Treatment concepts for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia

Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift

Volumn 115, Issue 13-14, 2003, Pages 505-514

  Sperr, Wolfgang R ^a   Hauswirth, Alexander W ^a   Wimazal, Friedrich ^a   Knöbl, Paul ^a   Geissler, Klaus ^b   Valent, Peter ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b GENERAL HOSPITAL LINZ   (Austria)

Author keywords

Acute myeloid leukemia; Consolidation chemotherapy; Elderly patients; Intensive induction therapy

Indexed keywords

2 (2 AMINO 3 METHOXYPHENYL)CHROMONE; 2 (2 CHLORO 4 IODOANILINO) N CYCLOPROPYLMETHOXY 3,4 DIFLUOROBENZAMIDE; 2,4 DIMETHYL 5 (2 OXO 1H INDOL 3 YLMETHYLENE) 3 PYRROLEPROPIONIC ACID; 4 [6 METHOXY 7 [3 (1 PIPERIDINYL)PROPOXY] 4 QUINAZOLINYL] 1 PIPERAZINECARBOXYLIC ACID (4 ISOPROPOXYPHENYL)AMIDE; AMSACRINE; AZACITIDINE; CEP 701; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DAUNORUBICIN; DIPHTHERIA TOXIN; DOXORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; GEMTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR RECEPTOR; HERBIMYCIN A; IDARUBICIN; IMATINIB; MITOXANTRONE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RAPAMYCIN; RETINOIC ACID; SEMAXANIB; STI 517; TIOGUANINE; TIPIFARNIB; TRICHOSTATIN A; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VALSPODAR; VINCRISTINE; ZORUBICIN;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ADULT; AGED; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PALLIATIVE THERAPY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; META ANALYSIS; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 0041317674     PISSN: 00435325     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF03041034     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Brincker H (1985) Estimate of overall treatment results in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia based on age-specific rates of incidence and of complete remission. Cancer Treat Rep 69: 5-11
2. Baudard M, Marie JP, Cadiou M, Viguie F, Zittoun R (1994) Acute myelogenous leukaemia in the elderly: retrospective study of 235 consecutive patients. Br J Haematol 86: 82-91
3. Taylor PR, Reid MM, Stark AN, Brown N, Hamilton PJ, Proctor PJ (1995) De novo acute myeloid leukaemia in patients over 55-years-old: a population based study of incidence, treatment and outcome, Northern Region Haematology Group. Leukemia 9: 231-237
4. McNally RIQ, Rowland D, Roman E, et al (1997) Age and sex distributions of haematological malignancies. UK Hematol Oncol 15: 173-189
5. Pinto A, Zagonel V, Ferrara F (2001) Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: biology and therapeutic strategies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 39: 275-287
6. Büchner T, Hiddemann W, Berdel W, Wormann B, Schoch C, Loffler H, et al (2002) Acute myeloid leukemia: treatment over 60. Rev Clin Exp Hematol 6: 46-59
7. Johnson PRE, Liu Yin JA (1993) Acute myeloid leukaemia in the elderly: biology and treatment. Br J Haematol 83: 1-6
8. Brunning RD, Matutes E, Harris NL, Flandrin G, Vardiman J, Bennett J, et al (2001) Acute myeloid leukaemia: Introduction. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW (eds) WHO classification of tumours: pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. IARCPress, Lyon, pp 77-80
9. Löwenberg B (1996) Treatment of the elderly patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. Baillieres Clin Haematol 9: 147-159
10. Hiddemann W, Kern W, Schoch C, Fonatsch C, Heinecke A, Wormann B, Buchner T (1999) Management of acute myeloid leukemia in elderly patients. J Clin Oncol 17: 3569-3576
11. Rowe JM (2000) Treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia in older adults. Leukemia 14: 480-487
12. Büchner T, Hiddemann W, Schoch C, Haferlach T, Sauerland MC, Heinecke A (2001) Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML): treatment of the older patient. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 14: 139-151
13. Estey EH (2001) Therapeutic options for acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer 92: 1059-1073
14. Coeberg JWW, Janssen-Heijnen MLG, Razenberg PPA (1998) Prevalence of co-morbidity in newly diagnosed patients with cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 26: 97-100
15. Cova D, Beretta G, Balducci L (1998) Cancer chemotherapy in older patients. In: Balducci L, Lyman GH, Ersheler WB (eds) Comprehensive geriatric oncology. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, pp 429-442
16. Foon KA, Zighelboim J, Yale C, Gale RP (1981) Intensive chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for elderly patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 58: 467-470
17. Sebban C, Archimbaud E, Coiffier B, Guyotat D, Treille-Ritouet D, Maupas J, et al (1988) Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia in elderly patients. A retrospective study. Cancer 61: 227-231
18. Löwenberg B, Zittoun R, Kerkhofs H, Jehn U, Abels J, Debusscher L, et al (1989) On the value of intensive remission-induction chemotherapy in elderly patients of 65+ years with acute myeloid leukemia: a randomized phase III study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Leukemia Group. J Clin Oncol 7: 1268-1274
19. Stasi R, Venditti A, Del Poeta G, Aronica G, Dentamaro T, Cecconi M, et al (1996) Intensive treatment of patients age 60 years and older with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: analysis of prognostic factors. Cancer 77: 2476-2488
20. Tilly H, Castaigne S, Bordessoule D, Casassus P, Le Prise PY, Tertian G, et al (1990) Low-dose cytarabine versus intensive chemotherapy in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in the elderly. J Clin Oncol 8: 272-279
21. Bassan R, Buelli M, Viero P, Minotti C, Barbui T (1992) The management of acute myelogenous leukemia in the elderly: ten-year experience in 118 patients. Hematol Oncol 10: 251-260
22. Löwenberg B, Downing JR, Burnett A (1999) Acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 341: 1051-1062
23. Yunis JJ (1984) Recurrent chromosomal defects are found in most patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 11: 125-137
24. Rowley JD (1980) Chromosome changes in acute leukaemia. Br J Haematol 44: 339-346
25. Bitter MA, Le Beau MM, Rowley JD, Larson RA, Golomb HM, Vardiman JW (1987) Associations between morphology, karyotype, and clinical features in myeloid leukemias. Hum Pathol 18: 211-225
26. Baer MR, Bloomfield CD (1991) Multidrug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 83: 663-665
27. Grimwade D, Walker H, Oliver F, Wheatley K, Harrison C, Harrison G, et al (1998) The importance of diagnostic cytogenetics on outcome in AML: analysis of 1,612 patients entered into the MRC AML 10 trial. The Medical Research Council Adult and Children's Leukaemia Working Parties. Blood 92: 2322-2333
28. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gralnick HR, et al (1976) Proposals for the classification of the acute leukaemias. French-American-British (FAB) co-operative group. Br J Haematol 33: 451-458
29. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gralnick HR, et al (1985) Proposed revised criteria for the classification of acute myeloid leukemia. A report of the French-American-British Cooperative Group. Ann Intern Med 103: 620-625
30. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gralnick HR, et al (1985) Criteria for the diagnosis of acute leukemia of megakaryocyte lineage (M7). A report of the French-American-British Cooperative Group. Ann Intern Med 103: 460-462
31. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT, Flandrin G, Galton DA, Gralnick HR, et al (1991) Proposal for the recognition of minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukaemia (AML-M0). Br J Haematol 78: 325-329
32. Brunning RD, Matutes E, Flandrin G, Vardiman J, Bennett J, Head D, et al (2001) Acute myeloid leukaemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW (eds) WHO classification of tumours: Pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. IARCPress, Lyon, pp 81-87
33. Brunning RD, Matutes E, Harris NL, Flandrin G, Vardiman J, Bennett J, et al (2001) Acute myeloid leukaemia with multilineage dysplasia. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW (eds) WHO classification of tumours: Pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. IARCPress, Lyon, pp 88-89
34. Brunning RD, Matutes E, Flandrin G, Vardiman J, Bennett J, Head D, et al (2001) Acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes, therapy related. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW (eds) WHO classification of tumours: pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. IARCPress, Lyon, pp 89-91
35. Brunning RD, Matutes E, Flandrin G, Vardiman J, Bennett J, Head D, et al (2001) Acute myeloid leukaemia not otherwise categorised. In: Jaffe ES, Harris NL, Stein H, Vardiman JW (eds) WHO classification of tumours: Pathology and genetics of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. IARCPress, Lyon, pp 91-105
36. Hamblin TH (1995) Disappointments in treating acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly. N Engl J Med 332: 1712-1773
37. Burnett AK (1999) Tailoring the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Curr Opin Oncol 11: 14-19
38. th AML trial. Br J Haematol 72: 45-53
39. Hamblin TJ (1992) The treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia preceded by the myelodysplastic syndrome. Leuk Res 16: 4101-4108
40. Larson RA (1996) Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia with a antecedent myelodysplastic syndrome. Leukemia 10 [Suppl 1]: 32-25
41. Hassan HT, Rees JKH (1990) Relation between age and blast cell differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia patients. Oncology 47: 439-442
42. Goasguen JE, Matsuo T, Cox C, Bennett JM (1992) Evaluation of the dysmyelopoiesis in 337 patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: major importance of dysgranulopoiesis for remission and survival. Leukemia 6: 520-525
43. Brito-Babapulle F, Catowsky D, Galton DAG (1987) Clinical and laboratory features of de novo acute myeloid leukemia with trilineage myelodysplasia. Br J Haematol 66: 445-470
44. Estey E, Thall P, Beran M, Kantarjan H, Pierce S, Keating M (1996) Effect of diagnosis (refractory anaemia with excess of blasts, refractory anaemia with excess of blasts in transformation, or acute myeloid leukemia [AML]) on outcome of AML-type chemotherapy. Blood 1997: 2969-2977
45. Fenaux P, Preudhomme C, Lai JL, Morel P, Beuscart R, Bauters F (1989) Cytogenetics and their prognostic value in de novo acute myeloid leukaemia: a report on 283 cases. Br J Haematol 73: 61-67
46. Rowley JD, Alimena G, Garson OM, Hagemeijer A, Mitelman F, Prigogina AL (1982) A collaborative study on the relationship of the morphologic type of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with patient age and karyotyp. Blood 59: 1013-1022
47. Schiffer CA, Lee EJ, Takafumi T, Wiernik PH, Testa JR (1989) Prognostic impact of cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with de novo acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Blood 73: 263-270
48. Swansbury GJ, Lawler SD, Alimena G, Arthur D, Berger R, Berghe H, et al (1994) Long-term survival in acute myeloid leukemia: a second follow-up of the Fouth International Workshop on Chromosomes in Leukaemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 73: 127-134
49. Slovak ML, Kopecky KJ, Cassileth PA, Harrington DH, Theil KS, Mohamed A, et al (2000) Karyotypic analysis predicts outcome of preremission and postremission therapy in adult myeloid leukaemia: a Southwest Oncology Group/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. Blood 96: 4075-4083
50. Willman CL (1997) The prognostic significance of the expression and function of of multidrug resistance transporter proteins in acute myeloid leukemia: Studies of the Southwest Oncology Group leukemia research program. Semin Hematol 4 [Suppl 5]: 25-33
51. Leith CP, Kopecky KJ, Godwin J, McConnell T, Slovak ML, Chen IM, et al (1997) Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: assessment of multidrug resistance (MDR1) and cytogenetics distinguishes biologic subgroups with remarkably distinct responses to standard chemotherapy. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Bood 89: 3323-3329
52. Leith CP, Kopecky KJ, Chen IM, Eijdems L, Slovak ML, McConnell TS, et al (1999) Frequency and clinical significance of the expression of multidrug resistance proteins MDR1/P-glycoprotein, MRP1, and LRP in acute myeloid leukemia. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 94: 1086-1099
53. Michieli M, Damiani D, Ermacora A, Geromin A, Michelutti A, Masolini P, et al (2000) P-glycoprotein (PGP), lung resistance-related protein (LRP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) expression in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 108: 703-709
54. Raspadori T, Lauria F, Ventura MA, Rondelli D, Visani G, de Vivo A, et al (1997) Incidence and prognostic relevance of CD34 expression in acute myeloblastic leukemia: analysis of 141 cases. Leuk Res 21: 603-607
55. Venditti A, Del Poeta G, Buccisano F, Tamburini A, Cox-Froncillo MC, Aronica G, et al (1998) Prognostic relevance of the expression of TdT and CD7 in 335 cases of acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 12: 1056-1063
56. López A, de la Rubia J, Martin G, Martinez J, Cervera J, Jarque I, et al (2001) Recent improvements in outcome for elderly patients with de novo acute myeloblastic leukamia. Leuk Res 25: 685-692
57. Zagonel V, Fratino L, Sacco C (1996) Reducing chemotherapy associated toxicity in elderly cancer patients. Cancer Treat Rev 22: 223-244
58. Yates J, Glidewell O, Wiernik P, Cooper MR, Steinber D, Dosik H, et al (1982) Cytosine Arabinoside with Daunorubicin or Adriamycin for therapy of acute myelocytic leukamia: a CALGB study. Blood 60: 454-462
59. Liu Yin JA, Johnson PR, Davies JM, Flanagan NG, Gorst DW, Lewis MJ (1991) Mitozantrone and cytosine arabinoside as first-line therapy in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 79: 415-420
60. Feldman EJ, Seiter K, Damon L, Linker C, Rugo H, Ries C, et al (1997) A randomized trial of high- vs standard-dose mitoxantrone with cytarabine in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 11: 485-489
61. Löwenberg B, Suciu S, Archimbaud E, Ossenkopele G, Verhoef GEG, Vellenga E, et al (1997) Use of recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor during and after remission induction chemotherapy in patients aged 61years and older with acute myeloid leukemia: Final report of AML-11, a phase III randomised study of the Leukemia Cooperative Group of the European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC-LCG) and the Dutch Belgian Hemato-Oncology Cooperative Group (HOVON). Blood 90: 2952-2961
62. Archimbaud E, Jehn U, Thomas X, De Cataldo F, Fillet G, Belhabri A, et al (1999) Multicenter randomized phase II trial of idarubicin vs mitoxantrone, combined with VP-16 and cytarabine for induction/consolidation therapy, followed by a feasibility study of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 13: 843-849
63. Stone RM, Berg DT, George SL, Dodge RK, Paciucci PA, Schulman P, et al (1995) Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor after initial chemotherapy for elderly patients with primary acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. N Engl J Med 332: 1671-1677
64. Goldstone AH, Burnett AK, Wheatley K, Smith AG, Hutchinson RM, Clark RE (2001) Attempts to improve treatment outcomes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in older patients: the results of the United Kingdom Medical Council AML11 trial. Blood 96: 1302-1311
65. Rowe JM, Andersen JW, Mazza JJ, Bennett JM, Paietta E, Hayes FA, et al (1995) A randomized placebo-controlled phase III study of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in adult patients (> 55 to 70 years of age) with acute myelogenous leukemia: a study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E1490). Blood 86:457-462
66. Baudard M, Beauchamp-Nicoud A, Delmer A, Rio B, Blanc C, Zittoun R, et al (1999) Has the prognosis of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia improved over years? A single institution experience of 784 consecutive patients over a 16-year period. Leukemia 13: 1481-1490
67. Yoshida S, Kuriyama K, Miyazaki Y, Taguchi J, Fukushima T, Honda M, et al (2001) De novo acute myeloid leukaemia in the elderly; a consistent fraction of long-term survivors by standard dose chemotherapy. Leuk Res 25: 33-38
68. Wiernik PH, Banks PLC, Case DC, Arlin ZA, Periman PO, Todd MB, et al (1992) Cytarabine plus idarubicin or daunorubicin as induction and consolidation therapy for previously untrated adult patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Blood 79: 313-319
69. Berman E, Arlin ZA, Gaynar J, Miller W, Gee T, Kempin SJ, et al (1989) Comparative trial of cytarabine and thioguanine in combination with amsacrine or daunorubicin in patients with untreated acute nonlymphocytic leukemia: results of the L-16M protokoll. Leukemia 3: 115-121
70. Arlin Z, Zase DC Jr, Moore J, Wiernik P, Feldman E, Saletan S, et al (1990) Randomized multicenter trial of cytosine arabinoside with mithoxantrone or daunorubicin in previously untreated adult patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Lederle Cooperative Group. Leukemia 4: 177-183
71. Mandelli F, Petti MC, Ardia A, Di Pietro N, Di Raimondo F, Ganzina F, et al (1991) A randomized clinical trial comparing idarubicin and cytarabine to daunorubicin and cytarabine in the treatment of acute non-lymphoid leukemia: a multicentric study from the Italian Co-operative Group GIMEMA. Eur J Cancer 27: 750-755
72. AML Collaborative Group (1998) A systematic collaborative overview of randomized trials comparing idarubicin with daunorubicin (or other anthracyclines) as induction for acute myeloid leukemia. Br J Haematol 103: 100-109
73. Embury SH, Elias L, Heller PH, Hood CE, Greenberg PL, Schrier SL (1977) Remission maintenance therapy in acute myelogenous leukemia. West J Med 126: 267-272
74. Cassileth PA, Harrington DP, Hines JD, Oken MM, Mazza JJ, McGlave P, et al (1988) Maintenance chemotherapy prolongs remission duration in adult acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 6: 583-587
75. Cassileth PA, Lynch E, Hines JD, Oken MM, Mazza JJ, Bennett JM, et al (1992) Varying intensity of postremission therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 79: 1924-1930
76. Stone RM, Berg DT, George SL, Dodge RK, Paciucci PA, Schulman PP, et al (2001) Postremission therapy in older patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: a randomized trial comparing mitoxantrone and intermediate-dose cytarabine with standard-dose cytarabine. Blood 98:548-553
77. Mayer RJ, Davis RB, Schiffer CA, Berg DT, Powell BL, Schulman P, et al (1994) Intensive postremission chemotherapy in adults with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. N Engl J Med 331: 896-903
78. Sperr WR, Piribauer M, Wimazal F, Fonatsch C, Thalhammer-Scherrer R, Schwarzinger I, et al. A novel effective and safe consolidation regimen for elderly patients with AML: intermediate dose intermittent ARA-C (IDAC) (manuscript submitted)
79. Ruutu T, Almqvist A, Hallman H, Honkanen T, Jarvenpaa E, Jarventie G, et al (1994) Oral induction and consolidation of acute myeloid leukemia with etoposide, 6-thioguanine, and idarubicin (ETI) in elderly patients: a randomized comparison with 5-day TAD. Finnish Leukemia Group. Leukemia 8: 11-15
80. Schiffer CA, Anderson KC, Bennett CL, Bernstein S, Elting LS, Goldsmith M, et al (2001) Platelet Transfusion for Patients With Cancer: Clinical Practice Guidelines of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 15: 1519-1538
81. Gaya H (1988) Empirical therapy of infections in neutropenic patients. Br J Haematol 101: 5-9
82. Madani TA (2000) Clinical infections and bloodstream isolates associated with fever in patients undergoing chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Infection 28: 367-373
83. Persson L, Vikerfors T, Sjoberg L, Engervall P, Tidefelt U (2000) Increased incidence of bacteraemia due to viridans streptococci in an unselected population of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Scand J Infect Dis 32: 615-621
84. Kanda Y, Yamamoto R, Chizuka A, Hamaki T, Suguro M, Arai C, et al (2000) Prophylactic action of oral fluconazole against fungal infection in neutropenic patients. A meta-analysis of 16 randomized, controlled trials. Cancer 89: 1611-1625
85. Heil G, Hoelzer D, Sanz MA, Lechner K, Liu Yin JA, Papa G, et al (1997) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study of filgrastim in remission induction and consolidation therapy for adults with de novo acute myeloid leukemia. The International Acute Myeloid Leukemia Study Group. Blood 90: 4710-4718
86. Estey EH (2001) Growth factors in acute myeloid leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 14: 175-187
87. Ozer H, Armitage JO, Bennett CL, Crawford J, Demetri GD, Pizzo PA, et al (2000) 2000 update of recommendations for the use of hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors: evidence-based, clinical practice guidelines. American Society of Clinical Oncology Growth Factors Expert Panel. J Clin Oncol 18: 3558-3585
88. Sandmaier BM, McSweeney P, Yu C, Storb R (2000) Nonmyeloablative transplants: preclinical and clinical results. Semin Oncol 27 [Suppl]: 78-81
89. Storb RF, Champlin R, Riddell SR, Murata M, Bryant S, Warren EH (2001) Non-myeloablative transplants for malignant disease. Hematology (Am Soc Hematol Educ Program): 375-391
90. Zaucha JA, Yu C, Lothrop CD Jr, Nash RA, Sale G, Georges G, et al. (2001) Severe canine hereditary hemolytic anemia treated by nonmyeloablative marrow transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 7: 14-24
91. Hamann PR, Hinman LM, Hollander I, Beyer CF, Lindh D, Holcomb R, et al (2002) Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, a potent and selective anti-CD33 antibody-calicheamicin conjugate for treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Bioconjug Chem 13: 47-58
92. Sievers EL, Larson RA, Stadtmauer EA, Estey E, Lowenberg B, Dombret H, et al (2001) Efficacy and safety of gemtuzumab ozogamicin in patients with CD33-positive acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse. J Clin Oncol 19: 3244-3254
93. Larson RA, Boogaerts M, Estey E, Karanes C, Stadtmauer EA, Sievers EL, et al (2002) Antibody-targeted chemotherapy of older patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse using Mylotarg (gemtuzumab ozogamicin). Leukemia 16: 1627-1636
94. Rozemuller H, Terpstra W, Rombouts EJ, Lawler M, Byrne C, FitzGerald DJ, et al (1998) GM-CSF receptor targeted treatment of primary AML in SCID mice using Diphtheria toxin fused to huGM-CSF. Leukemia 12: 1962-1970
95. Feuring-Buske M, Frankel A, Gerhard B, Hogge D (2000) Variable cytotoxicity of diphtheria toxin 388-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor fusion protein for acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells. Exp Hematol 28: 1390-1400
96. Alexander RL, Ramage J, Kucera GL, Caligiuri MA, Frankel AE (2001) High affinity interleukin-3 receptor expression on blasts from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia correlates with cytotoxicity of a diphtheria toxin/IL-3 fusion protein. Leuk Res 25: 875-881
97. Jordan CT, Upchurch D, Szilvassy SJ, Guzman ML, Howard DS, Pettigrew AL, et al (2000) The interleukin-3 receptor alpha chain is a unique marker for human acute myelogenous leukemia stem cells. Leukemia 14: 1777-1784
98. Feuring-Buske M, Frankel AE, Alexander RL, Gerhard B, Hogge DE (2002) A diphtheria toxin-interleukin 3 fusion protein is cytotoxic to primitive acute myeloid leukemia progenitors but spares normal progenitors. Cancer Res 62: 1730-1736
99. Elad G, Paz A, Haklai R, Marciano D, Cox A, Kloog Y (1999) Targeting of K-Ras 4B by S-trans, trans-farnesyl thiosalicylic acid. Biochem Biophys Acta 1452: 228-242
100. Karp JE, Lancet JE, Kaufmann SH, End DW, Wright JJ, Bol K, et al (2001) Clinical and biologic activity of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor R115777 in adults with refractory and relapsed acute leukemias: a phase 1 clinical-laboratory correlative trial. Blood 97: 3361-3369
101. Talpaz M, Silver RT, Druker BJ, Goldman JM, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Guilhot F, et al (2002) Imatinib induces durable hematologic and cytogenetic responses in patients with accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukemia: results of a phase 2 study. Blood 99: 1928-1937
102. Apperley JF, Gardembas M, Melo JV, Russell-Jones R, Bain BJ, Baxter EJ, et al (2002) Response to imatinib mesylate in patients with chronic myeloproliferative diseases with rearrangements of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta. N Engl J Med 347: 481-487
103. Spiekermann K, Faber F, Voswinckel R, Hiddemann W (2002) The protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU5614 inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial cell sprouting and induces growth arrest and apoptosis by inhibition of c-kit in AML cells. Exp Hematol 30: 767-773
104. Mesters RM, Padro T, Bieker R, Steins M, Kreuter M, Goner M R, et al (2001) Stable remission after administration of the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor SU5416 in a patient with refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 98: 241-243
105. Smolich BD, Yuen HA, West KA, Giles FJ, Albitar M, Cherrington JM (2001) The antiangiogenic protein kinase inhibitors SU5416 and SU6668 inhibit the SCF receptor (c-kit) in a human myeloid leukemia cell line and in acute myeloid leukemia blasts. Blood 97: 1413-1421
106. Schwartsmann G, Fernandes MS, Schaan MD, Moschen M, Gerhardt LM, Di Leone L, et al (1997) Decitabine (5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine; DAC) plus daunorubicin as a first line treatment in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: preliminary observations. Leukemia 11 [Suppl 1]: S28-S31
107. Milella M, Kornblau SM, Estrov Z, Carter BZ, Lapillonne H, Harris D, et al (2001) Therapeutic targeting of the MEK/MAPK signal transduction module in acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Invest 108: 851-859
108. Gilliland DG, Griffin JD (2002) Role of FLT3 in leukemia. Curr Opin Hematol 9: 274-281
109. Weisberg E, Boulton C, Kelly LM, Manley P, Fabbro D, Meyer T, et al (2002) Inhibition of mutant FLT3 receptors in leukemia cells by the small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor PKC412. Cancer Cell 1: 433-443
110. Teller S, Kramer D, Bohmer SA, Tse KF, Small D, Mahboobi S, et al (2002) Bis(1H-2-indolyl)-1-methanones as inhibitors of the hematopoietic tyrosine kinase Flt3. Leukemia 16: 1528-1534
111. Birkenkamp KU, Esselink MT, Kruijer W, Vellenga E (2000) An inhibitor of PI3-K differentially affects proliferation and IL-6 protein secretion in normal and leukemic myeloid cells depending on the stage of differentiation. Exp Hematol 28: 1239-1249