Hypertension and dyslipidemia;Hipertensión y dislipemia

Revista Espanola de Cardiologia

Volumn 51, Issue SUPPL. 4, 1998, Pages 24-35

  De Lombera Romero, Federico ^a   Fernández Casares, Sagrario ^a   Gascueña Rubia, Raúl ^a   Lázaro, María ^a   Hernández Simón, Pedro ^a   Saavedra Falero, Jesús ^a   Sánchez Sánchez, Violeta ^a   Velázquez Martín, María Teresa ^a   García Pascual, Jacinto ^a   Sáenz De La Calzada, Carlos ^a  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO 12 DE OCTUBRE   (Spain)

Author keywords

Atheroesclerosis; Dyslipidemia; Endothelium; Hypertension; Insulin resistance

Indexed keywords

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM;

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; DIETARY FATS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; HUMANS; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0042881364     PISSN: 03008932     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Welton PK. Epidemiology of hypertension. Lancet 1994; 344: 101-108.
2. Kannel WB, Wold PA, Garrison RJ. Section 34. Some risk factors related to annual incidence of cardiovascular disease and death uding pooled repeated biennial measurement. Framingham heart study. 30 years followup Springfield Mass. National Technical Information Service 1987; 1-459.
3. Wilson PWF. Established risk factors and coronary artery disease. The Framingham Study. Am J Hypertens 1994; 7 (Supl): 7-12.
4. Kannel WB. Hypertension ande the risk of cardiovascular disease. En: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, editores. Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Nueva York: Raven Press, 1990; 101-107.
5. Kannel WB. Cardioprotection and antihypertensive therapy: the key importance of addressing the associated coronary risk factors (The Framingham Experience). Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 6B-11B.
6. Aranda P, Aranda FJ, López de Novales E. Hipertensión arterial e hipercolesterolemia: interrelaciones clínico-terapéuticas. J Hypertension (ed. esp.) 1994; 1: 207-212.
7. MacMahon SW, MacDonald GI. Antihypertensive treatment and plasma lipoprotein levels: the association in data from a population study. Am J Med 1986; 80 (Supl 2 A): 40-47.
8. Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S, Hebert P, Nicholas H, Kimberley A et al. Blood pressure, stroke and coronary heart disease, Part 2 short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised deug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet 1990; 335: 827-838.
9. Kaplan NM. Antihypertensive therapy to maximally reduce coronary risk. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1.487-1.493.
10. Black HR. Blood pressure control. Am J Med 1996; 101 (Supl 4): 50-55.
11. Houton MC. The management of hypertension and associated risk factots for the prevention of long term cardiac complications. J Cardiov Pharmacol 1993; 21 (Supl 2): 2-13.
12. Kaare H, Bonaa MD, Dag S, Thelle MD. Association between blood pressure and serum lipids in a population. Circulation 1991; 83: 1.305-1.314.
13. Kannel WB. Potency of vascular risk factors as the basis for antihypertensive therapy. Eur Heart J 1992; 13 (Supl G): 34-42.
14. Isles CG, Walker LM, Beevers DG. Mortality in patients of the Glasgow blood pressure. Clin J Hypertens 1986; 4: 141-156.
15. Bulpitt CJ, Beevers DG, Butler A. The survival of treated hypertensive patients and their causes of death. A report from the DHSS Hypertensive Care Computing Project (DHCCP). J Hypertens 1986; 4: 93-99.
16. MacMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, Collins R, Sorlie P, Neaton J et al. Blood Presure, stroke and coronary heart disease. Part 1: Prolonged differences in blood pressure. Prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias. Lancet 1990; 355: 765-774.
17. Kannel WB, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Overall and coronary heart disease mortality retes in relation to major risk factors in 325.248 men screened for the MRFIT. Am Heart J 1986; 112: 825-836.
18. Kannel WB, Dannenberg AL, Abbott RD. Unrecognized myocardial infarction and hypertension: the Framingham study. J Am Med Assoc 1985; 109: 581-585.
19. Robertson WB, Stron JP. Atheroesclerosis un patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Lab Invest 1968; 18: 538-551.
20. Davis D, Klainer MJ. Studies in hypertensive heart disease: I. The incidence of coronary atheroesclerosis in cases of essential hypertension. Am Heart J 1940; 19: 185-192.
21. Mata López P. Hipertensión, intolerancia a la glucosa obesidad central e hipertrigliceridemia. Una asociacion con elevado riesgo cardiovascular [editorial]. Hipertensión 1992; 9: 231-233.
22. Assman G Schulte H. The importance of tryiglicerides: result from the prospective cardiovascular Münster (PROCAM) Study. E J Epidemiol 1992.
23. Miller GJ, Miller EN. Plasma high density lipoprotein concentraction and development of ischemic heart disease. Lancet 1995; 2: 16-19.
24. MacMahon SW, MacDonald GJ, Blackett RB. Plasma lipoprotein levels in treated and untreated hypertensive men and women. The National Foundation of Australia risk factors Prevalence study. Atheroesclerosis 1985; 5: 391-396.
25. Kannel WB, Castelli WP, Gordon T. Cholesterol in the prediction of atheroesclerosis disease. New perspective based on the Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1979; 90: 501-505.
26. Aranda P, Villar J, en representación del grupo Al Andalus. Estudio Epidemiológico Andaluz sobre factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Estudio Al Andalus 90. Sevilla: Consejería de Salud. Servicio Andaluz de Salud, 1993.
27. Sierra A, Coca A. Relaciones entre hipertensión arterial y arteriosclerosis. En: Enfermedad vascular e hipertensión arterial. Madrid: Harcourt Brace, 1997; 109-125.
28. Aranda P, Aranda FJ. Hipertensión arterial y lípidos. Interrelaciones etiopatogénicas. Clin Invest Arteriosclerosis 1992; 4: 170-179.
29. Yap L, Arrazola A, Soria F, Díez J. Is there increase cardiovascular risk in essential hypertensive patients with abnormal kinetics of reed blood cells sodium-litium countertransport? J Hypertens 1989; 7: 667-673.
30. ++ pump in the eritrocytes from essential hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 1990; 7: 34-42.
31. Williams R, Hunt SC, Hopkins PN, Stults BM, Wu LL, Hasstedt SJ et al. Familiar dislipemic hypertension: evidence from 58 Utah families for a syndrome present in aproximately 15% of patients with essential hypertension. JAMA 1988; 259: 3.579-3.586.
32. Ollerenshaw JD, Haegerty AM, Bing RF, Swales JD. Abnomalities of erythrocity membrane fatty acid composition in human essential hypertension. J Human Hypertens 1987; 1: 9-12.
33. Muriana FJG, Montilla C, Villar J Ruiz-Gutiérrez V. Transbilayer movement of erythrocyte membrane cholesterol in human essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 619-623.
34. Furspan PB, Bohr DF. Calcium related abnormalities in lymphocytes from geneticallly hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1986; 8: 123-126.
35. Muriana FJG, Villar J, Ruiz Gutiérrez V. Erytrhocyte membrane cholesterol distribution in patients with untreated hypertension: correlationwith sodium-litium countertransport. J Hypertens 1996; 14: 441-443.
36. Dzau VJ, Sacks FM. Regulation of lipoproteins metabolism by adrenergic mechanism. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1987; 10 (Supl 9): 52-56.
37. Ferranini E, Buzzigoli G, Banadone R. Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 350-357.
38. Lind L, Lithell H. Decreased pheriperical blood low in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome comprising hypertension, hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1.494-1.497.
39. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1.595-1.607.
40. Mitchell BD, Stern MP, Haffner SM, Helen P, Hazuda H, Patterson JK. Risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in Mexicans Americans and non -Hispanics whites: the San Antonio Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131: 423-433.
41. Reaven GM, Lithell H, Landsberg L. Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities. The role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 374-381.
42. Despress JP, Lamarche B, Mauriege P, Bernard C, Dagenais GR, Moorgani S et al. Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 952-957.
43. De Fronzo RA. Insulin resistance hyperinsulinemia and coronary artery disease: a complex metabolic web. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992; 20(Supl 1): 1-6.
44. Pollare T, Vessby B, Lithell H. Lipoprotein lipasa activity in skeletal muscle is related to insulin sensivity. Arterioesclerosis Thromb 1991; 11: 1.192-1.203.
45. Juhan-Vague I, Vague P, Alessi MC, Badier C, Valadier J, Aillaud MF et al. Relation ship between plasma insulin, triglyceride, body mass index, ans plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Diabetes Metab 1987; 13: 331-337.
46. MacMahon S, Cutler J, Brittain E, Higginns M. Obesity and hypertension: epidemiological and clinical issues. Eur Heart J 1987; 8 (Supl B): 57-70.
47. Cigolini M, Seidell JC, Targher G, Deslypere BM, Ellsinger S, Charzeuska J et al. Fastin serin insulin in relation to components of the metabolyc syndrome in european healthy men: the European fat distribution study. Metabolism 1995; 44: 35-40.
48. Rimm EB, Stanpfer MJ, Giovanucci E, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, Grateam A et al. Body size and fat distribution as predictors of coronary heart disease among middle age and older US men. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 1.117-1.127.
49. Lind L, Lithell H. Decreased peripheral blood flow in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome comprising hypertension, hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1.494-1.497.
50. Lüscher TF, Aarhus LL, Vanhoutte PM. Indomethacin improves the impaired endothelium dependent relaxation in samall mesenteric arteries of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Am J Hypertens 1990; 3: 55-58.
51. Lüscher TF. The endothelium target and promoter of hypertension? Hypertension 1990; 15: 482-485.
52. Vane JR. Impacto de los factores de riesgo sobre el endotelio. Cardiovasc Risk Factors (ed. esp.) 1994; 3: 208-221.
53. Sorensen SS, Egeblad M, Eiskjaer H, Matsen B, Nielsen CB, Sihm I et al. Endothelin in renovascular and essential hypertension. Blood Pressure 1994; 3: 364-369.
54. Ruilope LM, Lahera V, Rodicio JL, Romero JC. Are reanal hemodynamics a key factor in the development and maintenance of arterial hypertension in human? Hypertension 1994; 23: 3-9.
55. Khono M, Yasumari K, Mukrakawa KI, Yokorawa K, Horio T, Fukui T et al. Plasma inmunoreactive endothelin in essential hypertension. Am J Med 1990; 88: 614-618.
56. Hollenberg NK, Adams DF, Solomon H, Chenitz WR, Burger BM, Abrams HR et al. Renal vascular tone in essential hypertension: hemodynamic and angiographic responses to vasodilators. Medicine 1975; 54: 29-44.
57. Schiffrin EL, Deng LY. Comparison of effects of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibtion and betablockade for two years on function of small arteries from hypertensive patients. Hypertension 1995; 25: 699-703.
58. Bühler FR, Tkachuck VA, Hahn AW, Resink TJ. Low and high density lipoproteins as hormonal regulators of platelet vascular endotelial and smooth muscle cell interactions: relevance to hypertension. J Hypertens 1991; 9 (Supl 6): 528-536.
59. Dominiczcak AF, Bohr DF. Nitric oxide in hypertension in 1995. Curr Op Nephrol Hypertens 1996; 5: 174-180.
60. Weisser B, Locher R, Mengden T, Brunner C, Wetter W. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein increases its potential to raise intracellular free calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Hypertens 1991; 4: 7A-8A.
61. Kannell WB. Blood pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor. Prevention and treatment. JAMA 1996; 275: 571-576.
62. Kaplan NM, Gifford R. Choice of initial therapy fpr hypertension. JAMA 1996; 275: 1.577-1.580.
63. MacMahon SW, Cutler JA, Furberg CD, Payne GH. The effects of drug treatment for hypertension on morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease: a review of randomized controlled trials. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1986; 29: 99-106.
64. Kaplan NM. Antihypertensive therapy to maximally reduce coronary risk. Am Heart J 1993; 125: 1.487-1.493.
65. Kaplan NM. Management of hypertension. En: Fuster V, Ross R, Topol EJ, editores. Atheroesclerosis and coronary artery disease. Filadelfia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1996; 259-274.
66. Shekelle RB, Caggiulo AW, Grimm RH. Diuretic treatment of hypertension and changes y plasm lipids over six years in the multipli risk factors intervention trial. Atheroescler Rev 1984; 12: 113-127.
67. Williams WR, Schneider K, Borhani NO Schapper HW, Slotkoff LM, Ellefson LD. The relationship between diuretics and serum cholesterol in hypertension detection and follow -up program participants. Am J Orev Med 1986; 2: 248-255.
68. Amery A, Brikenhager W, Bulpit C, Stamler R, Smith L, Hunt K et al. Influence of antihypertensive therapy on serim cholesterol in elderly hypertensive patients. Results of trial by the European Working Party of High Blood pressure in the Elderly. Acta Cardiol 1982; 37: 235-244.
69. Grimm RH, Flack JM, Grandits GA et al (THOMS Study). Long-term effects on plasma lipids of diet and drugs to treat hypertension. JAMA 1996; 275: 1.549-1.556.
70. Berger M, Sawicki CK. The clinical significance of insulin resistance in the treatment of hypertension. Eur Heart J 1994; 15 (Supl C): 74-77.
71. Neaton JD, Grimm RH, Brineas RJ, Stamler J, Grandits GA, Elmer PJ et al. Treatment of mild hypertension study (THOMS). JAMA 1993; 270: 713-724.
72. Castelli WP, Garrison RF, Wilson PF. Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels: the Framingham Study. JAMA 1986; 256: 2.835-2.842.
73. Ferreira I, Castro-Beiras A. Tratamiento farmacológico de la hipertensión arterial y de la cardiopatía hipcrtensiva. En: Palma JL, Alegría E, Lombera F, editores. Hipertensión y cardiopatía hipertensiva. Madrid: Mosby-Doyma, 1996; 153-164.
74. Flamenbaum W. Hypertension, changes in HDL and antihypertensives theraphy. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 541-571.
75. Kasiske BL, Ma JZ, Kalil R, Louis TA. Effects of antihypertensive theraphy and serum lipids. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 133-141.
76. Mänttaäri M, Tenkanen L, Manninnen V, Alikoski T, Frick MH. Antihypertensive theraphy in dyslipidemic men. Hypertension 1995; 24: 47-52.
77. Paolisso G, Gambardella A, Verza M, Dàmore A, Sgambato S, Varrichio M. Ace inhibition improves insulin-sensivyti in aged insulin-resistan hypertensive patients. J Human Hypertens 1992; 6: 175-179.
78. González Maqueda I. Adrenoreceptors, endothelial function and lipid profile: Effects of atenolol, doxazosin, and carvedilol. Coronary Artery Dis 1994; 5: 909-918.
79. Robertson JL. Antihypertensive theraphy: achievements, failures, and prospects. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1990; 16 (Supl 7): 102-104.
80. Chobanian AV, Brecher P, Chan C. Effects of propanolol on atherogenesis in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. Circ Res 1985; 56: 775-762.
81. Omoigui N, Dzau VJ. Differential effects of antihypertensive agents in experimental and human atheroesclerosis. Am J Hypertens 1993; 6: 30S-39S.
82. Jackson CL, Bush RC, Bowyer DE. Inhibitory effect of calcium antagonists on ballon catheter induce arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and lesion size. Atheroesclerosis 1988; 69: 115-122.
83. Chobaina AV, Haudenchild CC, Nickerson C, Drago R. Antiatheroigenic effect of captopril in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Hypertension 1990; 15: 327-331.
84. Powell JS, Clozel JP, Muller RKM. Inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme prevent miointimal proliferation after vascular injury. Science 1989; 245: 186-188.
85. Christensen HRI, Nilesen H, Christensen KL. Long term hypotensive effects an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in spontaneously hypertensive rats: is there a role for vascular structure? J Hypertens 1988; (Supl 3): 27-31.
86. Bilazarian SD, Currier JW, Haudenschild CC. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition reduces reestenosis in experimental angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17 (Supl A): 268.
87. Henry PD. Calcium antagonists as antiatheroesclerotic agents. Arteriosclerosis 1990; 10: 963-965.
88. Haller H. Cellular effects of calcium chanel blockers on vascular cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995; 10 (Supl 9): 3-8.
89. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drugs treatment in older person with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. SHEP. JAMA 1991; 265: 3.255-3.264.
90. O'Connor C, Belkin RN, Carson PE, Cropp AN, Frid DJ, Miller AB. Effects of Amlodipine on mode of death in severe chronic heart failure: the PRAISE trial. Circulation 1995; 95 (Supl 8): A676.
91. Bossel JP, Leizorovicz A, Picolet H, Ducruet T, and APSI investigators. Efficacy of acebutolol after acute myocardial infarction (The APSI TRIAL). Am J Cardiol 1990; 66 (Supl): 24-31.
92. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial (SAVE trial). N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 669-677.
93. The Danish Study Group on Verapamil in myocardial infarction. Effect of Verapamil on mortality and major events after acute myocardial infarction (The Danish Verapamil Infraction Trial II-DAVIT-II). Am J Cardiol 1990; 66: 779-785.
94. The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group. The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfartion after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 385-392.
95. Blankenhorn DH. Can atheroesclerotic lesion regress? Angiographic evidents in human. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65 (Supl): 41F-43F.
96. Levine GN, Keany JF, Vita JA. Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 5.112-5.521.
97. Martin MJ, Hulley SB, Browner WS, Kuller LH, Wenworth D. Serum cholesterol blood pressure and mortality: Implication from a a cohort of 361,662 men. Lancet 1986; 2: 933-939.
98. Levy D, Kannell WB. Cardiovascular risks: new insights from Framingham. Am Heart J 1988; 116: 266-272.
99. Ekelund LG. Lowering lipids and the genesis of hypertension. Drugs 1988; 36: 21.
100. Frick MH, Elo O, Heinonen O, Haapa K, Heinonen O, Heinsalmen P et al. Helsinki Heart Study: Primary -Prevention Trial with Gemfibrozil in middle aged men with dyslipemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 1.237-1.245.
101. Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, for the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Studt Group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1.301-1.309.
102. Scandinavian Symvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: The Scandinavian Symvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994; 344: 1.383-1.388.
103. Sacks FM, Pffefer MA, Lemvel A, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JA et al. Defects of Pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1.001-1.009.
104. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM et al. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1.117-1.124.
105. Fuster V Badimon L, Badimon JJ, Chesebro JH. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 310-318.
106. Levine GN, Keany JF, Vita JA. Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease. Clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 512-521.
107. Falk E. Why do plaques rupture? Circulation 1992; 86 (Supl 3): 30-42.
108. Roberts WC. Preventing and arresting coronary athereoesclerisis. Am Heart J 1995; 130: 580-600.
109. Aranda P, Aranda FJ, López Novales E, Frutos M. Antihypertensive additive effect of pravastatin in mild essential hypertensive. Atheroesclerosis 1994; 109: 207-211.
110. Lenng WH, Lan CP, Wong CK. Beneficial effects of cholesterol lowering theraphy on coronary endothelium dependent relaxation in hypercholesterolemia patients. Lancet 1993; 341: 1.496-1.500.
111. Treasure CB, Klein JL, Weintraub WS. Beneficial effects of cholesterol lowering therapy on the coronary endothelium in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 481-487.
112. Ferranini E, Buzzigoli G, Banadone R. Insulin resistance in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 350-357.
113. Villar J, Muñoz V, Stiefel P, Miranda M, Jiménez L, Montilla C et al. La influencia de la hiperinsulinemia en el perfil lipídico de los pacientes hipertensos. Med Clin (Barc) 1994; 103: 241-245.
114. Potter BJ, Klufte Radder JK, Blankestein MA, Meinders AE. The cardiovascular risk factors plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 is related to insulin resistance. Metabolism 1993; 42: 945-949.
115. The Expert Pannel. Summary of the Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert panel on detection evaluation and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (adult treatment Panel II). JAMA 1993; 269: 3.015-3.023.
116. Carmena N, Casasnovas JA, Lage E, Plaza I. Tratamiento actual de las dislipemias. En: Asín E, Cosín J, Del Río A, editores. Normas de actuación clínica en cardiología. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Cardiología, 1996; 346-353.
117. Ferreira I, Tomas L, Velasco JA. Prevención secundaria de la cardiopatía coronaria. En: Asín E, Cosín J, Del Río A, editores. Normas de actuación clínica en cardiología. Madrid: Sociedad Española de Cardiología, 1996; 359-362.
118. Goode GK, Miller JP, Heagerty AM. Hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease. Lancet 1995; 345: 362-364.