A practical approach to hypertension in the 21st century

Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology

Volumn 14, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 961-975

  Waybill, Mary Montrella ^a   Waybill, Peter N ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACEBUTOLOL; ALPHA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ATENOLOL; BENAZEPRIL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETAXOLOL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CANDESARTAN; CANDESARTAN HEXETIL; CAPTOPRIL; CARTEOLOL; CLONIDINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; DOXAZOSIN; ENALAPRIL; ENALAPRIL MALEATE; EPROSARTAN; FOSINOPRIL; GUANABENZ; GUANABENZ ACETATE; GUANFACINE; IRBESARTAN; LISINOPRIL; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; LOSARTAN; LOSARTAN POTASSIUM; LOTESIN; METHYLDOPA; MISCARDIS; MOEXIPRIL; PERINDOPRIL; POTASSIUM SPARING DIURETIC AGENT; PRAZOSIN; PROPRANOLOL; QUINAPRIL; RAMIPRIL; RESERPINE; TELMISARTAN; TERAZOSIN; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; TRANDOLAPRIL; VALSARTAN; VASODILATOR AGENT;

ANGINA PECTORIS; AORTA DISSECTION; BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; DEPRESSION; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DOSE RESPONSE; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; HEART TAMPONADE; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERURICEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIBIDO DISORDER; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS; ORTHOSTATIC HYPERTENSION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERICARDIAL EFFUSION; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENOVASCULAR DISEASE; REVASCULARIZATION; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; TACHYCARDIA; VERTIGO;

EID: 0043069806     PISSN: 10510443     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.RVI.0000083253.29749.2F     Document Type: Article

References (150)

1. Roberts WC. High salt intake, its origins, its economic impact, and its effect on blood pressure. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88:1338-1346.
2. O'Rourke MF. Frederick Akbar Mahomed. Hypertension 1992; 19:212-217.
3. Hyman DJ, Pavlik VN. Characteristics of patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the United States. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:479-486.
4. Burt VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Hypertension 1995; 25:305-313.
5. Hebert PR, Moser M, Mayer J, et al. Recent evidence on drug therapy of mild to moderate hypertension and decreased risk of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153:578-581.
6. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:2413-2446.
7. Kaplan NM. Clinical hypertension, 7th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1998.
8. Rose BD. Pathogenesis of essential hypertension. In: Rose BD, ed. Pathophysiology of renal disease, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987; 469-496.
9. Botero-Velez M, Curtis JJ, Warnock DG. Brief report: Liddle's syndrome revisited-a disorder of sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:178-181.
10. Schiffrin EL. Vascular changes in hypertension in response to drug treatment: effects of angiotensin receptor blockers. Can J Cardiol 2002; 18(suppl A):15A-18A.
11. Wallis EJ, Ramsay LE, Jackson PR. Cardiovascular and coronary risk estimation in hypertension management. Heart 2002; 88:306-312.
12. Brickner ME, Hillis LD, Lange RA. Congenital heart disease in adults. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:256-263.
13. Young T, Pepard P, Palta M, et al. Population-based study of sleep-disordered breathing is a risk factor for hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:1746-1752.
14. Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Siegelaub AB, Gerard MJ. Alcohol consumption and blood pressure Kaiser-Permanente Multiphasic Health Examination data. N Engl J Med 1977; 296:1194-1200.
15. Fuchs FD, Chambless LE, Whelton PK, et al. Alcohol consumption and the incidence of hypertension: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Hypertension 2001; 37:1242-1250.
16. Kaplan NM. The cardiovascular risks of hypertension. UpToDate 10.3. Wellesley, MA: UpToDate, Inc., 2003.
17. Wilson PW. Established risk factors and coronary artery disease: the Framingham Study. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7(7 Pt 2):7S-12S.
18. Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS, et al. The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA 1996; 275:1557-1562.
19. Vakili BA, Okin PM, Devereux RB. Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 2001; 141:334-341.
20. Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs L, et al. Randomized double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet 1997; 350:757-764.
21. Thrift AG, McNeil JJ, Forbes A, et al. Risk factors for cerebral hemorrhage in the era of well controlled hypertension. Melbourne Risk Factor Study (MERFS) Group. Stroke 1996; 27:2020-2025.
22. Coresh J, Wei L, McQuillan G, et al. Prevalence of high blood pressure and elevated serum creatinine level in the United States. Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:1207-1216.
23. Garg J, Messerli AW, Bakris GL. Evaluation and treatment of patients with systemic hypertension. Circulation 2002; 105:2458-2461.
24. Green SM, ed. Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2002 Classic Edition. Loma Linda, CA: Tarascon Publishing, 2002.
25. Rose BD. Diuretics. Kidney Int 1991; 39:336-352.
26. Pollare T, Lithell H, Berne C. A comparison of the effects of hydrochlorothiazide and captopril on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:868-873.
27. Psaty B, Smith N, Siscovick D, et al. Health outcomes associated with antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 1997; 277:739-745.
28. Kaplan NM, Rose BD. Indications for use of specific antihypertensive drugs. UpToDate 10.2. Wellesley, MA: UpToDate, Inc., 2002.
29. Holland OB, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Kuhnert LV, et al. Antihypertensive comparison of furosemide with hydrochlorothiazide for black patients. Arch Intern Med 1979; 139:1015-1021.
30. Pollare T, Lithell H, Morlin C, et al. Metabolic effects of diltiazem and atenolol: results from a randomized, double-blind study with parallel groups. J Hypertens 1989; 7:551-559.
31. Croog SH, Levine S, Testa MA, et al. The effects of antihypertensive therapy on the quality of life. N Engl J Med 1986; 314:1657-1664.
32. Boissel JP, Collet JP, Lion L, et al. A randomized comparison of the effect of four antihypertensive monotherapies on the subjective quality of life in previously untreated asymptomatic patients: field trial in general practice. J Hypertens 1995; 13:1059-1067.
33. Kendall MJ, Lynch KP, Hjalmarson A, Kjekshus J. β-blockers and sudden cardiac death. Ann Intern Med 1995; 123:358-367.
34. Frohlich ED. Hyperdynamic circulation and hypertension. Postgrad Med J 1972; 52:68-73.
35. Pires LA, Wagshal AB, Lancey R, et al. Arrhythmias and conduction disturbances after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: epidemiology, management, and prognosis. Am Heart J 1995; 129:799-808.
36. Kuhlkamp V, Schirdewan A, Stangl K, et al. Use of metoprolol CR/XL to maintain sinus rhythm after cardioversion from persistent atrial fibrillation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36:139-146.
37. Frishman WH. Pindolol: a new beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist with partial agonist activity. N Engl J Med 1983; 308:940-944.
38. Skinner C, Gaddie J, Palmer KNV. Comparison of effects of metoprolol and propranolol on asthmatic airway obstruction. BMJ 1976; 1:504.
39. Zacharias FJ, Cowen KJ, Prestt J, et al. Propranolol in hypertension: a study of long-term therapy: 1964-1970. Am Heart J 1972:83:755-761.
40. Frohlich ED, Tarazi RC, Dustan HP. Peripheral arterial insufficiency: a complication of beta adrenergic blocking therapy. JAMA 1969; 208:2471-2472.
41. Radack K, Deck C. β-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:1769-1776.
42. Antonis A, Clark ML, Hodge RL, et al. Receptor mechanisms in the hyperglycaemic response to adrenaline in man. Lancet 1967; 1:1135-1137.
43. Hirsch IB, Boyle PJ, Craft S, Cryer PE. Higher glycemic thresholds for symptoms during β-adrenergic blockade in IDDM. Diabetes 1991; 40:1177-1186.
44. Miller RR, Olson HG, Amsterdam EA, Mason DT. Propranolol withdrawal rebound phenomenon: exacerbation of coronary events after abrupt cessation of antianginal therapy. N Engl J Med 1975; 293:416-418.
45. Psaty BM, Koepsell TD, Wagner EH, et al. The relative risk of incident coronary heart disease associated with recently stopping the use of β-blockers. JAMA 1990; 263:1653-1657.
46. Lefkowitz RJ, Caron MG, Stiles GL. Mechanism of membrane-receptor regulation. Biochemical, physiological, and clinical insights derived from studies of the adrenergic receptors. N Engl J Med 1984; 310:1570-1579.
47. Redgrave J, Rabinowe S, Hollenberg NK, Williams GH. Correction of abnormal renal blood flow response to angiotensin II by converting enzyme inhibition in essential hypertension. J Clin Invest 1985; 75:1285-1290.
48. Lacy C, ed. Drug Information Handbook. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp, Inc., 1978.
49. Swales JD. First line treatment in hypertension: still β blockers and diuretics. BMJ 1990; 301:1172-1173.
50. Materson BJ, Preston RA. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension: a dozen years of experience. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154:513-523.
51. Townsend RR, Holland OB. Combination of converting enzyme inhibitor with diuretic for the treatment of hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150:1175-1183.
52. Weinberger MH. Influence of an angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor on diuretic-induced metabolic effects in hypertension. Hypertension 1983; 5(5 Pt 2):III132-III138.
53. Schmieder RE, Martus P, Klingbeil A. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized double-blind studies. JAMA 1996; 275:1507-1513.
54. Konstam MA, Kronenberg MW, Rousseau MF, et al. Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril on the long-term progression of left ventricular dilatation in patients with asymptomatic systolic dysfunction. SOLVD (Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction) Investigators. Circulation 1993; 88:2277-283.
55. Schneider CA, Voth E, Moka D, et al. Improvement of myocardial blood flow to ischemic regions by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with quinaprilat IV: a study using [15O] water dobutamine stress positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34:1005-1011.
56. Prasad A, Husain S, Quyyumi AA. Effect of enalaprilat on nitric oxide activity in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84:1-6.
57. Ridker PM, Gaboury CL, Conlin PR, et al. Stimulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor in vivo by infusion of angiotensin II: evidence of a potential interaction between the renin-angiotensin system and fibrinolytic function. Circulation 1993; 87:1969-1973.
58. Jafar TH, Schmid CH, Landa M, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease: a meta-analysis of patient-level data. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135:73-87.
59. Hokimoto S, Yasue H, Fujimoto K, et al. Expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme in remaining viable myocytes of human ventricles after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1996; 94:1513-1518.
60. Shotan A, Widerhorn J, Hurst A, Elkayam U. Risks of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition during pregnancy: experimental and clinical evidence, potential mechanisms, and recommendations for use. Am J Med 1994; 96:451-456.
61. Rose BD. Clinical Physiology of Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders, 4th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 1994.
62. Choudhri AH, Cleland JG, Rowlands PL. Unsuspected renal artery stenosis in peripheral vascular disease. BMJ 1990; 301:1197-1198.
63. Reardon LC, Macpherson DS. Hyperkalemia in outpatients using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:26-32.
64. Textor SC, Bravo EL, Fouad FM, Tarazi RC. Hyperkalemia in azotemic patients during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and aldosterone reduction with captopril. Am J Med 1982; 73:719-725.
65. Burnier M, Brunner HR. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Lancet 2000; 355:637-645.
66. Soffer BA, Wright JT Jr, Pratt JH, et al. Effects of losartan on a background of hydrochlorothiazide in patients with hypertension. Hypertension 1995; 26:112-117.
67. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359:995-1003.
68. Mankad S, d'Amato TA, Reichek N, et al. Combined angiotensin II receptor antagonism and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition further attenuates postinfarction left ventricular remodeling. Circulation 2001; 103:2845-2850.
69. Goldberg AI, Dunlay MC, Sweet CS. Safety and tolerability of losartan potassium, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, compared with hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, felodipine ER, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1995; 75:793-795.
70. van Rijnsoever EW, Kwee-Zuiderwijk WJ, Feenstra J. Angioneurotic edema attributed to the use of losartan. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158:2063-2065.
71. Bakris GL, Siomos M, DeJuran R, et al. ACE inhibition or angiotensin receptor blockade: Impact on potassium in renal failure. Kidney Int 2000; 58:2084-2092.
72. Lee HY, Kim CH. Acute oliguric renal failure associated with angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Am J Med 2001; 111:162-163.
73. Saji H, Yamanaka M, Hagiwara A, Ijiri R. Losartan and fetal toxic effects. Lancet 2001; 357:363.
74. Abernethy DR, Schwartz JB. Calcium-antagonist drugs. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:1447-1457.
75. Nicholson JP, Resnick LM, Laragh JH. The antihypertensive effect of verapamil at extremes of dietary sodium intake. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107:329-334.
76. Pedrinelli R, Dell'Omo G, Mariani M. Calcium channel blockers, postural vasoconstriction and dependent oedema in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2001; 15:455-461.
77. Calcium antagonist caution. Lancet 1991; 337:885-886.
78. Furberg CD, Psaty BM, Meyer JV. Nifedipine dose-related increase in mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation 1995; 92:1326-1331.
79. Psaty BM, Heckbert SR, Koepsell TD, et al. The risk of myocardial infarction associated with antihypertensive drug therapies. JAMA 1995; 274:620-625.
80. Michels KB, Rosner BA, Manson J, et al. Prospective study of calcium channel blocker use, cardiovascular disease, and total mortality among hypertensive women: The Nurses' Health Study. Circulation 1998; 97:1540-1548.
81. Kaplan NM, Rose BD. Major side effects and safety of calcium channel blockers. UpToDate 10.2. Wellesley, MA: UpToDate, Inc., 2002.
82. Kloner RA, Vetrovec GW, Materson BJ, et al. Safety of long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers in hypertensive patients. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81:163-169.
83. Leader S, Mallick R, Roht L. Using medication history to measure confounding by indication in assessing calcium channel blockers and other antihypertensive therapy. J Hum Hypertens 2001; 15:153-159.
84. Hansson L, Zanchetti A, Carruthers SG, et al, for the HOT Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomized trial. Lancet 1998; 351:1755-1762.
85. Wang JG, Staessen JA, Gong L, et al. Chinese trial on isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:211-220.
86. Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N, et al. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Lancet 2000; 356:1955-1964.
87. Khoury AF, Kaplan NM. Alpha-blocker therapy of hypertension. JAMA 1991; 266:394-398.
88. Alpha-blockade for hypertension: indifferent past, uncertain future. Lancet 1989; 1:1055-1056.
89. Neaton JD, Grimm RH Jr, Prineas RJ, et al. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study: final results. JAMA 1993; 270:713-724.
90. MacMillan LB, Hein L, Smith MS, et al. Central hypotensive effects of the alpha-2a-adrenergic receptor subtype. Science 1996; 273:801-803.
91. Oster JR, Epstein M. Use of centrally acting sympatholytic agents in the management of hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151:1638-1644.
92. Corazza M, Mantovani L, Virgili A, et al. Allergic contact dermatitis from a clonidine transdermal delivery system. Contact Dermatitis 1995; 32:246.
93. Consensus Recommendations for the Management of Chronic Heart Failure. On Behalf of the Membership of the Advisory Council to Improve Outcomes Nationwide in Heart Failure. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83(2A):1A-38A.
94. Allon M, Hall WD, Macon EJ. Prolonged hypotension after initial minoxidil dose. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146:2075-2076.
95. Baker D, Roberts DE, Newcombe RG, Fox KA. Evaluation of drug information for cardiology patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 31:525-531.
96. Neutel JM, Black HR, Weber MA. Combination therapy with diuretics: an evolution of understanding. Am J Med 1996; 101:61S-70S.
97. Guul SJ, Os I, Jounela AJ. The efficacy and tolerability of enalapril in a formulation with a very low dose of hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients resistant to enalapril monotherapy. Am J Hypertens 1995; 8:727-731.
98. Frishman WH, Bryzinski BS, Coulson LR, et al. A multifactorial trial design to assess combination therapy in hypertension: treatment with bisoprolol and hydrochlorothiazide. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154:1461-1468.
99. Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:1349-1355.
100. Shulman NB, Porter RS, Levinson RM, et al. Impact of cost problems on morbidity in a hypertensive population. Am J Prev Med 1991; 7:374-378.
101. Calhoun DA, Oparil S. Treatment of hypertensive crisis. N Engl J Med 1990; 323:1177-1183.
102. Grossman E, Ironi AN, Messerli FH. Comparative tolerability profile of hypertensive crisis treatments. Drug Saf 1998; 19:99-122.
103. Gonzalez ER, Peterson MA, Rachi EM. Dose-response evaluation of oral labetalol in patients presenting to the emergency department with accelerated hypertension. Ann Emerg Med 1991; 20:333-338.
104. Case DB, Atlas SA, Sullivan PA, et al. Acute and chronic treatment of severe and malignant hypertension with the oral angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. Circulation 1981; 64:765-771.
105. Habib GB, Dunbar LM, Rodrigues R. Evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of the oral nicardipine in treatment of urgent hypertension: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Am Heart J 1995; 129:917-923.
106. Cohen IM, Katz MA. Oral clonidine loading for rapid control of hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978; 24:11-15.
107. Dalence W, Sosa L, Gonzales R. Sublingual nifedipine in hypertensive crisis: relationship between mean arterial pressure and cerebral blood flow. Curr Ther Res 1991; 49:290-295.
108. Grossman E, Messerli FH, Grodzicki T, Kowey P. Should a moratorium be placed on sublingual nifedipine capsules given for hypertensive emergencies and pseudoemergencies? JAMA 1996; 276:1328-1331
109. Varon J, Fromm Jr RE. Hypertensive crises: the need for urgent management. Postgrad Med J 1996; 99:189-191, 195-196, 199-200, 203.
110. Wolfsthal SD. Is blood pressure control necessary before surgery? Med Clin North Am 1993; 77:349-363.
111. Kaplan NM. Perioperative management of hypertension. UpToDate 10.2. Wellesley, MA: UpToDate, Inc., 2002.
112. Goldman L, Caldera DL. Risks of general anesthesia and elective operation in the hypertensive patient. Anesthesiology 1979; 50:285-292.
113. Prys-Roberts C. Anesthesia and hypertension. Br J Anaesth 1984; 56:711-716.
114. Prys-Roberts C, Meloche R, Foex P. Studies of anesthesia in relation to hypertension. I: cardiovascular responses of treated and untreated patients. Br J Anaesth 1971; 43:122-137.
115. Lacy C. Midazolam: drug Information. Drug information handbook. Lexi-Comp, Inc., 2002.
116. Baris S, Karakaya D, Aykent R, Kirdar K, Sagkan O, Tur A. Comparison of midazolam with or without fentanyl for conscious sedation and hemodynamics in coronary angiography. Can J Cardiol 2001; 17:277-281.
117. Searle NR, Sahab P. Propofol in patients with cardiac disease. Can J Anaesth 1993; 40:730-747.
118. Vardi A, Salem Y, Padeh S, Paret G, Barzilay Z. Is propofol safe for procedural sedation in children? A prospective evaluation of propofol versus ketamine in pediatric critical care. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:1231-1236.
119. Gasparovic S, Rustemovic N, Opacic M, Bates M, Petrovecki M. Comparison of Colonoscopies performed under sedation with propofol or with midazolam or without sedation. Acta Med Austriaca 2003; 30:13-16.
120. Payne CS. A primer on patient management problems in interventional radiology. AJR Am J Roengenol 1998; 170:1169-1176.
121. American College of Radiology. Standard for diagnostic arteriography in adults. In: American College of Radiology Standards 1996. Reston, VA: American College of Radiology, 1996; 79-88.
122. Spies JB, Bakal CW, Burke DR, et al. Standards of Practice Committee of the Society of Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology: standards for interventional radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1991; 2:59-65.
123. American Heart Association. ACC/AHA guidelines for cardiac catheterization and cardiac catheterization laboratories. Circulation 1991; 84:2213-2247.
124. Reith HB, Edelmann M, Reith C. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid endarterectomy: experience of 328 operations from 1983-1988. Int Surg 1992; 77:224-225.
125. Pomposelli FB, Lamparello PJ, Riles TS, Craighead CC, Giangola G, Imparato AM. Intracranial hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 1988; 7:248-255.
126. Caplan LR, Skillman J, Ojemann R, Fields WS. Intracerebral hemorrhage following carotid endarterectomy: a hypertensive complication? Stroke 1978; 9:457-460.
127. Cygan R, Waitzkin H. Stopping and restarting medications in the perioperative period. J Gen Intern Med 1987; 2:270-283.
128. Coriat P, Richer C, Douraki T, et al. Influence of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on anesthetic induction. Anesthesiology 1994; 81:299-307.
129. Bertrand M, Godet G, Meersschaert K, Brun L. Should the angiotensin II antagonists be discontinued before surgery? Anesth Analg 2001; 92:26-30.
130. Zuccala G, Pahor M, Landi F, et al. Use of calcium antagonists and need for perioperative transfusion in older patients with hip fracture: observational study. BMJ 1997; 314:643-644.
131. Engelman RM, Hadji-Rousou I, Breyer RH, et al. Rebound vasospasm after coronary revascularization in association with calcium antagonist withdrawal. Ann Thorac Surg 1984; 37:469-472.
132. Strandgaard S, Paulson OB. Cerebral blood flow and its pathophysiology in hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1989; 2:486-492.
133. Peterson RA, Baldauf CG, Millward SF, et al. Outpatient percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty: a Canadian experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000; 11:327-332.
134. Tegtmeyer CJ, Selby JB. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the renal arteries. In: Cataneda-Zuniga WR, Tadavarthy SM, eds. Interventional radiology, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992;364-377.
135. Svigals PJ, McLean GK, Davis JE, et al. Transient hypertension after percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty. Radiology 1986; 161:293-294.
136. Zamboulis C, Karagiannis A, Douma S, et al. Changes in plasma noradrenalin levels in the renal and systemic circulation after successful percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in renovascular hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens Theory Pract 1989; 11:449-458.
137. Qureshi AI, Luft AR, Sharma M, et al. Frequency and determinants of post-procedural hemodynamic instability after carotid angioplasty and stenting. Stroke 1999; 30:2086-2093.
138. Sharan HJS, Benitez RP, Armonda R, et al. Prevention of carotid angioplasty-induced bradycardia and hypotension with temporary venous pacemakers. Neurosurgery 2001; 49:814-820.
139. Lin AE, Lippe B, Rosenfeld RG. Further delineation of aortic dilation, dissection, and rupture in patients with Turner syndrome. Pediatrics 1998; 102:e12.
140. Hsue PY, Salinas CL, Bolger AF, et al. Acute aortic dissection related to crack cocaine. Circulation 2002; 105:1592-1595.
141. Cigarroa JE, Isselbacher EM, DeSanctis RW, Eagle KA. Diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of suspected aortic dissection: old standards and new directions. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:35-43.
142. Erbel R, Alfonso F, Boileau C, et al. Initial management of patients with suspected aortic dissection. Eur Heart J 2001; 22:1642.
143. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1996.
144. Canzanello VJ, Jensen PL, Schwartz GL. Are aneroid sphygmomanometers accurate in hospital and clinic settings? Arch Intern Med 2001; 161:729-731.
145. Nesselroad JM, Flacco VA, Phillips DM, Kruse J. Accuracy of automated finger blood pressure devices. Fam Med 1996; 28:189-192.
146. American Society of Hypertension. Recommendations for routine blood pressure measurement by indirect cuff sphygmomanometry. J Hypertens 1992; 5:207-209.
147. Beevers G, Lip GY, O'Brien E. Blood pressure measurement. Part I-sphygmomanometry: factors common in all techniques. BMJ 2001; 722:981-985.
148. Beevers G, Lip GY, O'Brien E. Blood pressure measurement. Part II-conventional sphygmomanometry: technique of auscultatory blood pressure measurement. BMJ 2001; 722:1043-1047.
149. Pickering T, for an American Society of Hypertension ad hoc panel. Recommendations for routine blood pressure measurement by indirect cuff sphygmomanometry. Am J Hypertens 1995; 9:1-11.
150. Asmar R, Zanchetti A. Guidelines for the use of self-blood pressure monitoring: a summary report of the first international consensus conference. J Hypertens 2000; 18:493-508.