayer, and B. Hubbard, Water exchange between the subglacial Lake Vostok and the overlying ice sheet, Nature, 403, 643-646, 2000.
77. Tester, R. E., and P. N. Gaskin, Effect of fines content on frost heave, Can. Geotech. J., 33(4), 678-680, 1996.
78. Tulaczyk, S., Ice sliding over weak, fine-grained tills: Dependence of ice-till interaction on till granulometry, in Glacial Processes, Past and Modern, edited by D. M. Mickelson and J. Attig, pp. 159-177, Geol. Soc. of Am., Washington, D.C., 1999.
79. Tulaczyk, S., B. Kamb, R. P. Scherer, and H. F. Engelhardt, Sedimentary processes at the base of a West Antarctic ice stream: Constraints from textural and compositional properties of subglacial debris, J. Sediment. Res., 68(3), 487-496, 1998.
80. Tulaczyk, S., W. B. Kamb, and H. F. Engelhardt, Basal mechanics of Ice Stream B, West Antarctica, 1, Till mechanics, J. Geophys. Res., 105(B1), 463-481, 2000a.
81. Tulaczyk, S., W. B. Kamb, and H. F. Engelhardt, Basal mechanics of Ice Stream B, West Antarctica, 2, Undrained plastic bed model, J. Geophys. Res., 105(B1), 483-494, 2000b.
82. Tulaczyk, S., B. Kamb, and H. F. Engelhardt, Estimates of effective stress beneath a modern West Antarctic ice stream from till preconsolidation and void ratio, Boreas, 30(2), 101-114, 2001.
83. Vogel, S. W., S. Tulaczyk, and I. Joughin, Distribution of basal melting and freezing beneath tributaries of Ice Stream C, West Antarctica, Ann. Glaciol., in press, 2003.
84. Walder, J. S., and A. Fowler, Channelized subglacial drainage over a deformable bed, J. Glaciol., 40(134), 3-15, 1994.
85. Watanabe, K., Y. Muto, and M. Mizogushi, Water and solute distributions near an ice lens in a glass-powder medium saturated with sodium chloride solution under unidirectional freezing, Cryst. Growth Des., 1(3), 207-211, 2001.
86. Weertman, J., Mechanism for the formation of inner moraines found near the edge of cold ice caps and ice sheets, J. Glaciol., 3, 965-978, 1961.
87. Weertman, J., and G. E. Birchfield, Subglacial water flow under ice streams and West Antarctic ice-sheet stability, Ann. Glaciol., 3, 316-320, 1982.
88. Wettlaufer, J. S., and M. G. Worster, Dynamics of premelted films: frost heave in a capillary, Phys. Rev. E, 51(5), 4679-4689, 1995.
89. Whillans, I. M., and C. J. van der Veen, The role of lateral drag in the dynamics of ice stream B, Antarctica, J. Glaciol., 43(144), 231-237, 1997.
90. Wilen, L. A., and J. G. Dash, Frost heave dynamics at a single crystal interface, Phys. Rev. Lett., 74(25), 5076-5079, 1995.