Response of sediment to ice-sheet loading in northwestern Germany: Effective stresses and glacier-bed stability

Journal of Glaciology

Volumn 43, Issue 145, 1997, Pages 495-502

  Piotrowski, Jan A ^a   Kraus, Anna M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KIEL   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ICE SHEET LOADING; LAST ICE SHEET; PORE WATER PRESSURE; SEDIMENT DEFORMATION; WEICHSELIAN;

GERMANY, (NORTHWEST);

EID: 0031392420     PISSN: 00221430     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022143000035103     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Aario, R. 1971. Consolidation of Finnish sediments by loading ice sheets. Bull. Geol. Soc. Finl. 43, 55-65.
2. Alai-Omid, M. H. 1976. Bodenphysikalische Eigenschaften der glazialen Beckensedimente Schleswig-Holsteins. (Ph.D. thesis, University of Kiel.)
3. Alley, R. B. 1991. Deforming-bed origin for southern Laurentide till sheets? J. Glaciol., 37(125), 67-76.
4. Attig, J.W., D.M. Mickelson and L. Clayton. 1989. Late Wisconsin landform distribution and glacier-bed conditions in Wisconsin. Sediment. Geol., 62(3-4), 399-405.
5. Blankenship, D. D., C. R. Bentley, S. T. Rooney and R. B. Alley. 1986. Seismic measurements reveal a saturated porous layer beneath an active Antarctic ice stream. Nature, 322(6074), 54-57.
6. Boulton, G. S. 1979. Processes of glacier erosion on different substrata. J. Glaciol., 23(89), 15-38.
7. Boulton, G. S. 1987. A theory of drumlin formation by subglacial sediment deformation. In Menzies, J. and J. Rose, eds. Drumlin Symposium. Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema, 25-80.
8. Boulton, G. S. and K. E. Dobbie. 1993. Consolidation of sediments by glaciers: relations between sediment geotechnics, soft-bed glacier dynamics and subglacial ground-water flow. J. Glaciol., 39(131), 26-44.
9. Boulton, G. S. and R. C. A. Hindmarsh. 1987. Sediment deformation beneath glaciers: rheology and geological consequences. J. Geophys. Res., 92(B9), 9059-9082.
10. Boulton, G. S. and A. S. Jones. 1979. Stability of temperate ice caps and ice sheets resting on beds of deformable sediment. J. Glaciol., 24(90), 29-43.
11. Boulton, G. and R. Vivian. 1973. Underneath the glaciers. Geogr. Mag., 45(4), 311-316.
12. British Glaciological Society. 1949. Joint meeting of the British Glaciological Society, the British Rheologists' Club and the Institute of Metals. J. Glaciol., 1(5), 231-240.
13. Brown, N. E., B. Hallet and D. B. Booth. 1987. Rapid soft bed sliding of the Puget glacial lobe. J. Geophys. Res., 92(B9), 8985-8997.
14. Casagrande, A. 1936. The determination of the preconsolidation load and its practical significance. In First International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Proceedings. Vol. 3 Cambridge, MA, 60-64.
15. Clark, P. U. 1995. Fast glacier flow over soft beds. Science, 267(5194), 43-44.
16. Clarke, G. K. C., S. G. Collins and D. E. Thompson. 1984. Flow, thermal structure, and subglacial conditions of a surge- type glacier. Can. J. Earth Sci., 21(2), 232-240.
17. Clayton, L., D. M. Mickelson and J. W. Attig. 1989. Evidence against pervasively deformed bed material beneath rapidly moving lobes of the southern Laurentide ice sheet. Sediment. Geol., 62(3-4), 203-208.
18. Craig, R. F. 1988. Soil mechanics. London, Van Nostrand Reinhold (International).
19. Dreimanis, A. 1989. Tills: their genetic terminology and classification. In Goldthwait, R. P. and C. L. Matsch, eds. Genetic classification of glacigenic deposits. Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema, 17-83.
20. Ehlers, J. and H. -J. Stephan. 1979. Forms at the base of till strata as indicators of ice movement. J. Glaciol., 22(87), 345-355.
21. Ehlers, J. and R. Wingfield. 1991. The extension of the Late Weichselian/ Late Devensian ice sheets in the North Sea basin. J. Quat. Sci., 6(4), 313-326.
22. Embleton, C. and C. A. M. King. 1975. Glacial geomorphology. Second edition. London, Edward Arnold.
23. Engelhardt, H. F., W. D. Harrison and B. Kamb. 1978. Basal sliding and conditions at the glacier bed as revealed by bore-hole photography. J. Glaciol., 20(84), 469-508.
24. Felix-Henningsen, P. and H. -J. Stephan. 1982. Stratigraphie und Genese fossiler Böden im Jungmoränengebiet südlich von Kiel. Eiszeitalter Ggw., 32, 163-175.
25. Haeberli, W. 1981. Correspondence. Ice motion on deformable sediments. J. Glaciol., 27(96), 365-366.
26. Harrison, W. 1958. Marginal zones of vanished glaciers reconstructed from the preconsolidation-pressure values of overridden silts. J. Geol., 66(1), 72-95.
27. Hart, J. K., R. C. A. Hindmarsh and G. S. Boulton. 1990. Styles of sub-glacial glaciotectonic deformation within the context of the Anglian ice-sheet. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 15(3), 227-241.
28. Iverson, N. R., B. Hanson, R. LeB. Hooke and P. Jansson. 1995. Flow mechanism of glaciers on soft beds. Science, 267(5194), 80-81.
29. Kazi, A. and J. L. Knill. 1969. The sedimentation and geotechnical properties of the Cromer till between Happensburgh and Cromer, Norfolk. Q. J. Eng. Geol., 2, 63-80.
30. Khera, R. P. and H. Schulz. 1984. Past consolidation stress estimates in Cretaceous clay. ASCE J. Geotech. Eng., 110, 189-202.
31. MacAyeal, D. R. 1989. Large-scale ice flow over a viscous basal sediment: theory and application to Ice Stream B, Antarctica. J. Geophys. Res., 94(B4), 4071-4087.
32. Marks, L., J. A. Piotrowski, H. -J. Stephan, S. Fedorowicz and J. Butrym. 1995. First thermoluminescence indications of the Middle Weichselian (Vistulian) glaciation in northwest Germany. Meyniana, 47, 69-82.
33. Mathews, W. H. 1974. Surface profiles of the Laurentide ice sheet in its marginal areas. J. Glaciol., 13(67), 37-43.
34. Menzies, J. 1989. Subglacial hydraulic conditions and their possible impact upon subglacial bed formation. Sediment. Geol., 62(3-4), 125-150.
35. Paterson, W. S. B. 1994. The physics of glaciers. Third edition. Oxford, etc., Elsevier.
36. Piotrowski, J. A. 1993. Salt diapirs, pore-water traps and permafrost as key controls for glaciotectonism in the Kiel area, northwestern Germany. In Aber, J.S., ed. Glaciotectonics and mapping glacial deposits. Regina, Sask., University of Regina. Canadian Plains Research Center, 86-98, 214-215.
37. Piotrowski, J. A. 1994a. Ice flow dynamics and subglacial bed conditions during the Weichselian glaciation in Schleswig-Holstein, northwest Germany. Acta Univ. Nicolai Copernici, Geogr., 27(92), 141-160.
38. Piotrowski, J. A. 1994b. Tunnel-valley formation in northwest Germany - geology, mechanisms of formation and subglacial bed conditions for the Bornhöved tunnel valley. Sediment. Geol., 89(1-2), 107-141.
39. Piotrowski, J. A. 1994c. Waterlain and lodgement till facies of the lower sedimentary complex from the Dänischer-Wohld-Cliff, Schleswig-Holstein, north Germany. In Warren, W. P. and D. G. Croot, eds. Formation and deformation of glacial deposits. Rotterdam, etc., A.A. Balkema, 3-8.
40. Piotrowski, J. A. 1995. Glaciodynamic model for northwest Germany: stable/ deforming ice bed mosaic. International Union for Quaternary Research. XVI International Congress, 3-10 August 1995, Berlin, Germany. Abstracts. Bonn, Alfred-Wegener-Stiftung, 219.
41. Piotrowski, J. A. 1996. Dynamik und subglaziale Paläohydrologie der weichselzeitliche Eiskappe in Zentral-Schleswig-Holstein. Kiel, Universität Kiel. Geologisch und Paläeontologisches Institut. (Report 78.)
42. Piotrowski, J. A. 1997a. Subglacial groundwater flow during the last glaciation in north-western Germany. Sediment. Geol., 111(1-4), 217-224
43. Piotrowski, J. A. 1997b. Subglacial hydrology in north-western Germany during the last glaciation: groundwater flow, tunnel valleys and hydrological cycles. Quat. Sci. Rev., 16(2), 169-185
44. Piotrowski, J. A., F. Bartels, A. Salski and G. Schmidt. 1996. Geostatistical regionalization of glacial aquitard thickness in northwestern Germany, based on fuzzy kriging. Math. Geol., 28(4), 437-452.
45. Sauer, E. K. and E. A. Christiansen. 1991. Preconsolidation pressures in the Battleford Formation, southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci., 28(10), 1613-1623.
46. Sauer, E. K., A. K. Egeland and E. A. Christiansen. 1993. Preconsolidation of tills and intertill clays by glacial loading in southern Saskatchewan, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci., 30(3), 420-433.
47. Schlüchter, C. 1983. The readvance of the Findelengletscher and its sedimentological implications. In Evenson, E. B., C. Schlüchter and J. Rabassa, eds. Tills and related deposits: genesis/petrology/application/stratigraphy. Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema, 95-104.
48. Stephan, H. -J. 1981. Eemzeitliche Verwitterungshorizonte im Jungmoränengebiet Schleswig-Holsteins. Verh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hambg., N.F., 24(2), 161-175.
49. Stephan, H. -J. 1989. Origin of a till-like diamicton by shearing. In Goldthwait, R. P. and C. L. Matsch, eds. Genetic classification of glacigenic deposits. Rotterdam, A. A. Balkema, 93-96.
50. Taylor, D. W. 1948. Fundamentals of soil mechanics. New York, etc., Wiley and Sons.
51. Terzaghi, K. 1923. Die Berechnung der Durchlässigkeitsziffer des Tones aus dem Verlauf der hydrodynamischen Spannungserscheinungen. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Kl., Sitzungsber., Ser. Abt. IIa, 132(3-4), 125-138.
52. Van der Meer, J. J. M. 1993. Microscopic evidence of subglacial deformation. Quat. Sci. Rev., 12(7), 553-587.
53. Walther, M. 1990. Untersuchungsergebnisse zur jungpleistozänen Landschaftsentwicklung Schwansens (Schleswig-Holstein). Berl. Geogr. Abh. 52.