An assessment of theoretical procedures for the calculation of reliable radical stabilization energies

Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkin Transactions 2

Volumn , Issue 11, 1999, Pages 2305-2313

  Parkinson, Christopher J ^a   Mayer, Paul M ^a,b   Radom, Leo ^a  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0042282065     PISSN: 03009580     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/a905476f     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
2. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
3. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
4. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
5. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
6. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
7. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
8. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
9. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
10. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
11. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
12. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
13. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
14. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
15. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
16. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
17. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
18. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
19. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
20. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
21. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
22. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
23. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem.
24. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
25. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
26. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
27. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
28. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
29. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
30. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
31. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
32. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
33. See for example: T. H. Fisher and A. W. Meierhoefer, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 224; X. Creary, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 280; D. F. McMillen and D. M. Golden, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1982, 33, 493; H. Agirbas and R. A. Jackson, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1983, 739; J. M. Dust and D. R. Arnold, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 1221; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1984, 62, 1164; D. D. M. Wayner and D. R. Arnold, Can. J. Chem., 1985, 63, 2378; F. G. Bordwell and M. J. Bausch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 1979; T. J. Burkey, M. Majewski and D. Griller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1986, 108, 2218; J. A. Hawari, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska, D. D. M. Wayner and D. Griller, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 91; C. Ruchardt and H.-D. Beckhaus, Top. Curr. Chem., 1986, 130, 1; J. W. Timberlake, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 271; X. Creary, M. E. Mehrsheikh-Mohammadi and S. McDonald, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3254; D. Griller, J. M. Kanabus-Kaminska and A. Maccoll, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1988, 163, 125; D. C. McKean, Int. J. Chem. Kinet., 1989, 21, 445; R. Sustmann and H.-G. Korth, Adv. Phys. Org. Chem., 1990, 26, 131; F. G. Bordwell, X.-M. Zhang and M. S. Alnajjar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7623; X.-K. Jiang and G.-Z. Ji, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 6051; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 510; K. B. Clark, D. D. M. Wayner, S. H. Demirdji and T. H. Koch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1993, 115, 2447; F. G. Bordwell and A. V. Satish, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 8885; F. G. Bordwell and X.-M. Zhang, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 973; W. Adam, C. v. Barneveld, O. Emmert, H. M. Harrer, F. Kita, A. S. Kumar, W. Maas, W. M. Nau, S. H. K. Reddy and J. Wirz, Pure Appl. Chem., 1997, 69, 735; J. J. Brocks, F. M. Welle, H.-D. Beckhaus and C. Ruchardt, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 7721; L. J. J. Laarhoven, J. G. P. Born, I. W. C. E. Arends and P. Mulder, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 2307; W. M. Nau, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 445; D. Ponomarev and V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1997, 435, 259; D. D. M. Wayner, K. B. Clark, A. Rauk, D. Yu and D. A. Armstrong, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 8925; J. J. Brocks, H.-D. Beckhaus, A. L. J. Beckwith and C. Ruchardt, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1935; B. Romer, G. G. Gatev, M. Zhong and J. I. Brauman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1998, 120, 2919; J. A. Seetula, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1998, 94, 891; F. G. Bordwell and W. Z. Liu, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1998, 11, 397; D. A. Ponomarev and V. V. Takhistov, J. Mol. Struct., 1999, 477, 91.
34. J. Berkowitz, G. B. Ellison and D. Gutman, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 2744.
35. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
36. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
37. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
38. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
39. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
40. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
41. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
42. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
43. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
44. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
45. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
46. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
47. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G.
48. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
49. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
50. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
51. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
52. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
53. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
54. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
55. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
56. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
57. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
58. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
59. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
60. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
61. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
62. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
63. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
64. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
65. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
66. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
67. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
68. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
69. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991, 56, 884; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 234, 303; G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1991, 228, 37; J. Espinosa-Garcia, F. J. Olivares del Valle, G. Leroy, M. Sana and C. Wilante, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1992, 258, 315; D. J. Pasto, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1139; C. F. Rodriguez, S. Sirois and A. C. Hopkinson, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 4869; R. Arnaud, A. Grand and R. Subra, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1993, 283, 101; S. Lalitha and J. Chandrasekhar, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.), 1994, 106, 259; G. Leroy, J.-P. Dewispelaere, H. Benkadour, D. R. Temsamani and C. Wilante, Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg., 1994, 103, 367; K. B. Wiberg, J. R. Cheesman, J. W. Ochterski and M. J. Frisch, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 6535; Y.-D. Wu and C.-L. Wong, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 821; D. A. Armstrong, D. Yu and A. Rauk, Can. J. Chem., 1996, 74, 1192; H. Basch, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 1996, 252, 265; T. Fox and P. A. Kollman, J. Phys. Chem., 1996, 100, 2950; B. S. Jursic and J. W. Timberlake, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6473; K. Pius, M. Jain and J. Chandrasekhar, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1996, 361, 191; Y.-D. Wu, C.-L. Wong, K. W. K. Chan, G.-Z. Ji and X.-K. Jiang, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 746; E. M. Arnett, R. A. Flowers II, R. T. Ludwig, A. E. Meekhof and S. A. Walek, J. Phys. Org. Chem., 1997, 10, 499; J. Cioslowski, G. Liu and D. Moncrieff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1997, 119, 11452; E. R. Davidson, S. Chakravorty and J. J. Gajewski, New J. Chem., 1997, 21, 533; H.-G. Korth and W. Sicking, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2, 1997, 715; B. S. Jursic, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1998, 422, 253; X.-M. Zhang, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 1872; G. A. DiLabio, D. A. Pratt, A. D. LoFaro and J. S. Wright, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1999, 103, 1653; Y. G. Lazarou and P. Papagiannakopoulos, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1999, 301, 19.
70. See for example: A. Pross and L. Radom, Tetrahedron, 1980, 36, 1999; G. Leroy and D. Peeters, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1981, 85, 133; N. C. Baird, Can. J. Chem., 1983, 61, 1567; F. Delbecq, J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM), 1983, 93, 353; G. Leroy, D. Peeters, M. Sana and C. Wilante, in Substituent Effects in Radical Chemistry, eds. H. G. Viehe, Z. Janousek and R. Merenyi, D. Reidel Publishing Co., Louvain-la-Neuve, 1986, p. 1; D. J. Pasto, R. Krasnansky and C. Zercher, J. Org. Chem., 1987, 52, 3062; M. B. Coolidge and W. T. Borden, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 2298; D. J. Pasto, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 8164; G. Leroy, M. Sana, C. Wilante and R. M. Nemba, J. Mol. Struct., 1989, 198, 159; M. L. McKee, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 164, 520; Y.-D. Wu, W. Kirmse and K. N. Houk, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 4557; M. Lehd and F. Jensen, J. Org. Chem., 1991,
71. For a recent comprehensive and very readable account of difficulties associated with calculations on open-shell systems, see (a) T. Bally and W. T. Borden, in Reviews in Computational Chemistry, Vol. 13, eds. K. B. Lipkowitz and D. B. Boyd, Wiley-VCH, New York, 1999, p. 1. Earlier papers dealing specifically with the effects of spin contamination on UMP results include:
72. (b) P. J. Knowles, K. Somasundram, N. C. Handy and K. Hirao, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1985, 113, 8; N. C. Handy, P. J. Knowles and K. Somasundram, Theor. Chem. Acc., 1985, 68, 87; P. M. W. Gill and L. Radom, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1986, 132, 16; R. H. Nobes, J. A. Pople, L. Radom, N. C. Handy and P. J. Knowles, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1987, 138, 481; M. B. Lepetit, M. Pélissier and J. P. Malrieu, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 998; P. M. W. Gill, J. A. Pople, L. Radom and R. H. Nobes, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 7307.
73. (b) P. J. Knowles, K. Somasundram, N. C. Handy and K. Hirao, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1985, 113, 8; N. C. Handy, P. J. Knowles and K. Somasundram, Theor. Chem. Acc., 1985, 68, 87; P. M. W. Gill and L. Radom, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1986, 132, 16; R. H. Nobes, J. A. Pople, L. Radom, N. C. Handy and P. J. Knowles, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1987, 138, 481; M. B. Lepetit, M. Pélissier and J. P. Malrieu, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 998; P. M. W. Gill, J. A. Pople, L. Radom and R. H. Nobes, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 7307.
74. (b) P. J. Knowles, K. Somasundram, N. C. Handy and K. Hirao, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1985, 113, 8; N. C. Handy, P. J. Knowles and K. Somasundram, Theor. Chem. Acc., 1985, 68, 87; P. M. W. Gill and L. Radom, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1986, 132, 16; R. H. Nobes, J. A. Pople, L. Radom, N. C. Handy and P. J. Knowles, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1987, 138, 481; M. B. Lepetit, M. Pélissier and J. P. Malrieu, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 998; P. M. W. Gill, J. A. Pople, L. Radom and R. H. Nobes, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 7307.
75. (b) P. J. Knowles, K. Somasundram, N. C. Handy and K. Hirao, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1985, 113, 8; N. C. Handy, P. J. Knowles and K. Somasundram, Theor. Chem. Acc., 1985, 68, 87; P. M. W. Gill and L. Radom, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1986, 132, 16; R. H. Nobes, J. A. Pople, L. Radom, N. C. Handy and P. J. Knowles, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1987, 138, 481; M. B. Lepetit, M. Pélissier and J. P. Malrieu, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 998; P. M. W. Gill, J. A. Pople, L. Radom and R. H. Nobes, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 7307.
76. (b) P. J. Knowles, K. Somasundram, N. C. Handy and K. Hirao, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1985, 113, 8; N. C. Handy, P. J. Knowles and K. Somasundram, Theor. Chem. Acc., 1985, 68, 87; P. M. W. Gill and L. Radom, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1986, 132, 16; R. H. Nobes, J. A. Pople, L. Radom, N. C. Handy and P. J. Knowles, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1987, 138, 481; M. B. Lepetit, M. Pélissier and J. P. Malrieu, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 998; P. M. W. Gill, J. A. Pople, L. Radom and R. H. Nobes, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 7307.
77. (b) P. J. Knowles, K. Somasundram, N. C. Handy and K. Hirao, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1985, 113, 8; N. C. Handy, P. J. Knowles and K. Somasundram, Theor. Chem. Acc., 1985, 68, 87; P. M. W. Gill and L. Radom, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1986, 132, 16; R. H. Nobes, J. A. Pople, L. Radom, N. C. Handy and P. J. Knowles, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1987, 138, 481; M. B. Lepetit, M. Pélissier and J. P. Malrieu, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 998; P. M. W. Gill, J. A. Pople, L. Radom and R. H. Nobes, J. Chem. Phys., 1988, 89, 7307.
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79. L. A. Curtiss, K. Raghavachari, P. C. Redfern, V. Rassolov and J. A. Pople, J. Chem. Phys., 1998, 109, 7764.
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