Clarifying a contested concept: Populism in the study of Latin American politics

Comparative Politics

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2001, Pages 1-22

  Weyland, Kurt ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040377536     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422412     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. For instance, the study of democratization made progress only after the long-standing debates over the concept of democracy receded and most authors settled on a minimal, procedural definition.
2. Carlos de la Torre, Populist Seduction in Latin America (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000); Anibal Viguera, "'Populismo' y 'Neopopulismo' en América Latina," Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 55 (July 1993), 49-66.
3. Carlos de la Torre, Populist Seduction in Latin America (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2000); Anibal Viguera, "'Populismo' y 'Neopopulismo' en América Latina," Revista Mexicana de Sociología, 55 (July 1993), 49-66.
4. Ian Roxborough, "Unity and Diversity in Latin American History," Journal of Latin American Studies, 16 (May 1984), 14.
5. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
6. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
7. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
8. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
9. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
10. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
11. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
12. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
13. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
14. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
15. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
16. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
17. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
18. Victor Armony, "Is There an Ideological Link between Neopopulism and Neoliberalism?," paper presented for twenty-second LASA Congress, Atlanta, March 16-18, 2000; Felipe Burbano de Lara, ed., El Fantasma del Populismo (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 1998); Michael Conniff, ed., Populism in Latin America (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1999); de la Torre; Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Denise Dresser, Neopopulist Solutions to Neoliberal Problems (San Diego: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1991); Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 339-70; Alan Knight, "Populism and Neo-populism in Latin America," Journal of Latin American Studies, 30 (May 1998), 223-48; Nicolás Lynch, "Neopopulismo: Un Concepto Vacío," Socialismo y Participación (December 1999); René Antonio Mayorga, Antipolítica y Neopopulismo (La Paz: CEBEM, 1995); Philip Oxhorn, "The Social Foundations of Latin America's Recurrent Populism," Journal of Historical Sociology, 11 (June 1998), 212-46; George Philip, "The New Populism, Presidentialism and Market-Orientated Reform in Spanish South America," Government and Opposition, 33 (Winter 1998), 81-97; Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Cynthia Sanborn, "The Democratic Left and the Persistence of Populism in Peru" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1991); Viguera; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
19. See Giovanni Sartori, ed., Social Science Concepts (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1984).
20. David Collier and Steven Levitsky, "Democracy with Adjectives," World Politics, 49 (April 1997), 430-51.
21. David Collier and James Mahon, Jr., "Conceptual 'Stretching' Revisited," American Political Science Review, 87 (December 1993), 845-55. refer to "radial concepts" as presented by Collier and Mahon, not to the interesting but different interpretation by Pierre Ostiguy, "The Concept of Democracy: A Radial Category" (unpublished, 1992).
22. David Collier and James Mahon, Jr., "Conceptual 'Stretching' Revisited," American Political Science Review, 87 (December 1993), 845-55. refer to "radial concepts" as presented by Collier and Mahon, not to the interesting but different interpretation by Pierre Ostiguy, "The Concept of Democracy: A Radial Category" (unpublished, 1992).
23. Sartori, pp. 55-56.
24. Ibid., pp. 32-33, 54-57.
25. Ibid., p. 47.
26. Even Collier and Levitsky, p. 450, admit these dangers.
27. Ibid., pp. 435-41, 450-51.
28. Ibid., p. 440.
29. Guillermo O'Donnell, "Delegative Democracy," Journal of Democracy, 5 (January 1994), 55-69.
30. Sartori, pp. 51-54.
31. Ibid., pp. 54-56.
32. Recently, John Gerring, "What Makes a Concept Good?," Polity, 31 (Spring 1999), 363-64.
33. The following discussion of modernization and dependency theory focuses on the similarities within and between these schools, not on the undeniable differences among individual authors, some of whom advanced more qualified, nuanced views.
34. Paul Drake "Comment," in Dornbusch and Edwards, eds.; Paul Drake, "Chile's Populism Reconsidered, 1920s-1990s," in Conniff. ed., Populism; Lynch; José Nun, "Populismo, Representación y Menemismo," Sociedad, 5 (October 1994), 93-119; Aníbal Quijano, "Populismo y Fujimorismo," in Burbano, ed.; Carlos Vilas, "Latin American Populism," Science and Society, 56 (Winter 1992-1993), 389-420; Carlos Vilas, "Los Caudillos Electorales de la Posmodernidad," Socialismo y Participación, 69 (March 1995), 31-43.
35. Paul Drake "Comment," in Dornbusch and Edwards, eds.; Paul Drake, "Chile's Populism Reconsidered, 1920s-1990s," in Conniff. ed., Populism; Lynch; José Nun, "Populismo, Representación y Menemismo," Sociedad, 5 (October 1994), 93-119; Aníbal Quijano, "Populismo y Fujimorismo," in Burbano, ed.; Carlos Vilas, "Latin American Populism," Science and Society, 56 (Winter 1992-1993), 389-420; Carlos Vilas, "Los Caudillos Electorales de la Posmodernidad," Socialismo y Participación, 69 (March 1995), 31-43.
36. Paul Drake "Comment," in Dornbusch and Edwards, eds.; Paul Drake, "Chile's Populism Reconsidered, 1920s-1990s," in Conniff. ed., Populism; Lynch; José Nun, "Populismo, Representación y Menemismo," Sociedad, 5 (October 1994), 93-119; Aníbal Quijano, "Populismo y Fujimorismo," in Burbano, ed.; Carlos Vilas, "Latin American Populism," Science and Society, 56 (Winter 1992-1993), 389-420; Carlos Vilas, "Los Caudillos Electorales de la Posmodernidad," Socialismo y Participación, 69 (March 1995), 31-43.
37. Paul Drake "Comment," in Dornbusch and Edwards, eds.; Paul Drake, "Chile's Populism Reconsidered, 1920s-1990s," in Conniff. ed., Populism; Lynch; José Nun, "Populismo, Representación y Menemismo," Sociedad, 5 (October 1994), 93-119; Aníbal Quijano, "Populismo y Fujimorismo," in Burbano, ed.; Carlos Vilas, "Latin American Populism," Science and Society, 56 (Winter 1992-1993), 389-420; Carlos Vilas, "Los Caudillos Electorales de la Posmodernidad," Socialismo y Participación, 69 (March 1995), 31-43.
38. Paul Drake "Comment," in Dornbusch and Edwards, eds.; Paul Drake, "Chile's Populism Reconsidered, 1920s-1990s," in Conniff. ed., Populism; Lynch; José Nun, "Populismo, Representación y Menemismo," Sociedad, 5 (October 1994), 93-119; Aníbal Quijano, "Populismo y Fujimorismo," in Burbano, ed.; Carlos Vilas, "Latin American Populism," Science and Society, 56 (Winter 1992-1993), 389-420; Carlos Vilas, "Los Caudillos Electorales de la Posmodernidad," Socialismo y Participación, 69 (March 1995), 31-43.
39. Paul Drake "Comment," in Dornbusch and Edwards, eds.; Paul Drake, "Chile's Populism Reconsidered, 1920s-1990s," in Conniff. ed., Populism; Lynch; José Nun, "Populismo, Representación y Menemismo," Sociedad, 5 (October 1994), 93-119; Aníbal Quijano, "Populismo y Fujimorismo," in Burbano, ed.; Carlos Vilas, "Latin American Populism," Science and Society, 56 (Winter 1992-1993), 389-420; Carlos Vilas, "Los Caudillos Electorales de la Posmodernidad," Socialismo y Participación, 69 (March 1995), 31-43.
40. Vicente Palermo, "Moderate Populism," Latin American Perspectives, 25 (July 1998), 36-62.
41. Roberts, pp. 88-91.
42. Knight; Mayorga, pp. 29-30; Nicos Mouzelis, "On the Concept of Populism," Politics and Society, 14 (September 1985), 329-48; Weyland, "Neopopulism."
43. Knight; Mayorga, pp. 29-30; Nicos Mouzelis, "On the Concept of Populism," Politics and Society, 14 (September 1985), 329-48; Weyland, "Neopopulism."
44. Michael Conniff, "Toward a Comparative Definition of Populism," in Michael Conniff, ed., Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982), pp. 21-22; Paul Drake, Socialism and Populism in Chile (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), pp. 2-3, 8; Francisco Weffort, O Populismo na Política Brasileira (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1980), pp. 69, 73-74. An exception is Torcuato di Tella, "Populism and Reform in Latin America," in Claudio Véliz, ed., Obstacles to Change in Latin America (London: Oxford University Press, 1965).
45. Michael Conniff, "Toward a Comparative Definition of Populism," in Michael Conniff, ed., Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982), pp. 21-22; Paul Drake, Socialism and Populism in Chile (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), pp. 2-3, 8; Francisco Weffort, O Populismo na Política Brasileira (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1980), pp. 69, 73-74. An exception is Torcuato di Tella, "Populism and Reform in Latin America," in Claudio Véliz, ed., Obstacles to Change in Latin America (London: Oxford University Press, 1965).
46. Michael Conniff, "Toward a Comparative Definition of Populism," in Michael Conniff, ed., Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982), pp. 21-22; Paul Drake, Socialism and Populism in Chile (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), pp. 2-3, 8; Francisco Weffort, O Populismo na Política Brasileira (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1980), pp. 69, 73-74. An exception is Torcuato di Tella, "Populism and Reform in Latin America," in Claudio Véliz, ed., Obstacles to Change in Latin America (London: Oxford University Press, 1965).
47. Michael Conniff, "Toward a Comparative Definition of Populism," in Michael Conniff, ed., Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982), pp. 21-22; Paul Drake, Socialism and Populism in Chile (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), pp. 2-3, 8; Francisco Weffort, O Populismo na Política Brasileira (Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1980), pp. 69, 73-74. An exception is Torcuato di Tella, "Populism and Reform in Latin America," in Claudio Véliz, ed., Obstacles to Change in Latin America (London: Oxford University Press, 1965).
48. Di Tella; Gino Germani, Política y Sociedad en una Época de Transición, 5th ed. (Buenos Aires: Paidos, 1974).
49. Conniff, "Comparative Definition," pp. 13-23; Drake, Socialism, pp. 2-13; Drake, "Requiem for Populism?," in Conniff, ed., Latin American Populism, p. 218.
50. Conniff, "Comparative Definition," pp. 13-23; Drake, Socialism, pp. 2-13; Drake, "Requiem for Populism?," in Conniff, ed., Latin American Populism, p. 218.
51. Conniff, "Comparative Definition," pp. 13-23; Drake, Socialism, pp. 2-13; Drake, "Requiem for Populism?," in Conniff, ed., Latin American Populism, p. 218.
52. Octavio Ianni, La Formación del Estado Populista en América Latino (Mexico: Era, 1975), pp. 121-22, 137-77; Hélio Jaguaribe, Sociedade e Política (Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 1985), pp. 13-17; Weffort, p. 75.
53. Octavio Ianni, La Formación del Estado Populista en América Latino (Mexico: Era, 1975), pp. 121-22, 137-77; Hélio Jaguaribe, Sociedade e Política (Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 1985), pp. 13-17; Weffort, p. 75.
54. Octavio Ianni, La Formación del Estado Populista en América Latino (Mexico: Era, 1975), pp. 121-22, 137-77; Hélio Jaguaribe, Sociedade e Política (Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar, 1985), pp. 13-17; Weffort, p. 75.
55. Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley University of California Press, 1979), pp. 138-43; Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1979), pp. 53-57; Drake, Socialism, pp. 2-4, 8-10.
56. Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley University of California Press, 1979), pp. 138-43; Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1979), pp. 53-57; Drake, Socialism, pp. 2-4, 8-10.
57. Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto, Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley University of California Press, 1979), pp. 138-43; Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1979), pp. 53-57; Drake, Socialism, pp. 2-4, 8-10.
58. Di Tella; Germani, chs. 5, 8-9.
59. Jaguaribe, pp. 7-17; similarly, Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), pp. 161-68, 788.
60. Cardoso and Faletto, ch. 5; O'Donnell, Modernization, pp. 53-57.
61. See the multidomain definitions of the state in dependency theory.
62. Di Tella; Germani, chs. 5, 8-9; Jaguaribe, pp. 7-17.
63. Weffort, p. 159; Cardoso and Faletto, ch. 5; O'Donnell, Modernization, pp. 53-57; Ianni; Weffort, chs. 3, 7.
64. For example, Robert Dix, "Populism: Authoritarian and Democratic," Latin American Research Review, 20 (1985), 29-52.
65. Conniff, "Comparative Definition," pp. 13-23; Drake, Socialism, pp. 2-13; Drake, "Requiem," p. 218.
66. Conniff, "Comparative Definition," pp. 13-23; Drake, Socialism, pp. 2-13; Drake, "Requiem," p. 218.
67. Conniff, "Comparative Definition," pp. 13-23; Drake, Socialism, pp. 2-13; Drake, "Requiem," p. 218.
68. De la Torre, ch. 2.
69. Dix, pp. 35-39.
70. Gamaliel Perruci and Steven Sanderson, "Presidential Succession, Economic Crisis, and Populist Resurgence in Brazil," Studies in Comparative International Development, 24 (Fall 1989), 30-50; Julian Castro Rea, Graciela Ducatenzeiler, and Philippe Faucher, "Back to Populism," in Archibald Ritter et al., eds., Latin America to the Year 2000 (New York: Praeger, 1992).
71. Gamaliel Perruci and Steven Sanderson, "Presidential Succession, Economic Crisis, and Populist Resurgence in Brazil," Studies in Comparative International Development, 24 (Fall 1989), 30-50; Julian Castro Rea, Graciela Ducatenzeiler, and Philippe Faucher, "Back to Populism," in Archibald Ritter et al., eds., Latin America to the Year 2000 (New York: Praeger, 1992).
72. Sanborn.
73. Roberts; Weyland, "Neopopulism"; Armony.
74. Perruci and Sanderson.
75. Sanborn, pp. 293-94, 340-49, 363-64.
76. Stephen Krasner, "Approaches to the State," Comparative Politics, 16 (January 1984), 223-44; Theda Skocpol, "Bringing the State Back In," in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
77. Stephen Krasner, "Approaches to the State," Comparative Politics, 16 (January 1984), 223-44; Theda Skocpol, "Bringing the State Back In," in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds., Bringing the State Back In (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
78. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), pp. 7-14.
79. Perruci and Sanderson, pp. 34-36.
80. Sanborn, pp. 47, 340-49, 382.
81. Knight, pp. 240-44.
82. Ernesto Laclau, Politik und Ideologie im Marxismus (Berlin: Argument, 1981); discussion in Roxborough, p. 10; also, Guillermo O'Donnell, "Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State," in David Collier, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 288-94;
83. Ernesto Laclau, Politik und Ideologie im Marxismus (Berlin: Argument, 1981); discussion in Roxborough, p. 10; also, Guillermo O'Donnell, "Tensions in the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian State," in David Collier, ed., The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 288-94;
84. de la Torre; and Pierre Ostiguy, "Peronism and Anti-Peronism," paper prepared for the twentieth LASA Congress, Guadalajara, April 17-19, 1997.
85. Similarly, Drake, "Chile's Populism," p. 63;
86. Philip Mauceri, "Return of the Caudillo," Third World Quarterly, 18 (1997), 900, 909; Gibson, p. 340.
87. Jacques Lambert, Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), pp. 204, 208.
88. Roberts, pp. 88-89.
89. Ibid., p. 88.
90. Knight, pp. 224, 226-27, 248; Béla Greskovits, The Political Economy of Protest and Patience (Budapest: Central European University Press, 1998), pp. 99-101.
91. Roberts, pp. 102-8.
92. Jeffrey Sachs, Social Conflict and Populist Policies in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989); Dornbusch and Edwards, eds.; Knight; Mouzelis; Weyland, "Neopopulism."
93. Jeffrey Sachs, Social Conflict and Populist Policies in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989); Dornbusch and Edwards, eds.; Knight; Mouzelis; Weyland, "Neopopulism."
94. Sachs, pp. 17-23; criticism in Knight, pp. 241-43.
95. Knight. Populism's instrumental nature becomes evident in the case of Brazil's Getúlio Vargas, who led a nonpopulist, authoritarian government (1930-45) and adopted populism only when he faced a strong democratizing challenge and sought to regain power in the new democracy.
96. Carl Schmitt, Der Begriff des Politischen (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1987), pp. 26-37; Krasner, pp. 224-25.
97. Marcos Novaro, "Los Populismos Latinoamericanos Transfigurados," Nueva Sociedad, 144 (July 1996), 96-97.
98. Knight, pp. 226, 233; Viguera, pp. 53, 62.
99. Graciela Ducatenzeiler, Philippe Faucher, and Julian Castro Rea, "Amérique Latine: Les Échecs du Libéral-Populisme," Revue Canadienne d'Études du Développement, 14 (1993), 175; Weyland, "Neopopulism," p. 5.
100. Graciela Ducatenzeiler, Philippe Faucher, and Julian Castro Rea, "Amérique Latine: Les Échecs du Libéral-Populisme," Revue Canadienne d'Études du Développement, 14 (1993), 175; Weyland, "Neopopulism," p. 5.
101. Charles Anderson, Politics and Economic Change in Latin America (New York; Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1967), pp. 89-101.
102. See Kurt Weyland, "Latin America's Four Political Models," Journal of Democracy, 6 (October 1995), 128-29.
103. Ibid., pp. 128-30.
104. Philip, p. 84.
105. By contrast, President Clinton did not call for mass demonstrations or a plebiscite when facing impeachment proceedings. Similarly, when Brazil's constituent assembly threatened to abridge presidential powers in 1987-88, incumbent José Sarney appealed, not to the masses, but to clientelist politicians and the military.
106. Mouzelis stresses the contrast between populism and clientelism.
107. Therefore, charisma tends to be an empirical characteristic of populist leaders, but it is not a definitional requirement.
108. De la Torre; Novaro, "Populismos."
109. Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 5th ed. (Tübingen; Mohr, 1976), pp. 142-48, 661-87.
110. See Angelo Panebianco, Political Parties (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), ch. 8; de la Torre, pp. 21, 97, 127-28, 136-38.
111. As happened to Chile's Socialist Party and Mexico's PRI. See Drake, Socialism.
112. But given the memories of the foundational period the maintenance of populist discourse and ritual, and the preservation of discretionary leadership, the resulting postpopulist organizations are susceptible to revivals of populism, as spearheaded, for instance, by Mexican President Luis Echeverría (1970-76).
113. Collier and Collier, ch. 5.
114. Michael Conniff, "Introduction," in Conniff, ed., Populism, p. 10.
115. Marcos Novaro, "Populismo y Gobierno," in Burbano, ed., pp. 35-43.
116. Kurt Weyland, "The Politics of Corruption in Latin America," Journal of Democracy, 9 (April 1998), 117-19
117. James McGuire, Peronism without Perón (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997).
118. In Mario Baizán, Conversaciones con Carlos Menem (Buenos Aires: Editorial Fraterna, 1993), p. 21.
119. Weyland, "Neopopulism."
120. Domingo Cavallo, El Peso de la Verdad (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1997), pp. 273-75; Carlos Boloña, Cambio de Rumbo (Lima: Instituto de Economía de Libre Mercado, 1993), pp. vii-ix, 202.
121. Domingo Cavallo, El Peso de la Verdad (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1997), pp. 273-75; Carlos Boloña, Cambio de Rumbo (Lima: Instituto de Economía de Libre Mercado, 1993), pp. vii-ix, 202.
122. But it excludes organized parties with muted personalistic leadership, such as Venezuela's Acción Democrática since the 1960s.
123. Recently Gerring, pp. 363-64.