Ice sliding over weak, fine-grained tills: Dependence of ice-till interactions on till granulometry

Special Paper of the Geological Society of America

Volumn 337, Issue , 1999, Pages 159-177

  Tulaczyk, Slawek ^a,b  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISTRIBUTED DEFORMATION; EFFECTIVE STRESS; HYDRAULIC DIFFUSIVITY; MODEL CALCULATIONS; PHYSICAL PROCESS; POTENTIAL MECHANISM; STRAIN DISTRIBUTIONS; VERTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS;

ICE;

COULOMB CRITERION; DEFORMATION MECHANISM; FINE GRAINED SEDIMENT; GRANULOMETRY; ICE FLOW; ICE SHEET; PLEISTOCENE;

EID: 84870883165     PISSN: 00721077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1130/0-8137-2337-X.159     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Alley, R. B., 1989a, Water-pressure coupling of sliding and bed deformation 1. Water system: Journal of Glaciology, v. 35, p. 108-118.
2. Alley, R. B., 1989b,Water-pressure coupling of sliding and bed deformation 2. Velocity-depth profiles: Journal of Glaciology, v. 35, p. 119-129.
3. Alley, R. B., 1991, Deforming-bed origin for southern Laurentide till sheets?: Journal of Glaciology, v. 37, p. 67-76.
4. Alley, R. B., 1993, How can low-pressure channels and deforming tills coexist subglacially: Journal of Glaciology, v. 38, p. 200-207.
5. Alley, R. B., Blankenship, D. D., Bentley, C. R., and Rooney, S. T., 1986, Deformation of till beneath Ice Stream B, West Antarctica: Nature, v. 322, p. 57-59.
6. Alley, R. B., Blankenship, D. D., Bentley, C. R., and Rooney, S. T., 1987a, Till beneath Ice Stream B, 3. Till deformation: evidence and implications: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 8921-8929.
7. Alley, R. B., Blankenship, D. D., Bentley, C. R., and Rooney, S. T., 1987b, Till beneath Ice Stream B, 4. A coupled ice-till flow model: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 8921-8929.
8. Alley, R. B., Blankenship, D. D., Rooney, S. T., and Bentley, C. R., 1987c, Continuous till deformation beneath ice sheets: Publication of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, no. 170, p. 81-90.
9. Alley, R. B., Cuffey, K. M., Evenson, E. B., Strasser, J. C., Lawson, D. E., and Larson, G. J., 1998, How glaciers entrain and transport basal sediments: physical constraints: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 16, p. 1017-1038.
10. Baligh, M. M., 1972, Applications of plasticity theory to selected problems in soil mechanics [Ph.D. thesis]: Pasadena, California Institute of Technology, 228 p.
11. Beget, J., 1986, Influence of till rheology on Pleistocene glacier flow in the southern Great Lakes area, U.S.A.: Journal of Glaciology, v. 32, p. 235-241.
12. Blake, E.W., 1992, The deforming bed beneath a surge-type glacier: Measurement of mechanical and electrical properties [Ph.D. thesis]: Vancouver, University of British Columbia, 179 p.
13. Blake, E. W., Fischer, U. H., and Clarke, G. K. C., 1994, Direct measurements of sliding at the glacier bed: Journal of Glaciology, v. 40, p. 595-599.
14. Blankenship, D. D., Bentley, C. R., Rooney, S. T., and Alley, R. B., 1986, Seismic measurements reveal a saturated porous layer beneath an active Antarctic ice stream: Nature, v. 322, p. 54-57.
15. Blankenship, D. D., Bentley, C. R., Rooney, S. T., and Alley, R. B., 1987, Till beneath Ice Stream B, 1. Properties derived from seismic travel times: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 8903-8911.
16. Boulton, G. S., 1974, Processes and patterns of glacial erosion, in Coates, D. R., ed., Glacial geomorphology: Binghamton, New York, State University of New York, p. 41-87.
17. Boulton, G. S., 1986, Geophysics-a paradigm shift in glaciology: Nature, v. 322, p. 18.
18. Boulton, G. S., 1996a, The origin of till sequences by subglacial sediment deformation beneath mid-latitude ice sheets: Annals of Glaciology, v. 22, p. 75-84.
19. Boulton, G. S., 1996b, Theory of glacial erosion, transport and deposition as a consequence of subglacial sediment deformation: Journal of Glacioogy, v. 42, p. 43-62.
20. Boulton, G. S., and Hindmarsh, R. C. A., 1987, Sediment deformation beneath glaciers-rheology and geological consequences: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 9059-9082.
21. Brown, N. E., Hallet, B., and Booth, D. B., 1987, Rapid soft bed sliding of the Puget glacial lobe: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 8985-8997.
22. Clark, P. U., 1991, Striated clast pavements: Products of deforming bed?: Geology, v. 19, p. 530-533.
23. Clark, P. U., 1992, Surface form of the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet and its implications to ice-sheet dynamics: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 595-605.
24. Clark, P. U., and Hansel, A. K., 1989, Clast ploughing, lodgement, and glacier sliding over a soft glacier bed: Boreas, v. 18, p. 201-207.
25. Clark, P. U., and Walder, J. S., 1994, Subglacial drainage, eskers, and deforming beds beneath the Laurentide and Eurasian ice sheets: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 304-314.
26. Clark, P. U., Licciardi, J. M., MacAyeal, D. R., and Jenson, J.W., 1996, Numerical reconstruction of a soft-bedded Laurentide ice sheet during the last glacial maximum: Geology, v. 24, p. 679-682.
27. Clarke, G. K. C., 1987, Subglacial till: a physical framework for its properties and processes: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 9023-9036.
28. Clayton, L., Mickelson, D. M., and Attig, J.W., 1989, Evidence against pervasively deformed bed material beneath rapidly moving lobes of the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet: Sedimentary Geology, v. 62, p. 203-208.
29. Cuffey, K., and Alley, R. B., 1996, Is erosion by deforming subglacial sediments significant? (Toward till continuity): Annals of Glaciology, v. 22, p. 17-24.
30. Dreimanis, A., and Vagners, U. J., 1972, Bimodal distribution of rock and mineral fragments in basal tills, in Goldthwait, R. P., ed., Till; a symposium: Columbus, Ohio State University Press, p. 237-250.
31. Ehlers, J., and Stephan, H.-J., 1979, Forms at the base of till strata as indicators of ice movement: Journal of Glaciology, v. 22, p. 345-355.
32. Engelhardt, H. F., and Kamb, B., 1997, Basal hydraulic system of a West Antarctic ice stream: constraints from borehole observations: Journal of Glaciology, v. 43, p. 207-230.
33. Engelhardt, H. F., and Kamb, B., 1998, Sliding velocity of Ice Stream B: Journal of Glaciology, v. 44, p. 207-230.
34. Engelhardt, H. F., Harrison,W. D., and Kamb, B., 1978, Basal sliding and conditions at the glacier bed as revealed by borehole photography: Journal of Glaciology, v. 20, p. 469-508.
35. Engelhardt, H. F., Humphrey, N., Kamb, B., and Fahnestock, M., 1990, Physical conditions at the base of a fast moving Antarctic ice stream: Science, v. 248, p. 57-59.
36. Everett, D. H., 1961, The thermodynamics of frost damage to porous solids: Transactions of the Faraday Society, v. 57, p. 1541-1551.
37. Fischer, U. H., and Clarke, G. K. C., 1994, Plowing of subglacial sediment: Journal of Glaciology, v. 40, p. 97-106.
38. Hallet, B.,Walder, J. S., and Stubbs, C.W., 1991,Weathering by segregation ice growth in microcracks at sustained sub-zero temperatures, verification from an experimental study using acoustic emissions: Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, v. 2, p. 283-300.
39. Holmes, C. D., 1960, Evolution of till-stone shapes, central New York: Geological Society of America, v. 71, p. 1645-1660.
40. Hooke, R. L., 1997, Principles of glacier mechanics: Prentice Hall, London, 248 p.
41. Hooke, R. L., and Iverson, N. R., 1995, Grain-size distribution in deforming subglacial tills: role of grain fracture: Geology, v. 23, p. 57-60.
42. Hooke, R. L., Hanson, B., Iverson, N. R., Jansson, P., and Fischer, U. H., 1997, Rheology of till beneath Storglaciären, Sweden: Journal of Glaciology, v. 43, p. 172-179.
43. Humphrey, N., Kamb, B., Fahnestock, M., and Engelhardt, H., 1993, Characteristics of the bed of the lower Columbia Glacier, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 837-846.
44. Iverson, N. R., 1993, Regelation of ice through debris at glacier beds: implications for sediment transport: Geology, v. 21, p. 559-562.
45. Iverson, N. R., and Semmens, D. J., 1995, Intrusion of ice into porous media by regelation: a mechanism of sediment entrainment by glaciers: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 10219-10230.
46. Iverson, N. R., Jansson, P., and Hooke, R. L., 1994, In-situ measurements of the strength of deforming subglacial till: Journal of Glaciology, v. 40, p. 497-503.
47. Iverson, N. R., Hanson, B., Hooke, R. L., and Jansson, P., 1995, Flow mechanics of glaciers on soft beds: Science, v. 267, p. 80-81.
48. Iverson, N. R., Hooyer, T., and Hooke, R. L., 1996, A laboratory study of sediment deformation, stress heterogeneity and grain-size evolution: Annals of Glaciology, v. 22, p. 167-175.
49. Iverson, N. R., Baker, R. W., and Hooyer, T. S., 1998, A ring shear device for the study of till deformation: Tests on tills with contrasting clay content: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 16, p. 1057-1066.
50. Jaeger, J. C., and Cook, N. G.W., 1969, Fundamentals of rock mechanics: London, Metheuen, 513 p.
51. Jenson, J. W., Clark, P. U., MacAyeal, D. R., Ho, C., and Vela, J. C., 1995, Numerical modeling of advective transport of saturated deforming sediment beneath the Lake Michigan lobe, Laurentide ice sheet: Geomorphology, v. 14, p. 157-166.
52. Jenson, J. W., MacAyeal, D. R., Clark, P. U., Ho, C. L., and Vela, J. C., 1996, Numerical modeling of subglacial sediment deformation-implications for the behavior of the Lake-Michigan lobe, Laurentide Ice Sheet: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, p. 8717-8728.
53. Jiao, K., Zheng, B., and Ma, Q., 1989, Particle composition of glacial deposits in the West Kunlun Mts.: Bulletin of Glacier Research, v. 7, p. 153-159.
54. Johnson, A. M., 1970, Physical processes in geology: San Francisco, Freeman and Cooper, 577 p.
55. Johnson, M. D., 1983, The origin and microfabric of Lake Superior red clay: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 53, p. 859-873.
56. Kamb, B., 1970, Sliding motion of glaciers: theory and observations: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 8, p. 673-728.
57. Kamb, B., 1991, Rheological nonlinearity and flow instability in the deforming- bed mechanism of ice stream motion: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 16585-16595.
58. Kemmis, T. J., 1981, Importance of the regelation process to certain properties of basal tills deposited by the Laurentide ice sheet in Iowa and Illinois, USA: Annals of Glaciology, v. 2, p. 147-152.
59. Ketcham,W. M., and Hobbs, P. V., 1969, An experimental determination of the surface energies of ice: Philosophical Magazine, v. 19, p. 1161-1173.
60. Kirkbride, M. P., 1995, Processes of transportation, in Menzies, J., ed., Modern glacial environments: Oxford, United Kingdom, Butterworth Heinemann, p. 261-292.
61. Lliboutry, L., 1979, Local friction laws for glaciers: a critical review and new openings: Journal of Glaciology, v. 23, p. 67-95.
62. MacAyeal, D. R., 1992, Irregular oscillations of the West Antarctic ice sheet: Nature, v. 359, p. 29-32.
63. Maltman, A., 1992, Deformation structures preserved in rocks, in Maltman, A., ed., The geologic deformation of sediments: London, Chapman and Hall, p. 261-308.
64. Mickelson, D. M., Clayton, L., Fullerton, D. S., and Borns, H. W., 1983, The Late Wisconsin glacial record of the Laurentide ice sheet in the United States, in Wright, H. E., and Porter, S. C., eds., Late Quaternary environments of the United States: Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, p. 3-37.
65. Mitchell, J. K., 1993, Fundamentals of soil behavior: New York, John Wiley & Sons, 437 p.
66. Mulhaus, H. B., and Vardoulakis, I., 1987, The thickness of shear bands in granular materials: Geotechnique, v. 37, p. 271-283.
67. Nye, J. F., 1969, The calculation of sliding of ice over a wavy surface using a Newtonian viscous approximation: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, v. 311, p. 445-467.
68. Parks, G. A., 1990, Surface energy and adsorption at mineral-water interfaces: an introduction, in Hochella, M. F., and White, A. F., eds., Mineralwater interface geochemistry:Washington, D.C., Mineralogical Society of America, Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 23, p. 133-175.
69. Patterson, W. S. B., 1994, The physics of glaciers: Oxford, United Kingdom, Pergamon, 480 p.
70. Piotrowski, J. A., and Tulaczyk, S., 1999, Subglacial conditions under the last ice sheet in northwest Germany: ice-bed separation and enhanced basal sliding: Quaternary Science Reviews, (in press).
71. Rankine,W. J. M., 1857, On the stability of loose earth: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, v. 147, p. 9-27.
72. Rooney, S. T., Blankenship, D. D., Alley, R. B., and Bentley, C. R., 1987, Till beneath Ice Stream B, 2. Structure and continuity: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 8913-8920.
73. Rooney, S. T., Blankenship, D. D., Alley, R. B., and Bentley, C. R., 1991, Seismic reflection profiling of a sediment-filled graben beneath Ice Stream B, West Antarctica, in Thomson, M. R., Crame, J. A., and Thomson, J. W., eds., Geological evolution of Antarctica: Cambridge, United Kingdom, British Antarctic Survey, p. 261-265.
74. Roscoe, K. H., 1970, The influence of strains in soil mechanics: Geotechnique, v. 20, p. 129-170.
75. Salencon, J., 1977, Applications of the theory of plasticity in soil mechanics: New York, John Wiley & Sons, 158 p.
76. Sauer, E. K., Egeland, A. K., and Christiansen, E. A., 1993, Compression characteristics and index properties of tills and intertill clays in southern Saskatchewan, Canada: Canadian Geotechnical Journal, v. 30, p. 257-275.
77. Scott, R. F., 1963, Principles of soil mechanics: Reading, Massachusetts, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 550 p.
78. Scott, R. F., and Schoustra, J. J., 1968, Soil: mechanics and engineering: New York, McGraw-Hill, 314 p.
79. Shepps, V. C., 1953, Correlation of the tills of northeastern Ohio by size analysis:Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 23, p. 34-48.
80. Sladen, J. A., and Wrigley, W., 1983, Geotechnical properties of lodgement till-a review, in Eyles, N., ed., Glacial geology, an introduction for engineers and earth scientists: Oxford, United Kingdom, Pergamon Press, p. 184-212.
81. Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., and Mesri, G., 1996, Soil mechanics in engineering practice: New York, John Wiley & Sons, 549 p.
82. Tulaczyk, S., Kamb, B., Scherer, R., and Engelhardt, H. F., 1998, Sedimentary processes at the base of a West Antarctic ice stream: constraints from textural and compositional properties of subglacial debris: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 68, p. 487-496.
83. Turcotte, D. L., and Schubert, G., 1982, Geodynamics; Applications of continuum physics to geological problems: New York, John Wiley and Sons, 450 p.
84. Walder, J. S., and Fowler, A., 1994, Channelized subglacial drainage over a deformable bed: Journal of Glaciology, v. 40, p. 3-15.
85. Weertman, J., 1957, On sliding of glaciers: Journal of Glaciology, v. 3, p. 33-38.
86. Weertman, J., 1972, General theory of water flow at the base of a glacier or ice sheet: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 10, p. 287-333.
87. Whillans, I. M., and van der Veen, C. J., 1993, New and improved determinations of velocity of Ice Stream B and C, West Antarctica: Journal of Glaciology, v. 39, p. 483-490.