Investigating human motor control by transcranial magnetic stimulation

Experimental Brain Research

Volumn 152, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 1-16

  Petersen, Nicolas T ^a   Pyndt, Henrik S ^a   Nielsen, Jens B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Corticospinal tract; Motor control; Transcranial electrical stimulation; Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Indexed keywords

ELECTROMYOGRAM; ELECTROSTIMULATION; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL; HAND; HISTOGRAM; HOFFMANN REFLEX; HUMAN; MAGNETIC STIMULATION; MONOSYNAPTIC REFLEX; MOTONEURON; MOTOR CONTROL; MOTOR CORTEX; MOTOR UNIT; NERVE EXCITABILITY; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PERIPHERAL NERVE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYRAMIDAL TRACT; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD MOTONEURON; TECHNIQUE; TIBIALIS ANTERIOR MUSCLE; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREADMILL; VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT; WALKING;

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR; HUMANS; MOTOR CORTEX; MOTOR NEURONS; PYRAMIDAL TRACTS;

EID: 0042412493     PISSN: 00144819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00221-003-1537-y     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Aimonetti JM, Nielsen JB (2002) Cortical excitability and motor task in man: an investigation of the wrist extensor motor area. Exp Brain Res 143:431-439
2. Awiszus F, Feistner H (1999) Recruitment order of single motor units of the anterior tibial muscle in man. In: Paulus W, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Rothwell JC (eds) Transcranial magnetic stimulation. EEG (Suppl) 51:102-112
3. Bailey CJ, Karhu J, Ilmoniemi RJ (2001) Transcranial magnetic stimulation as a tool for cognitive studies. Scand J Psychol 42:297-305
4. Barker AT, Jalinous R, Freeston IL (1985) Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex. Lancet 1:1106-1107
5. Bawa P, Chalmers GR, Stewart H, Eisen AA (2002) Responses of ankle extensor and flexor motoneurons to transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Neurophysiol 88:124-132
6. Bernhard CG, Bohm E (1954) Monosynaptic corticospinal activation of fore limb motoneurons in monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Acta Physiol Scand 31:104-112
7. Brouwer B, Ashby P (1990) Corticospinal projections to upper and lower limb spinal motoneurons in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 76:509-519
8. Brouwer B, Ashby P (1992) Corticospinal projections to lower limb motoneurons in man. Exp Brain Res 89:649-654
9. Burke D, Gandevia SC, McKeon B (1984) Monosynaptic and oligosynaptic contributions to human ankle jerk and H-reflex. J Neurophysiol 52:435-448
10. Burke D, Hicks R, Gandevia SC, Stephen J, Woodforth I, Crawford M (1993) Direct comparison of corticospinal volleys in human subjects to transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation. J Physiol (Lond) 470:383-393
11. Burke D, Gracies JM, Mazevet D, Meunier S, Pierrot-Deseilligny E (1994) Non-monosynaptic transmission of the cortical command for voluntary movement in man. J Physiol (Lond) 480:191-202
12. Cantello R, Tarletti R, Civardi C (2002) Transcranial magnetic stimulation and Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 38:309-327
13. Capaday C, Forget R, Fraser R, Lamarre Y (1991) Evidence for a contribution of the motor cortex to the long-latency stretch reflex of the human thumb. J Physiol (Lond) 440:243-255
14. Capaday C, Lavoie BA, Barbeau H, Schneider C, Bonnard M (1999) Studies on the corticospinal control of human walking. I. Responses to focal transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex. J Neurophysiol 81:129-139
15. Cheney PD, Fetz EE (1980) Functional classes of primate corticomotoneuronal cells and their relation to active force. J Neurophysiol 44:773-791
16. Cheney PD, Fetz EE (1984) Corticomotoneuronal cells contribute to long-latency stretch reflexes in the rhesus monkey. J Physiol (Lond) 349:249-272
17. Cheney PD, Fetz EE, Palmer SS (1985) Patterns of facilitation and suppression of antagonist forelimb muscles from motor cortex sites in the awake monkey. J Neurophysiol 53:805-820
18. Chofflon M, Lachat JM, Ruegg DG (1982) A transcortical loop demonstrated by stimulation of low-threshold muscle afferents in the awake monkey. J Physiol (Lond) 323:393-402
19. Christensen LO, Morita H, Petersen N, Nielsen J (1999) Evidence suggesting that a transcortical reflex pathway contributes to cutaneous reflexes in the tibialis anterior muscle during walking in man. Exp Brain Res 124:59-68
20. Cowey A, Walsh V (2001) Tickling the brain: studying visual sensation, perception and cognition by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Prog Brain Res 134:411-425
21. Crone C, Nielsen J (1989) Spinal mechanisms in man contributing to reciprocal inhibition during voluntary dorsiflexion of the foot. J Physiol (Lond) 416:255-272
22. Crone C, Hultborn H, Jespersen B, Nielsen J (1987) Reciprocal Ia inhibition between ankle flexors and extensors in man. J Physiol (Lond) 389:163-185
23. Datta AK, Harrison LM, Stephens JA (1989) Task-dependent changes in the size of response to magnetic brain stimulation in human first dorsal interosseous muscle. J Physiol (Lond) 418:13-23
24. Davey NJ, Romaiguere P, Maskill DW, Ellaway PH (1994) Suppression of voluntary motor activity revealed using transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in man. J Physiol (Lond) 477(2):223-235
25. Day BL, Riescher H, Struppler A, Rothwell JC, Marsden CD (1991) Changes in the response to magnetic and electrical stimulation of the motor cortex following muscle stretch in man. J Physiol (Lond) 433:41-57
26. Di Lazzaro V, Oliviero A, Profice P, Saturno E, Pilato F, Insola A, Mazzone P, Tonali P, Rothwell JC (1998a) Comparison of descending volleys evoked by transcranial magnetic and electric stimulation in conscious humans. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 109:397-401
27. Di Lazzaro V, Restuccia D, Oliviero A, Profice P, Ferrara L, Insola A, Mazzone P, Tonali P, Rothwell JC (1998b) Effects of voluntary contraction on descending volleys evoked by transcranial stimulation in conscious humans. J Physiol (Lond) 508(2):625-633
28. Di Lazzaro V, Restuccia D, Oliviero A, Profice P, Ferrara L, Insola A, Mazzone P, Tonali P, Rothwell JC (1998c) Magnetic transcranial stimulation at intensities below active motor threshold activates intracortical inhibitory circuits. Exp Brain Res 119:265-268
29. Di Lazzaro, V, Oliviero A, Saturno E, Pilato F, Insola A, Mazzone P, Profice P, Tonali P, Rothwell JC (2001) The effect on corticospinal volleys of reversing the direction of current induced in the motor cortex by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Exp Brain Res 138:268-273
30. Drew T (1991) Visuomotor coordination in locomotion. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1:652-657
31. Edgley SA, Jankowska E, Shefchyk S (1988) Evidence that midlumbar neurons in reflex pathways from group II afferents are involved in locomotion in the cat. J Physiol (Lond) 403:57-71
32. Edgley SA, Eyre JA, Lemon RN, Miller S (1990) Excitation of the corticospinal tract by electromagnetic and electrical stimulation of the scalp in the macaque monkey. J Physiol (Lond) 425:301-320
33. Evans, AL, Harrison LM, Stephens JA (1989) Task-dependent changes in cutaneous reflexes recorded from various muscles controlling finger movement in man. J Physiol (Lond) 418:1-12
34. Evarts EV (1968) Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement. J Neurophysiol 31:14-27
35. Fellows SJ, Topper R, Schwarz M, Thilmann AF, Noth J (1996) Stretch reflexes of the proximal arm in a patient with mirror movements: absence of bilateral long-latency components. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 101:79-83
36. Fetz EE, Cheney PD (1987) Functional relations between primate motor cortex cells and muscles: fixed and flexible. Ciba Found Symp 132:98-117
37. Fetz EE, Cheney PD, Mewes K, Palmer S (1989) Control of forelimb muscle activity by populations of corticomotoneuronal and rubromotoneuronal cells. Prog Brain Res 80:437-449
38. Fetz EE, Perlmutter SI, Prut Y, Seki K (2002) Functional properties of primate spinal interneurons during voluntary hand movements. Adv Exp Med Biol 508:265-271
39. Flament D, Goldsmith P, Buckley CJ, Lemon RN (1993) Task dependence of responses in first dorsal interosseous muscle to magnetic brain stimulation in man. J Physiol (Lond) 464:361-378
40. Gandevia SC, Petersen N, Butler JE, Taylor JL (1999) Impaired response of human motoneurons to corticospinal stimulation after voluntary exercise. J Physiol (Lond) 521 Pt 3:749-759
41. George MS, Wassermann EM, Post RM (1996) Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a neuropsychiatric tool for the 21st century. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 8:373-382
42. Hallett M (2000) Transcranial magnetic stimulation and the human brain. Nature 406:147-150
43. Houlden DA, Schwartz ML, Tator CH, Ashby P, MacKay WA (1999) Spinal cord-evoked potentials and muscle responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in 10 awake human subjects. J Neurosci 19:1855-1862
44. Hultborn H, Nielsen JB (1995) H-reflexes and F-responses are not equally sensitive to changes in motoneuronal excitability. Muscle Nerve 18(12):1471-1474
45. Iles JF, Pisini JV (1992) Cortical modulation of transmission in spinal reflex pathways of man. J Physiol (Lond) 455:425-446
46. Illert M, Lundberg A, Tanaka R (1977) Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. 3. Convergence on propriospinal neurons transmitting disynaptic excitation from the corticospinal tract and other descending tracts. Exp Brain Res 29:323-346
47. Jankowska E, Padel Y, Tanaka R (1976) Disynaptic inhibition of spinal motoneurons from the motor cortex in the monkey. J Physiol (Lond) 258:467-487
48. Kirkwood PA, Maier MA, Lemon RN (2002) Interspecies comparisons for the C3-4 propriospinal system: unresolved issues. Adv Exp Med Biol 508:299-308
49. Kuypers HGJM (1981) Anatomy of the descending pathways. In: Brookhart JM, Mountcastle VB (eds) Motor control. (Handbook of physiology, Sect I, The nervous system, vol II) American Physiological Society, Bethesda, pp 597-666
50. Landgren S, Phillips CG, Porter R (1962) Minimal synaptic actions of pyramidal impulses on some alpha motoneurons of the baboons hand and forearm. J Physiol (Lond) 161:91-111
51. Lawrence DG, Kuypers HG (1968) The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. II. The effects of lesions of the descending brain-stem pathways. Brain 91:15-36
52. Lemon RN (1981) Functional properties of monkey motor cortex neurons receiving afferent input from the hand and fingers. J Physiol (Lond) 311:497-519
53. Lisanby SH, Luber B, Perera T, Sackeim HA (2000) Transcranial magnetic stimulation: applications in basic neuroscience and neuropsychopharmacology. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 3:259-273
54. Lundberg A (1970) The excitatory control of the Ia inhibitory pathway. In: Andersen P, Jansen JKS (eds) Excitatory synaptic mechanisms. Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, pp 333-340
55. Macefield VG, Rothwell JC, Day BL (1996) The contribution of transcortical pathways to long-latency stretch and tactile reflexes in human hand muscles. Exp Brain Res 108:147-154
56. Marchand-Pauvert V, Simonetta-Moreau M, Pierrot-Deseilligny E (1999) Cortical control of spinal pathways mediating group II excitation to human thigh motoneurons. J Physiol (Lond) 517(1):301-313
57. Marsden CD, Rothwell JC, Day BL (1983) Long-latency automatic responses to muscle stretch in man: origin and function. Adv Neurol 39:509-539
58. Martin JL, Barbanoj MJ, Schlaepfer TE, Clos S, Perez V, Kulisevsky J, Gironell A (2002) Transcranial magnetic stimulation for treating depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003493
59. Matthews PB, Farmer SF, Ingram DA (1990) On the localization of the stretch reflex of intrinsic hand muscles in a patient with mirror movements. J Physiol (Lond) 428:561-577
60. Mazzocchio R, Rossi A, Rothwell JC (1994) Depression of Renshaw recurrent inhibition by activation of corticospinal fibers in human upper and lower limb. J Physiol (Lond) 481(2):487-498
61. McNamara B, Ray JL, Arthurs OJ, Boniface S (2001) Transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression and other psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 31:1141-1146
62. Meunier S, Morin C (1989) Changes in presynaptic inhibition of Ia fibers to soleus motoneurons during voluntary dorsiflexion of the foot. Exp Brain Res 76:510-518
63. Meunier S, Pierrot-Deseilligny E (1998) Cortical control of presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferents in humans. Exp Brain Res 119:415-426
64. Miller AD, Brooks VB (1981) Late muscular responses to arm perturbations persist during supraspinal dysfunctions in monkeys. Exp Brain Res 41:146-158
65. Mills KR (1991) Magnetic brain stimulation: a tool to explore the action of the motor cortex on single human spinal motoneurons. Trends Neurosci 14:401-405
66. Morita H, Petersen N, Christensen LO, Sinkjaer T, Nielsen J (1998) Sensitivity of H-reflexes and stretch reflexes to presynaptic inhibition in humans. J Neurophysiol 80:610-620
67. Morita H, Baumgarten J, Petersen N, Christensen LO, Nielsen J (1999) Recruitment of extensor-carpi-radialis motor units by transcranial magnetic stimulation and radial-nerve stimulation in human subjects. Exp Brain Res 128(4):557-562
68. Morita H, Olivier E, Baumgarten J, Petersen NT, Christensen LO, Nielsen JB (2000) Differential changes in corticospinal and Ia input to tibialis anterior and soleus motor neurones during voluntary contraction in man. Acta Physiol Scand 170(1):65-76
69. Muir RB, Lemon RN (1983) Corticospinal neurons with a special role in precision grip. Brain Res 261:312-316
70. Nicolas G, Marchand-Pauvert V, Burke D, Pierrot-Deseilligny E (2001) Corticospinal excitation of presumed cervical propriospinal neurons and its reversal to inhibition in humans. J Physiol (Lond) 533:903-919
71. Nielsen J, Kagamihara Y (1992) The regulation of disynaptic reciprocal Ia inhibition during cocontraction of antagonistic muscles in man. J Physiol (Lond) 456:373-391
72. Nielsen J, Kagamihara Y (1993) The regulation of presynaptic inhibition during cocontraction of antagonistic muscles in man. J Physiol (Lond) 464:575-593
73. Nielsen J, Petersen N (1995) Changes in the effect of magnetic brain stimulation accompanying voluntary dynamic contraction in man. J Physiol (Lond) 484 (Pt 3):777-789
74. Nielsen J, Pierrot-Deseilligny E (1991) Pattern of cutaneous inhibition of the propriospinal-like excitation to human upper limb motoneurons. J Physiol (Lond) 434:169-182
75. Nielsen J, Petersen N, Deuschl G, Ballegaard M (1993) Task-related changes in the effect of magnetic brain stimulation on spinal neurons in man. J Physiol (Lond) 471:223-243
76. Nielsen J, Petersen N, Ballegaard M (1995) Latency of effects evoked by electrical and magnetic brain stimulation in lower limb motoneurons in man. J Physiol (Lond) 484(3):791-802
77. Nielsen J, Petersen N, Fedirchuk B (1997) Evidence suggesting a transcortical pathway from cutaneous foot afferents to tibialis anterior motoneurons in man. J Physiol (Lond) 501(2):473-484
78. Palmer E, Ashby P (1992) Corticospinal projections to upper limb motoneurons in humans. J Physiol (Lond) 448:397-412
79. Pascual-Leone A, Walsh V, Rothwell J (2000) Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive neuroscience-virtual lesion, chronometry, and functional connectivity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 10:232-237
80. Petersen N, Christensen LO, Morita H, Sinkjaer T, Nielsen J (1998a) Evidence that a transcortical pathway contributes to stretch reflexes in the tibialis anterior muscle in man. J Physiol (Lond) 512(1):267-276
81. Petersen N, Christensen LO, Nielsen J (1998b) The effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on the soleus H reflex during human walking. J Physiol (Lond) 513(2):599-610
82. Petersen NT, Butler JE, Marchand-Pauvert V, Fisher R, Ledebt A, Pyndt HS, Hansen NL, Nielsen JB (2001) Suppression of EMG activity by transcranial magnetic stimulation in human subjects during walking. J Physiol (Lond) 537:651-656
83. Petersen NT, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC (2002) The effect of electrical stimulation of the corticospinal tract on motor units of human biceps brachii. J Physiol (Lond) 544:277-284
84. Phillips CG (1969) Motor apparatus of the baboon's hand. The Ferrier lecture, 1968. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 173(31):141-174
85. Pierrot-Deseilligny E (1996) Transmission of the cortical command for human voluntary movement through cervical propriospinal premotoneurons. Prog Neurobiol 48:489-517
86. Pierrot-Deseilligny E, Marchand-Pauvert V (2002) A cervical propriospinal system in man. Adv Exp Med Biol 508:273-279
87. Pijnappels M, Van Wezel BM, Colombo G, Dietz V, Duysens J (1998) Cortical facilitation of cutaneous reflexes in leg muscles during human gait. Brain Res 787:149-153
88. Porter R, Lemon R (1993) Corticospinal function and voluntary movement. Clarendon, Oxford
89. Priori A, Bertolasi L, Dressler D, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Thompson PD, Marsden CD (1993) Transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation of the leg area of the human motor cortex: single motor unit and surface EMG responses in the tibialis anterior muscle. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 89:131-137
90. Rothwell J, Burke D, Hicks R, Stephen J, Woodforth I, Crawford M (1994) Transcranial electrical stimulation of the motor cortex in man: further evidence for the site of activation. J Physiol (Lond) 481:243-250
91. Rothwell JC, Thompson PD, Day BL, Boyd S, Marsden CD (1991) Stimulation of the human motor cortex through the scalp. Exp Physiol 76:159-200
92. Schieppati M, Trompetto C, Abbruzzese G (1996) Selective facilitation of responses to cortical stimulation of proximal and distal arm muscles by precision tasks in man. J Physiol (Lond) 491:551-562
93. Schoen JHR (1964) Comparative aspects of the descending fiber system in the spinal cord. Prog Brain Res 11:203-222
94. Schubert, M, Curt A, Jensen L, Dietz V (1997) Corticospinal input in human gait: modulation of magnetically evoked motor responses. Exp Brain Res 115:234-246
95. Schubert M, Curt A, Colombo G, Berger W, Dietz V (1999) Voluntary control of human gait: conditioning of magnetically evoked motor responses in a precision stepping task. Exp Brain Res 126:583-588
96. Siebner HR, Rothwell J (2003) Transcranial magnetic stimulation: new insights into representational cortical plasticity. Exp Brain Res 148:1-16
97. Simonetta-Moreau M, Marque P, Marchand-Pauvert V, Pierrot-Deseilligny E (1999) The pattern of excitation of human lower limb motoneurons by probable group II muscle afferents. J Physiol (Lond) 517(1):287-300
98. Sinkjaer T, Andersen JB, Ladouceur M, Christensen LO, Nielsen JB (2000) Major role for sensory feedback in soleus EMG activity in the stance phase of walking in man. J Physiol (Lond) 523:817-827
99. Tatton WG, Forner SD, Gerstein GL, Chambers WW, Liu CN (1975) The effect of postcentral cortical lesions on motor responses to sudden upper limb displacements in monkeys. Brain Res 96:108-113
100. Taylor JL, Fogel W, Day BL, Rothwell JC (1995) Ipsilateral cortical stimulation inhibited the long-latency response to stretch in the long finger flexors in humans. J Physiol (Lond) 488(3):821-831
101. Thilmann AF, Schwarz M, Topper R, Fellows SJ, Noth J (1991) Different mechanisms underlie the long-latency stretch reflex response of active human muscle at different joints. J Physiol (Lond) 444:631-643
102. Tracey DJ, Walmsley B, Brinkman J (1980) 'Long-loop' reflexes can be obtained in spinal monkeys. Neurosci Lett 18:59-65
103. Ugawa Y, Day BL, Rothwell JC, Thompson PD, Merton PA, Marsden CD (1991) Modulation of motor cortical excitability by electrical stimulation over the cerebellum in man. J Physiol (Lond) 441:57-72
104. Walsh V, Cowey A (2000) Transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive neuroscience. Nat Rev Neurosci 1:73-79
105. Weber M, Eisen AA (2002) Magnetic stimulation of the central and peripheral nervous systems. Muscle Nerve 25:160-175
106. Wiesendanger M (1969) The pyramidal tract: recent investigations on its morphology and function. Ergeb Physiol 61:72-136
107. Winter DA, Bishop PJ (1992) Lower extremity injury. Biomechanical factors associated with chronic injury to the lower extremity. Sports Med 14:149-156