The global frontier: Comparative history and the frontier-borderlands approach in American foreign relations

Diplomatic History

Volumn 25, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 677-693

  Citino, Nathan J ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0039596785     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0145-2096.00291     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. Eduardo Sguiglia, Fordlandia, trans. Patricia J. Duncan (New York, 2000), 46-47, 91.
2. See Charles S. Maier, "Marking Time: The Historiography of International Relations," in The Past before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States, ed. Michael Kammen (Ithaca, 1980),355-87; John Lewis Gaddis, "New Conceptual Approaches to the Study of American Foreign Relations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives," Diplomatic History 14 (Summer 1990): 405-23; and Michael H. Hunt, "The Long Crisis in Diplomatic History: Coming to Closure," Diplomatic History 16 (Winter 1992): 115-40. For an overview and examples of new approaches in the field see Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991); and Michael J. Hogan, ed., The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the "American Century" (New York, 1999).
3. See Charles S. Maier, "Marking Time: The Historiography of International Relations," in The Past before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States, ed. Michael Kammen (Ithaca, 1980),355-87; John Lewis Gaddis, "New Conceptual Approaches to the Study of American Foreign Relations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives," Diplomatic History 14 (Summer 1990): 405-23; and Michael H. Hunt, "The Long Crisis in Diplomatic History: Coming to Closure," Diplomatic History 16 (Winter 1992): 115-40. For an overview and examples of new approaches in the field see Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991); and Michael J. Hogan, ed., The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the "American Century" (New York, 1999).
4. See Charles S. Maier, "Marking Time: The Historiography of International Relations," in The Past before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States, ed. Michael Kammen (Ithaca, 1980),355-87; John Lewis Gaddis, "New Conceptual Approaches to the Study of American Foreign Relations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives," Diplomatic History 14 (Summer 1990): 405-23; and Michael H. Hunt, "The Long Crisis in Diplomatic History: Coming to Closure," Diplomatic History 16 (Winter 1992): 115-40. For an overview and examples of new approaches in the field see Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991); and Michael J. Hogan, ed., The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the "American Century" (New York, 1999).
5. See Charles S. Maier, "Marking Time: The Historiography of International Relations," in The Past before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States, ed. Michael Kammen (Ithaca, 1980),355-87; John Lewis Gaddis, "New Conceptual Approaches to the Study of American Foreign Relations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives," Diplomatic History 14 (Summer 1990): 405-23; and Michael H. Hunt, "The Long Crisis in Diplomatic History: Coming to Closure," Diplomatic History 16 (Winter 1992): 115-40. For an overview and examples of new approaches in the field see Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991); and Michael J. Hogan, ed., The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the "American Century" (New York, 1999).
6. See Charles S. Maier, "Marking Time: The Historiography of International Relations," in The Past before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States, ed. Michael Kammen (Ithaca, 1980),355-87; John Lewis Gaddis, "New Conceptual Approaches to the Study of American Foreign Relations: Interdisciplinary Perspectives," Diplomatic History 14 (Summer 1990): 405-23; and Michael H. Hunt, "The Long Crisis in Diplomatic History: Coming to Closure," Diplomatic History 16 (Winter 1992): 115-40. For an overview and examples of new approaches in the field see Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991); and Michael J. Hogan, ed., The Ambiguous Legacy: U.S. Foreign Relations in the "American Century" (New York, 1999).
7. See Ian Tyrell, "American Exceptionalism in an Age of International History," American Historical Review 96 (October 1991): 1031-55.
8. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York, 1920), 3; Howard Lamar and Leondard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 7; Jeremy Adelman and Stephen Aron, "From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in Between in North American History," American Historical Review 104 (June 1999): 815, 816; Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston, 1952), 2.
9. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York, 1920), 3; Howard Lamar and Leondard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 7; Jeremy Adelman and Stephen Aron, "From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in Between in North American History," American Historical Review 104 (June 1999): 815, 816; Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston, 1952), 2.
10. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York, 1920), 3; Howard Lamar and Leondard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 7; Jeremy Adelman and Stephen Aron, "From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in Between in North American History," American Historical Review 104 (June 1999): 815, 816; Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston, 1952), 2.
11. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York, 1920), 3; Howard Lamar and Leondard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 7; Jeremy Adelman and Stephen Aron, "From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in Between in North American History," American Historical Review 104 (June 1999): 815, 816; Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston, 1952), 2.
12. Thomas M. Wilson and Hastings Donnan, eds., Border Identities: Nation and State at International Frontiers (Cambridge, 1998), 9. See also Hastings Donnan and Thomas M. Wilson, eds., Border Approaches: Anthropological Perspectives on Frontiers (Lanham, MD, 1994).
13. Thomas M. Wilson and Hastings Donnan, eds., Border Identities: Nation and State at International Frontiers (Cambridge, 1998), 9. See also Hastings Donnan and Thomas M. Wilson, eds., Border Approaches: Anthropological Perspectives on Frontiers (Lanham, MD, 1994).
14. See, for example, John Francis Bannon, The Spanish Borderlands Frontier, 1513-1821 (Albuquerque, 1963).
15. J. R. V. Prescott, Political Frontiers and Boundaries (Boston, 1987), 1; Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 6.
16. J. R. V. Prescott, Political Frontiers and Boundaries (Boston, 1987), 1; Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 6.
17. On the centennial of Turner's thesis see Clyde A. Milner II, ed., A New Significance: Re-Envisioning the History of the American West (NeW York, 1996).
18. Kerwin Lee Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination: Narrating the European Conquest of Native America, 1890-1990 (Berkeley, 1997), 262.
19. Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay's Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (New Haven, 1962), 1-27; William Appleman Williams, "The Frontier Thesis and American Foreign Policy," in A William Appleman Williams Reader: Selections from his Major Historical Writings, ed. Henry W. Berger (Chicago, 1992), 89-104; and Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York, 1969). See also Patricia Nelson Limerick, "Dilemmas in Forgiveness: William Appleman Williams and Western American History," Diplomatic History 25 (Spring 2001): 293-300. On the diplomacy of continental expansion see Robert D. Schulzinger, "Foreign Affairs and Expansion," in American Frontier and Western Issues: A Historiographical Review, ed. Roger L. Nichols (Westport, CT, 1986), 217-34; and Kinley Brauer, "The Great American Desert Revisited: Recent Literature and Prospects for the Study of American Foreign Relations, 1815-1861," in Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941, ed. Michael J. Hogan (New York, 2000), 44-78.
20. Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay's Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (New Haven, 1962), 1-27; William Appleman Williams, "The Frontier Thesis and American Foreign Policy," in A William Appleman Williams Reader: Selections from his Major Historical Writings, ed. Henry W. Berger (Chicago, 1992), 89-104; and Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York, 1969). See also Patricia Nelson Limerick, "Dilemmas in Forgiveness: William Appleman Williams and Western American History," Diplomatic History 25 (Spring 2001): 293-300. On the diplomacy of continental expansion see Robert D. Schulzinger, "Foreign Affairs and Expansion," in American Frontier and Western Issues: A Historiographical Review, ed. Roger L. Nichols (Westport, CT, 1986), 217-34; and Kinley Brauer, "The Great American Desert Revisited: Recent Literature and Prospects for the Study of American Foreign Relations, 1815-1861," in Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941, ed. Michael J. Hogan (New York, 2000), 44-78.
21. Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay's Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (New Haven, 1962), 1-27; William Appleman Williams, "The Frontier Thesis and American Foreign Policy," in A William Appleman Williams Reader: Selections from his Major Historical Writings, ed. Henry W. Berger (Chicago, 1992), 89-104; and Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York, 1969). See also Patricia Nelson Limerick, "Dilemmas in Forgiveness: William Appleman Williams and Western American History," Diplomatic History 25 (Spring 2001): 293-300. On the diplomacy of continental expansion see Robert D. Schulzinger, "Foreign Affairs and Expansion," in American Frontier and Western Issues: A Historiographical Review, ed. Roger L. Nichols (Westport, CT, 1986), 217-34; and Kinley Brauer, "The Great American Desert Revisited: Recent Literature and Prospects for the Study of American Foreign Relations, 1815-1861," in Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941, ed. Michael J. Hogan (New York, 2000), 44-78.
22. Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay's Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (New Haven, 1962), 1-27; William Appleman Williams, "The Frontier Thesis and American Foreign Policy," in A William Appleman Williams Reader: Selections from his Major Historical Writings, ed. Henry W. Berger (Chicago, 1992), 89-104; and Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York, 1969). See also Patricia Nelson Limerick, "Dilemmas in Forgiveness: William Appleman Williams and Western American History," Diplomatic History 25 (Spring 2001): 293-300. On the diplomacy of continental expansion see Robert D. Schulzinger, "Foreign Affairs and Expansion," in American Frontier and Western Issues: A Historiographical Review, ed. Roger L. Nichols (Westport, CT, 1986), 217-34; and Kinley Brauer, "The Great American Desert Revisited: Recent Literature and Prospects for the Study of American Foreign Relations, 1815-1861," in Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941, ed. Michael J. Hogan (New York, 2000), 44-78.
23. Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay's Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (New Haven, 1962), 1-27; William Appleman Williams, "The Frontier Thesis and American Foreign Policy," in A William Appleman Williams Reader: Selections from his Major Historical Writings, ed. Henry W. Berger (Chicago, 1992), 89-104; and Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York, 1969). See also Patricia Nelson Limerick, "Dilemmas in Forgiveness: William Appleman Williams and Western American History," Diplomatic History 25 (Spring 2001): 293-300. On the diplomacy of continental expansion see Robert D. Schulzinger, "Foreign Affairs and Expansion," in American Frontier and Western Issues: A Historiographical Review, ed. Roger L. Nichols (Westport, CT, 1986), 217-34; and Kinley Brauer, "The Great American Desert Revisited: Recent Literature and Prospects for the Study of American Foreign Relations, 1815-1861," in Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941, ed. Michael J. Hogan (New York, 2000), 44-78.
24. Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay's Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy (New Haven, 1962), 1-27; William Appleman Williams, "The Frontier Thesis and American Foreign Policy," in A William Appleman Williams Reader: Selections from his Major Historical Writings, ed. Henry W. Berger (Chicago, 1992), 89-104; and Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York, 1969). See also Patricia Nelson Limerick, "Dilemmas in Forgiveness: William Appleman Williams and Western American History," Diplomatic History 25 (Spring 2001): 293-300. On the diplomacy of continental expansion see Robert D. Schulzinger, "Foreign Affairs and Expansion," in American Frontier and Western Issues: A Historiographical Review, ed. Roger L. Nichols (Westport, CT, 1986), 217-34; and Kinley Brauer, "The Great American Desert Revisited: Recent Literature and Prospects for the Study of American Foreign Relations, 1815-1861," in Paths to Power: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations to 1941, ed. Michael J. Hogan (New York, 2000), 44-78.
25. Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1800-1002 (Lawrence, KS, 2000). See also Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980); and Michael Krenn, ed., Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from Colonial Times Through the Age of Jackson (New York, 1998) and Race and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Ages of Territorial and Market Expansion, 1840 to 1900 (New York, 1998). See also John Whitehead, "Hawai'i: The First and Last Far West?" Western Historical Quarterly 23 (May 1992): 155-77.
26. Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1800-1002 (Lawrence, KS, 2000). See also Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980); and Michael Krenn, ed., Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from Colonial Times Through the Age of Jackson (New York, 1998) and Race and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Ages of Territorial and Market Expansion, 1840 to 1900 (New York, 1998). See also John Whitehead, "Hawai'i: The First and Last Far West?" Western Historical Quarterly 23 (May 1992): 155-77.
27. Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1800-1002 (Lawrence, KS, 2000). See also Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980); and Michael Krenn, ed., Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from Colonial Times Through the Age of Jackson (New York, 1998) and Race and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Ages of Territorial and Market Expansion, 1840 to 1900 (New York, 1998). See also John Whitehead, "Hawai'i: The First and Last Far West?" Western Historical Quarterly 23 (May 1992): 155-77.
28. Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1800-1002 (Lawrence, KS, 2000). See also Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980); and Michael Krenn, ed., Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from Colonial Times Through the Age of Jackson (New York, 1998) and Race and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Ages of Territorial and Market Expansion, 1840 to 1900 (New York, 1998). See also John Whitehead, "Hawai'i: The First and Last Far West?" Western Historical Quarterly 23 (May 1992): 155-77.
29. Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1800-1002 (Lawrence, KS, 2000). See also Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980); and Michael Krenn, ed., Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from Colonial Times Through the Age of Jackson (New York, 1998) and Race and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Ages of Territorial and Market Expansion, 1840 to 1900 (New York, 1998). See also John Whitehead, "Hawai'i: The First and Last Far West?" Western Historical Quarterly 23 (May 1992): 155-77.
30. Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1800-1002 (Lawrence, KS, 2000). See also Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980); and Michael Krenn, ed., Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from Colonial Times Through the Age of Jackson (New York, 1998) and Race and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Ages of Territorial and Market Expansion, 1840 to 1900 (New York, 1998). See also John Whitehead, "Hawai'i: The First and Last Far West?" Western Historical Quarterly 23 (May 1992): 155-77.
31. Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1800-1002 (Lawrence, KS, 2000). See also Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980); and Michael Krenn, ed., Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from Colonial Times Through the Age of Jackson (New York, 1998) and Race and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Ages of Territorial and Market Expansion, 1840 to 1900 (New York, 1998). See also John Whitehead, "Hawai'i: The First and Last Far West?" Western Historical Quarterly 23 (May 1992): 155-77.
32. Thomas Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, 1985); Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA, 1981); Brian McAllister Linn, The Philippine War, 1800-1002 (Lawrence, KS, 2000). See also Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980); and Michael Krenn, ed., Race and U.S. Foreign Policy from Colonial Times Through the Age of Jackson (New York, 1998) and Race and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Ages of Territorial and Market Expansion, 1840 to 1900 (New York, 1998). See also John Whitehead, "Hawai'i: The First and Last Far West?" Western Historical Quarterly 23 (May 1992): 155-77.
33. See William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Trails: Toward a New Western History, ed. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin (Lawrence, KS, 1991), 182-214; Paul Sabin, "Home and Abroad: The Two 'Wests' of Twentieth-Century United States History," Pacific Historical Review 66 (August 1997): 305-35; Thomas Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge, 1980); and H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York, 1997). On the West, war, and the defense industry see Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare (New York, 1992); Bruce Hevly and John M. Findlay, eds., The Atomic West (Seattle, 1998); Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, NE, 1990) and The West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington, 1985); Spencer C. Olin, "Globalization and the Politics of Locality: Orange County, California in the Cold War Era," Western Historical Quarterly 22 (May 1991): 143-61; and "California at War," Special Issue, Pacific Historical Review 63 (August 1994).
34. See William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Trails: Toward a New Western History, ed. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin (Lawrence, KS, 1991), 182-214; Paul Sabin, "Home and Abroad: The Two 'Wests' of Twentieth-Century United States History," Pacific Historical Review 66 (August 1997): 305-35; Thomas Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge, 1980); and H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York, 1997). On the West, war, and the defense industry see Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare (New York, 1992); Bruce Hevly and John M. Findlay, eds., The Atomic West (Seattle, 1998); Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, NE, 1990) and The West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington, 1985); Spencer C. Olin, "Globalization and the Politics of Locality: Orange County, California in the Cold War Era," Western Historical Quarterly 22 (May 1991): 143-61; and "California at War," Special Issue, Pacific Historical Review 63 (August 1994).
35. See William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Trails: Toward a New Western History, ed. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin (Lawrence, KS, 1991), 182-214; Paul Sabin, "Home and Abroad: The Two 'Wests' of Twentieth-Century United States History," Pacific Historical Review 66 (August 1997): 305-35; Thomas Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge, 1980); and H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York, 1997). On the West, war, and the defense industry see Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare (New York, 1992); Bruce Hevly and John M. Findlay, eds., The Atomic West (Seattle, 1998); Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, NE, 1990) and The West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington, 1985); Spencer C. Olin, "Globalization and the Politics of Locality: Orange County, California in the Cold War Era," Western Historical Quarterly 22 (May 1991): 143-61; and "California at War," Special Issue, Pacific Historical Review 63 (August 1994).
36. See William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Trails: Toward a New Western History, ed. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin (Lawrence, KS, 1991), 182-214; Paul Sabin, "Home and Abroad: The Two 'Wests' of Twentieth-Century United States History," Pacific Historical Review 66 (August 1997): 305-35; Thomas Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge, 1980); and H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York, 1997). On the West, war, and the defense industry see Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare (New York, 1992); Bruce Hevly and John M. Findlay, eds., The Atomic West (Seattle, 1998); Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, NE, 1990) and The West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington, 1985); Spencer C. Olin, "Globalization and the Politics of Locality: Orange County, California in the Cold War Era," Western Historical Quarterly 22 (May 1991): 143-61; and "California at War," Special Issue, Pacific Historical Review 63 (August 1994).
37. See William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Trails: Toward a New Western History, ed. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin (Lawrence, KS, 1991), 182-214; Paul Sabin, "Home and Abroad: The Two 'Wests' of Twentieth-Century United States History," Pacific Historical Review 66 (August 1997): 305-35; Thomas Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge, 1980); and H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York, 1997). On the West, war, and the defense industry see Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare (New York, 1992); Bruce Hevly and John M. Findlay, eds., The Atomic West (Seattle, 1998); Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, NE, 1990) and The West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington, 1985); Spencer C. Olin, "Globalization and the Politics of Locality: Orange County, California in the Cold War Era," Western Historical Quarterly 22 (May 1991): 143-61; and "California at War," Special Issue, Pacific Historical Review 63 (August 1994).
38. See William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Trails: Toward a New Western History, ed. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin (Lawrence, KS, 1991), 182-214; Paul Sabin, "Home and Abroad: The Two 'Wests' of Twentieth-Century United States History," Pacific Historical Review 66 (August 1997): 305-35; Thomas Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge, 1980); and H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York, 1997). On the West, war, and the defense industry see Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare (New York, 1992); Bruce Hevly and John M. Findlay, eds., The Atomic West (Seattle, 1998); Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, NE, 1990) and The West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington, 1985); Spencer C. Olin, "Globalization and the Politics of Locality: Orange County, California in the Cold War Era," Western Historical Quarterly 22 (May 1991): 143-61; and "California at War," Special Issue, Pacific Historical Review 63 (August 1994).
39. See William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Trails: Toward a New Western History, ed. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin (Lawrence, KS, 1991), 182-214; Paul Sabin, "Home and Abroad: The Two 'Wests' of Twentieth-Century United States History," Pacific Historical Review 66 (August 1997): 305-35; Thomas Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge, 1980); and H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York, 1997). On the West, war, and the defense industry see Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare (New York, 1992); Bruce Hevly and John M. Findlay, eds., The Atomic West (Seattle, 1998); Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, NE, 1990) and The West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington, 1985); Spencer C. Olin, "Globalization and the Politics of Locality: Orange County, California in the Cold War Era," Western Historical Quarterly 22 (May 1991): 143-61; and "California at War," Special Issue, Pacific Historical Review 63 (August 1994).
40. See William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Trails: Toward a New Western History, ed. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin (Lawrence, KS, 1991), 182-214; Paul Sabin, "Home and Abroad: The Two 'Wests' of Twentieth-Century United States History," Pacific Historical Review 66 (August 1997): 305-35; Thomas Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge, 1980); and H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York, 1997). On the West, war, and the defense industry see Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare (New York, 1992); Bruce Hevly and John M. Findlay, eds., The Atomic West (Seattle, 1998); Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, NE, 1990) and The West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington, 1985); Spencer C. Olin, "Globalization and the Politics of Locality: Orange County, California in the Cold War Era," Western Historical Quarterly 22 (May 1991): 143-61; and "California at War," Special Issue, Pacific Historical Review 63 (August 1994).
41. See William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Trails: Toward a New Western History, ed. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin (Lawrence, KS, 1991), 182-214; Paul Sabin, "Home and Abroad: The Two 'Wests' of Twentieth-Century United States History," Pacific Historical Review 66 (August 1997): 305-35; Thomas Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge, 1980); and H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York, 1997). On the West, war, and the defense industry see Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare (New York, 1992); Bruce Hevly and John M. Findlay, eds., The Atomic West (Seattle, 1998); Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, NE, 1990) and The West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington, 1985); Spencer C. Olin, "Globalization and the Politics of Locality: Orange County, California in the Cold War Era," Western Historical Quarterly 22 (May 1991): 143-61; and "California at War," Special Issue, Pacific Historical Review 63 (August 1994).
42. See William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Trails: Toward a New Western History, ed. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin (Lawrence, KS, 1991), 182-214; Paul Sabin, "Home and Abroad: The Two 'Wests' of Twentieth-Century United States History," Pacific Historical Review 66 (August 1997): 305-35; Thomas Dyer, Theodore Roosevelt and the Idea of Race (Baton Rouge, 1980); and H. W. Brands, T.R.: The Last Romantic (New York, 1997). On the West, war, and the defense industry see Roger W. Lotchin, Fortress California, 1910-1961: From Warfare to Welfare (New York, 1992); Bruce Hevly and John M. Findlay, eds., The Atomic West (Seattle, 1998); Gerald D. Nash, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy (Lincoln, NE, 1990) and The West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington, 1985); Spencer C. Olin, "Globalization and the Politics of Locality: Orange County, California in the Cold War Era," Western Historical Quarterly 22 (May 1991): 143-61; and "California at War," Special Issue, Pacific Historical Review 63 (August 1994).
43. Webb, Great Frontier, 13.
44. On the place-process debate see Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review 63 (May 1994): 125-47; Michael Steiner, "From Frontier to Region: Frederick Jackson Turner and the New Western History," Pacific Historical Review 64 (November 1997): 479-501; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review 65 (August 1996): 401-29.
45. On the place-process debate see Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review 63 (May 1994): 125-47; Michael Steiner, "From Frontier to Region: Frederick Jackson Turner and the New Western History," Pacific Historical Review 64 (November 1997): 479-501; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review 65 (August 1996): 401-29.
46. On the place-process debate see Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review 63 (May 1994): 125-47; Michael Steiner, "From Frontier to Region: Frederick Jackson Turner and the New Western History," Pacific Historical Review 64 (November 1997): 479-501; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review 65 (August 1996): 401-29.
47. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West (New York, 2000), 20. See also idem, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) and "Going West and Ending Up Global," Western Historical Quarterly 32 (Spring 2001): 5-23. See also Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); and Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A History of the American West (Norman, OK, 1991), 3-4.
48. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West (New York, 2000), 20. See also idem, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) and "Going West and Ending Up Global," Western Historical Quarterly 32 (Spring 2001): 5-23. See also Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); and Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A History of the American West (Norman, OK, 1991), 3-4.
49. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West (New York, 2000), 20. See also idem, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) and "Going West and Ending Up Global," Western Historical Quarterly 32 (Spring 2001): 5-23. See also Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); and Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A History of the American West (Norman, OK, 1991), 3-4.
50. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West (New York, 2000), 20. See also idem, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) and "Going West and Ending Up Global," Western Historical Quarterly 32 (Spring 2001): 5-23. See also Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); and Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A History of the American West (Norman, OK, 1991), 3-4.
51. Patricia Nelson Limerick, Something in the Soil: Legacies and Reckonings in the New West (New York, 2000), 20. See also idem, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) and "Going West and Ending Up Global," Western Historical Quarterly 32 (Spring 2001): 5-23. See also Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); and Richard White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A History of the American West (Norman, OK, 1991), 3-4.
52. Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 16-17.
53. William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past, ed. William Cronon et al. (New York, 1992), 3-27.
54. Walter Nugent, "Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails, 161-81, and "Comparing Wests and Frontiers," in The Oxford History of the American West, ed. Clyde A. Milner II et al. (New York, 1994), 831. For an environmental history of post-gold rush California and Australia that is comparative and transnational see Ian Tyrell, True Gardens of the Gods: Californian-Australian Environmental Reform, 1860-1930 (Berkeley, 1999). See also "Frontiers - A Global View," Special Issue, Journal of the West 34 (October 1995).
55. Walter Nugent, "Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails, 161-81, and "Comparing Wests and Frontiers," in The Oxford History of the American West, ed. Clyde A. Milner II et al. (New York, 1994), 831. For an environmental history of post-gold rush California and Australia that is comparative and transnational see Ian Tyrell, True Gardens of the Gods: Californian-Australian Environmental Reform, 1860-1930 (Berkeley, 1999). See also "Frontiers - A Global View," Special Issue, Journal of the West 34 (October 1995).
56. Walter Nugent, "Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails, 161-81, and "Comparing Wests and Frontiers," in The Oxford History of the American West, ed. Clyde A. Milner II et al. (New York, 1994), 831. For an environmental history of post-gold rush California and Australia that is comparative and transnational see Ian Tyrell, True Gardens of the Gods: Californian-Australian Environmental Reform, 1860-1930 (Berkeley, 1999). See also "Frontiers - A Global View," Special Issue, Journal of the West 34 (October 1995).
57. Walter Nugent, "Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails, 161-81, and "Comparing Wests and Frontiers," in The Oxford History of the American West, ed. Clyde A. Milner II et al. (New York, 1994), 831. For an environmental history of post-gold rush California and Australia that is comparative and transnational see Ian Tyrell, True Gardens of the Gods: Californian-Australian Environmental Reform, 1860-1930 (Berkeley, 1999). See also "Frontiers - A Global View," Special Issue, Journal of the West 34 (October 1995).
58. Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, NE, 1983); William G. Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, KS, 1994), xi; Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails, 156. See also Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination, 193-94.
59. Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, NE, 1983); William G. Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, KS, 1994), xi; Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails, 156. See also Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination, 193-94.
60. Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, NE, 1983); William G. Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, KS, 1994), xi; Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails, 156. See also Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination, 193-94.
61. Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, NE, 1983); William G. Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, KS, 1994), xi; Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails, 156. See also Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination, 193-94.
62. See Robert Beisner, From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865-1900 (New York, 1986); and Walter LaFeber, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, vol. 2, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913 (New York, 1993), 54-55, 107-13.
63. See Robert Beisner, From the Old Diplomacy to the New, 1865-1900 (New York, 1986); and Walter LaFeber, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, vol. 2, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913 (New York, 1993), 54-55, 107-13.
64. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991), 50, 518; Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley, 1994), 67; Jay Gitlin, "Private Diplomacy to Private Property: States, Tribes, and Nations in the Early National Period," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 89, 99; and Bradford Perkins, "Early American Foreign Relations: Opportunities and Challenges," ibid., 115-20. On Euro-Indian relations see also James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York, 1985), After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York, 1988), and Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York, 1992); and Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815 (Baltimore, 1992).
65. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991), 50, 518; Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley, 1994), 67; Jay Gitlin, "Private Diplomacy to Private Property: States, Tribes, and Nations in the Early National Period," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 89, 99; and Bradford Perkins, "Early American Foreign Relations: Opportunities and Challenges," ibid., 115-20. On Euro-Indian relations see also James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York, 1985), After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York, 1988), and Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York, 1992); and Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815 (Baltimore, 1992).
66. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991), 50, 518; Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley, 1994), 67; Jay Gitlin, "Private Diplomacy to Private Property: States, Tribes, and Nations in the Early National Period," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 89, 99; and Bradford Perkins, "Early American Foreign Relations: Opportunities and Challenges," ibid., 115-20. On Euro-Indian relations see also James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York, 1985), After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York, 1988), and Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York, 1992); and Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815 (Baltimore, 1992).
67. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991), 50, 518; Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley, 1994), 67; Jay Gitlin, "Private Diplomacy to Private Property: States, Tribes, and Nations in the Early National Period," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 89, 99; and Bradford Perkins, "Early American Foreign Relations: Opportunities and Challenges," ibid., 115-20. On Euro-Indian relations see also James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York, 1985), After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York, 1988), and Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York, 1992); and Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815 (Baltimore, 1992).
68. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991), 50, 518; Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley, 1994), 67; Jay Gitlin, "Private Diplomacy to Private Property: States, Tribes, and Nations in the Early National Period," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 89, 99; and Bradford Perkins, "Early American Foreign Relations: Opportunities and Challenges," ibid., 115-20. On Euro-Indian relations see also James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York, 1985), After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York, 1988), and Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York, 1992); and Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815 (Baltimore, 1992).
69. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991), 50, 518; Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley, 1994), 67; Jay Gitlin, "Private Diplomacy to Private Property: States, Tribes, and Nations in the Early National Period," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 89, 99; and Bradford Perkins, "Early American Foreign Relations: Opportunities and Challenges," ibid., 115-20. On Euro-Indian relations see also James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York, 1985), After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York, 1988), and Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York, 1992); and Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815 (Baltimore, 1992).
70. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991), 50, 518; Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Treaties: The History of a Political Anomaly (Berkeley, 1994), 67; Jay Gitlin, "Private Diplomacy to Private Property: States, Tribes, and Nations in the Early National Period," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 89, 99; and Bradford Perkins, "Early American Foreign Relations: Opportunities and Challenges," ibid., 115-20. On Euro-Indian relations see also James Axtell, The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America (New York, 1985), After Columbus: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America (New York, 1988), and Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York, 1992); and Gregory Evans Dowd, A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815 (Baltimore, 1992).
71. David J. Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands," American Historical Review 91 (February 1986): 68. See also Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks, Vol. 1, The Idea of Spanish Borderlands, ed. David J. Weber (New York, 1991); David J. Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," in Myth and the History of the Hispanic Southwest (Albuquerque, 1988), 55-88; and Russell M. Magnaghi, Herbert E. Bolton and the Historiography of the Americas (Westport, CT, 1998).
72. David J. Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands," American Historical Review 91 (February 1986): 68. See also Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks, Vol. 1, The Idea of Spanish Borderlands, ed. David J. Weber (New York, 1991); David J. Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," in Myth and the History of the Hispanic Southwest (Albuquerque, 1988), 55-88; and Russell M. Magnaghi, Herbert E. Bolton and the Historiography of the Americas (Westport, CT, 1998).
73. David J. Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands," American Historical Review 91 (February 1986): 68. See also Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks, Vol. 1, The Idea of Spanish Borderlands, ed. David J. Weber (New York, 1991); David J. Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," in Myth and the History of the Hispanic Southwest (Albuquerque, 1988), 55-88; and Russell M. Magnaghi, Herbert E. Bolton and the Historiography of the Americas (Westport, CT, 1998).
74. David J. Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands," American Historical Review 91 (February 1986): 68. See also Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks, Vol. 1, The Idea of Spanish Borderlands, ed. David J. Weber (New York, 1991); David J. Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," in Myth and the History of the Hispanic Southwest (Albuquerque, 1988), 55-88; and Russell M. Magnaghi, Herbert E. Bolton and the Historiography of the Americas (Westport, CT, 1998).
75. Andrés Reséndez, "National Identity on a Shifting Border: Texas and New Mexico in the Age of Transition, 1821-1848," Journal of American History 86 [Rethinking History and the NationState: Mexico and the United States as a Case Study: Special Issue] (September 1999): 670; Lisabeth Haas, Conquests and Historical Identities in California (Berkeley, 1995). See also James F. Brooks, "Violence, Justice, and State Power in the New Mexican Borderlands, 1780-1880," in Power and Place in the North American West, ed. Richard White and John M. Findlay (Seattle, 1999), 23-60.
76. Andrés Reséndez, "National Identity on a Shifting Border: Texas and New Mexico in the Age of Transition, 1821-1848," Journal of American History 86 [Rethinking History and the NationState: Mexico and the United States as a Case Study: Special Issue] (September 1999): 670; Lisabeth Haas, Conquests and Historical Identities in California (Berkeley, 1995). See also James F. Brooks, "Violence, Justice, and State Power in the New Mexican Borderlands, 1780-1880," in Power and Place in the North American West, ed. Richard White and John M. Findlay (Seattle, 1999), 23-60.
77. Andrés Reséndez, "National Identity on a Shifting Border: Texas and New Mexico in the Age of Transition, 1821-1848," Journal of American History 86 [Rethinking History and the NationState: Mexico and the United States as a Case Study: Special Issue] (September 1999): 670; Lisabeth Haas, Conquests and Historical Identities in California (Berkeley, 1995). See also James F. Brooks, "Violence, Justice, and State Power in the New Mexican Borderlands, 1780-1880," in Power and Place in the North American West, ed. Richard White and John M. Findlay (Seattle, 1999), 23-60.
78. José David Saldivar, "Américo Paredes and Decolonization," in Cultures of United States Imperialism, ed. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease (Durham, NC, 1995), 292-311; José E. Limón, American Encounters: Greater Mexico, the United States, and the Erotics of Culture (Boston, 1998), 103; and Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco, 1987). See also Michael Kearney, "Borders and Boundaries of State and Self at the End of Empire," Journal of Historical Sociology 4 (March 1991): 52-74; Jorge A. Bustamante, "Demystifying the United States-Mexico Border," Journal of American History 79 (September 1992): 485-90; David G. Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity (Berkeley, 1995); and Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination, 266-73.
79. José David Saldivar, "Américo Paredes and Decolonization," in Cultures of United States Imperialism, ed. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease (Durham, NC, 1995), 292-311; José E. Limón, American Encounters: Greater Mexico, the United States, and the Erotics of Culture (Boston, 1998), 103; and Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco, 1987). See also Michael Kearney, "Borders and Boundaries of State and Self at the End of Empire," Journal of Historical Sociology 4 (March 1991): 52-74; Jorge A. Bustamante, "Demystifying the United States-Mexico Border," Journal of American History 79 (September 1992): 485-90; David G. Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity (Berkeley, 1995); and Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination, 266-73.
80. José David Saldivar, "Américo Paredes and Decolonization," in Cultures of United States Imperialism, ed. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease (Durham, NC, 1995), 292-311; José E. Limón, American Encounters: Greater Mexico, the United States, and the Erotics of Culture (Boston, 1998), 103; and Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco, 1987). See also Michael Kearney, "Borders and Boundaries of State and Self at the End of Empire," Journal of Historical Sociology 4 (March 1991): 52-74; Jorge A. Bustamante, "Demystifying the United States-Mexico Border," Journal of American History 79 (September 1992): 485-90; David G. Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity (Berkeley, 1995); and Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination, 266-73.
81. José David Saldivar, "Américo Paredes and Decolonization," in Cultures of United States Imperialism, ed. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease (Durham, NC, 1995), 292-311; José E. Limón, American Encounters: Greater Mexico, the United States, and the Erotics of Culture (Boston, 1998), 103; and Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco, 1987). See also Michael Kearney, "Borders and Boundaries of State and Self at the End of Empire," Journal of Historical Sociology 4 (March 1991): 52-74; Jorge A. Bustamante, "Demystifying the United States-Mexico Border," Journal of American History 79 (September 1992): 485-90; David G. Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity (Berkeley, 1995); and Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination, 266-73.
82. José David Saldivar, "Américo Paredes and
83. José David Saldivar, "Américo Paredes and Decolonization," in Cultures of United States Imperialism, ed. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease (Durham, NC, 1995), 292-311; José E. Limón, American Encounters: Greater Mexico, the United States, and the Erotics of Culture (Boston, 1998), 103; and Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco, 1987). See also Michael Kearney, "Borders and Boundaries of State and Self at the End of Empire," Journal of Historical Sociology 4 (March 1991): 52-74; Jorge A. Bustamante, "Demystifying the United States-Mexico Border," Journal of American History 79 (September 1992): 485-90; David G. Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity (Berkeley, 1995); and Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination, 266-73.
84. José David Saldivar, "Américo Paredes and Decolonization," in Cultures of United States Imperialism, ed. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease (Durham, NC, 1995), 292-311; José E. Limón, American Encounters: Greater Mexico, the United States, and the Erotics of Culture (Boston, 1998), 103; and Gloria Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (San Francisco, 1987). See also Michael Kearney, "Borders and Boundaries of State and Self at the End of Empire," Journal of Historical Sociology 4 (March 1991): 52-74; Jorge A. Bustamante, "Demystifying the United States-Mexico Border," Journal of American History 79 (September 1992): 485-90; David G. Gutiérrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity (Berkeley, 1995); and Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination, 266-73.
85. David Thelen, "Rethinking History and the Nation-State: Mexico and the United States, Journal of American History 86 (September 1999): 441.
86. Ibn Khaldûn, The Muqaddimah, trans. Franz Rosenthal, ed. N. J. Dawood (Princeton, 1981). See also Philip S. Khoury and Joseph Kostiner, eds., Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East (Berkeley, 1990).
87. Ibn Khaldûn, The Muqaddimah, trans. Franz Rosenthal, ed. N. J. Dawood (Princeton, 1981). See also Philip S. Khoury and Joseph Kostiner, eds., Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East (Berkeley, 1990).
88. Cemal Kafadar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley, 1995). See similarly titled works on the U.S.-Mexican borderlands, David G. Gutiérrez, ed., Between Two Worlds: Mexican Immigrants in the United States (Wilmington, DE, 1996); and Américo Paredes, Between Two Worlds (Houston, 1991). On the Andalusian frontier see Andrew C. Hess, The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth Century Ibero-African Frontier (Chicago, 1978); and Olivia Remie Constable, Trade und Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900-1500 (New York, 1994).
89. Cemal Kafadar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley, 1995). See similarly titled works on the U.S.-Mexican borderlands, David G. Gutiérrez, ed., Between Two Worlds: Mexican Immigrants in the United States (Wilmington, DE, 1996); and Américo Paredes, Between Two Worlds (Houston, 1991). On the Andalusian frontier see Andrew C. Hess, The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth Century Ibero-African Frontier (Chicago, 1978); and Olivia Remie Constable, Trade und Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900-1500 (New York, 1994).
90. Cemal Kafadar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley, 1995). See similarly titled works on the U.S.-Mexican borderlands, David G. Gutiérrez, ed., Between Two Worlds: Mexican Immigrants in the United States (Wilmington, DE, 1996); and Américo Paredes, Between Two Worlds (Houston, 1991). On the Andalusian frontier see Andrew C. Hess, The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth Century Ibero-African Frontier (Chicago, 1978); and Olivia Remie Constable, Trade und Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900-1500 (New York, 1994).
91. Cemal Kafadar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley, 1995). See similarly titled works on the U.S.-Mexican borderlands, David G. Gutiérrez, ed., Between Two Worlds: Mexican Immigrants in the United States (Wilmington, DE, 1996); and Américo Paredes, Between Two Worlds (Houston, 1991). On the Andalusian frontier see Andrew C. Hess, The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth Century Ibero-African Frontier (Chicago, 1978); and Olivia Remie Constable, Trade und Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900-1500 (New York, 1994).
92. Cemal Kafadar, Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley, 1995). See similarly titled works on the U.S.-Mexican borderlands, David G. Gutiérrez, ed., Between Two Worlds: Mexican Immigrants in the United States (Wilmington, DE, 1996); and Américo Paredes, Between Two Worlds (Houston, 1991). On the Andalusian frontier see Andrew C. Hess, The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth Century Ibero-African Frontier (Chicago, 1978); and Olivia Remie Constable, Trade und Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900-1500 (New York, 1994).
93. Christine Moss Helms, The Cohesion of Saudi Arabia: Evolution of Political Identity (London, 1981); and Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York, 1997), 1.
94. Christine Moss Helms, The Cohesion of Saudi Arabia: Evolution of Political Identity (London, 1981); and Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York, 1997), 1.
95. Mark Bassin, "Turner, Solov'ev, and the 'Frontier Hypothesis': The Nationalist Signification of Open Spaces," Journal of Modern History 65 (September1993): 475, and Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840-1865 (Cambridge, 1999). For a comparison of the frontier in the U.S. West and Soviet Central Asia see Kate Brown, "Gridded Lives: Why Kazakhstan and Montana Are Nearly the Same Place," American Historical Review 106 (February 2001): 17-48. Jane M. Rausch, Colombia: Territorial Rule and the Llanos Frontier (Gainesville, FL, 1999), and The Llanos Frontier in Colombian History, 1830-1930 (Albuquerque, 1993). See also David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, DE, 1994); and Catherine LeGrand, Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Columbia, 1830-1936 (Albuquerque, 1986).
96. Mark Bassin, "Turner, Solov'ev, and the 'Frontier Hypothesis': The Nationalist Signification of Open Spaces," Journal of Modern History 65 (September1993): 475, and Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840-1865 (Cambridge, 1999). For a comparison of the frontier in the U.S. West and Soviet Central Asia see Kate Brown, "Gridded Lives: Why Kazakhstan and Montana Are Nearly the Same Place," American Historical Review 106 (February 2001): 17-48. Jane M. Rausch, Colombia: Territorial Rule and the Llanos Frontier (Gainesville, FL, 1999), and The Llanos Frontier in Colombian History, 1830-1930 (Albuquerque, 1993). See also David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, DE, 1994); and Catherine LeGrand, Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Columbia, 1830-1936 (Albuquerque, 1986).
97. Mark Bassin, "Turner, Solov'ev, and the 'Frontier Hypothesis': The Nationalist Signification of Open Spaces," Journal of Modern History 65 (September1993): 475, and Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840-1865 (Cambridge, 1999). For a comparison of the frontier in the U.S. West and Soviet Central Asia see Kate Brown, "Gridded Lives: Why Kazakhstan and Montana Are Nearly the Same Place," American Historical Review 106 (February 2001): 17-48. Jane M. Rausch, Colombia: Territorial Rule and the Llanos Frontier (Gainesville, FL, 1999), and The Llanos Frontier in Colombian History, 1830-1930 (Albuquerque, 1993). See also David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, DE, 1994); and Catherine LeGrand, Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Columbia, 1830-1936 (Albuquerque, 1986).
98. Mark Bassin, "Turner, Solov'ev, and the 'Frontier Hypothesis': The Nationalist Signification of Open Spaces," Journal of Modern History 65 (September1993): 475, and Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840-1865 (Cambridge, 1999). For a comparison of the frontier in the U.S. West and Soviet Central Asia see Kate Brown, "Gridded Lives: Why Kazakhstan and Montana Are Nearly the Same Place," American Historical Review 106 (February 2001): 17-48. Jane M. Rausch, Colombia: Territorial Rule and the Llanos Frontier (Gainesville, FL, 1999), and The Llanos Frontier in Colombian History, 1830-1930 (Albuquerque, 1993). See also David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, DE, 1994); and Catherine LeGrand, Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Columbia, 1830-1936 (Albuquerque, 1986).
99. Mark Bassin, "Turner, Solov'ev, and the 'Frontier Hypothesis': The Nationalist Signification of Open Spaces," Journal of Modern History 65 (September1993): 475, and Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840-1865 (Cambridge, 1999). For a comparison of the frontier in the U.S. West and Soviet Central Asia see Kate Brown, "Gridded Lives: Why Kazakhstan and Montana Are Nearly the Same Place," American Historical Review 106 (February 2001): 17-48. Jane M. Rausch, Colombia: Territorial Rule and the Llanos Frontier (Gainesville, FL, 1999), and The Llanos Frontier in Colombian History, 1830-1930 (Albuquerque, 1993). See also David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, DE, 1994); and Catherine LeGrand, Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Columbia, 1830-1936 (Albuquerque, 1986).
100. Mark Bassin, "Turner, Solov'ev, and the 'Frontier Hypothesis': The Nationalist Signification of Open Spaces," Journal of Modern History 65 (September1993): 475, and Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840-1865 (Cambridge, 1999). For a comparison of the frontier in the U.S. West and Soviet Central Asia see Kate Brown, "Gridded Lives: Why Kazakhstan and Montana Are Nearly the Same Place," American Historical Review 106 (February 2001): 17-48. Jane M. Rausch, Colombia: Territorial Rule and the Llanos Frontier (Gainesville, FL, 1999), and The Llanos Frontier in Colombian History, 1830-1930 (Albuquerque, 1993). See also David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, DE, 1994); and Catherine LeGrand, Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Columbia, 1830-1936 (Albuquerque, 1986).
101. Mark Bassin, "Turner, Solov'ev, and the 'Frontier Hypothesis': The Nationalist Signification of Open Spaces," Journal of Modern History 65 (September1993): 475, and Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion in the Russian Far East, 1840-1865 (Cambridge, 1999). For a comparison of the frontier in the U.S. West and Soviet Central Asia see Kate Brown, "Gridded Lives: Why Kazakhstan and Montana Are Nearly the Same Place," American Historical Review 106 (February 2001): 17-48. Jane M. Rausch, Colombia: Territorial Rule and the Llanos Frontier (Gainesville, FL, 1999), and The Llanos Frontier in Colombian History, 1830-1930 (Albuquerque, 1993). See also David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, DE, 1994); and Catherine LeGrand, Frontier Expansion and Peasant Protest in Columbia, 1830-1936 (Albuquerque, 1986).
102. See Owen Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (London, 1940); and Ralph W. Mathiesen and Hagith S. Sivan, eds., Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity (Brookfield, VT, 1996).
103. See Owen Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (London, 1940); and Ralph W. Mathiesen and Hagith S. Sivan, eds., Shifting Frontiers in Late Antiquity (Brookfield, VT, 1996).
104. Peter Sahlins, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley, 1989) and "The Nation in the Village: State-Building and Communal Struggles in the Catalan Borderland during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of Modern History 60 (June 1988): 234-63; Michiel Baud and Willem van Schendel, "Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands," Journal of World History 8 (Fall 1997): 211.
105. Peter Sahlins, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley, 1989) and "The Nation in the Village: State-Building and Communal Struggles in the Catalan Borderland during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of Modern History 60 (June 1988): 234-63; Michiel Baud and Willem van Schendel, "Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands," Journal of World History 8 (Fall 1997): 211.
106. Peter Sahlins, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley, 1989) and "The Nation in the Village: State-Building and Communal Struggles in the Catalan Borderland during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of Modern History 60 (June 1988): 234-63; Michiel Baud and Willem van Schendel, "Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands," Journal of World History 8 (Fall 1997): 211.
107. See Frederik Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston, 1969); and David A. Chappell, "Ethnogenesis and Frontiers," Journal of World History 4 (Fall 1993): 267-75.
108. See Frederik Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston, 1969); and David A. Chappell, "Ethnogenesis and Frontiers," Journal of World History 4 (Fall 1993): 267-75.
109. Igor Kopytoff, "The Internal African Frontier: The Making of African Political Culture," in The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies, ed. Igor Kopytoff (Bloomington, IN, 1987), 3-84, esp. 16-17. On climatic change and ethnogenesis in West Africa see James L. A. Webb, Jr., Desert Frontier: Ecological and Economic Change Along the Western Sahel, 1600-1850 (Madison, WI, 1995).
110. Igor Kopytoff, "The Internal African Frontier: The Making of African Political Culture," in The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies, ed. Igor Kopytoff (Bloomington, IN, 1987), 3-84, esp. 16-17. On climatic change and ethnogenesis in West Africa see James L. A. Webb, Jr., Desert Frontier: Ecological and Economic Change Along the Western Sahel, 1600-1850 (Madison, WI, 1995).
111. Turner, The Frontier in American History, 2.
112. See Ian Tyrell, "Making Nations/Making States: American Historians in the Context of Empire," Journal of American History 86 (December 1999): 1015-44.
113. William H. McNeill, The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, 1983), 9-10, 20. See also Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier," 151-52.
114. William H. McNeill, The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, 1983), 9-10, 20. See also Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier," 151-52.
115. Robert Vitalis, "Crossing Exceptionalisin's Frontiers to Discover America's Kingdom," Arab Studies Journal 6 (Spring 1998): 10-31, and "The Closing of the Arabian Oil Frontier and the Future of Saudi-American Relations," Middle East Report 27 (July-September 1997): 15-25.
116. Robert Vitalis, "Crossing Exceptionalisin's Frontiers to Discover America's Kingdom," Arab Studies Journal 6 (Spring 1998): 10-31, and "The Closing of the Arabian Oil Frontier and the Future of Saudi-American Relations," Middle East Report 27 (July-September 1997): 15-25.
117. Sabin, "Home and Abroad," 308.
118. See William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Richard P. Tucker, Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World (Berkeley, 2000); Paul J. Dosal, Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899-1944 (Wilmington, DE, 1993); Douglas Yarrington, A Coffee Frontier: Land, Society, and Politics in Duaca, Venezuela, 1830-1936 (Pittsburgh, 1997), 196-212; Michael F. Jiménez, "'From Plantation to Cup': Coffee and Capitalism in the United States, 1830-1930," in Coffee, Society, and Power in Latin America, ed. William Roseberry et al. (Baltimore, 1995), 38-64; Mark Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed our World (New York, 1999); Steven C. Topik, "Coffee Anyone? Recent Research on Latin American Coffee Societies," Hispanic American Historical Review 80 (Spring 2000): 225-66; and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York, 1991).
119. See William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Richard P. Tucker, Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World (Berkeley, 2000); Paul J. Dosal, Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899-1944 (Wilmington, DE, 1993); Douglas Yarrington, A Coffee Frontier: Land, Society, and Politics in Duaca, Venezuela, 1830-1936 (Pittsburgh, 1997), 196-212; Michael F. Jiménez, "'From Plantation to Cup': Coffee and Capitalism in the United States, 1830-1930," in Coffee, Society, and Power in Latin America, ed. William Roseberry et al. (Baltimore, 1995), 38-64; Mark Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed our World (New York, 1999); Steven C. Topik, "Coffee Anyone? Recent Research on Latin American Coffee Societies," Hispanic American Historical Review 80 (Spring 2000): 225-66; and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York, 1991).
120. See William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Richard P. Tucker, Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World (Berkeley, 2000); Paul J. Dosal, Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899-1944 (Wilmington, DE, 1993); Douglas Yarrington, A Coffee Frontier: Land, Society, and Politics in Duaca, Venezuela, 1830-1936 (Pittsburgh, 1997), 196-212; Michael F. Jiménez, "'From Plantation to Cup': Coffee and Capitalism in the United States, 1830-1930," in Coffee, Society, and Power in Latin America, ed. William Roseberry et al. (Baltimore, 1995), 38-64; Mark Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed our World (New York, 1999); Steven C. Topik, "Coffee Anyone? Recent Research on Latin American Coffee Societies," Hispanic American Historical Review 80 (Spring 2000): 225-66; and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York, 1991).
121. See William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Richard P. Tucker, Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World (Berkeley, 2000); Paul J. Dosal, Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899-1944 (Wilmington, DE, 1993); Douglas Yarrington, A Coffee Frontier: Land, Society, and Politics in Duaca, Venezuela, 1830-1936 (Pittsburgh, 1997), 196-212; Michael F. Jiménez, "'From Plantation to Cup': Coffee and Capitalism in the United States, 1830-1930," in Coffee, Society, and Power in Latin America, ed. William Roseberry et al. (Baltimore, 1995), 38-64; Mark Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed our World (New York, 1999); Steven C. Topik, "Coffee Anyone? Recent Research on Latin American Coffee Societies," Hispanic American Historical Review 80 (Spring 2000): 225-66; and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York, 1991).
122. See William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Richard P. Tucker, Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World (Berkeley, 2000); Paul J. Dosal, Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899-1944 (Wilmington, DE, 1993); Douglas Yarrington, A Coffee Frontier: Land, Society, and Politics in Duaca, Venezuela, 1830-1936 (Pittsburgh, 1997), 196-212; Michael F. Jiménez, "'From Plantation to Cup': Coffee and Capitalism in the United States, 1830-1930," in Coffee, Society, and Power in Latin America, ed. William Roseberry et al. (Baltimore, 1995), 38-64; Mark Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed our World (New York, 1999); Steven C. Topik, "Coffee Anyone? Recent Research on Latin American Coffee Societies," Hispanic American Historical Review 80 (Spring 2000): 225-66; and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York, 1991).
123. See William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Richard P. Tucker, Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World (Berkeley, 2000); Paul J. Dosal, Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899-1944 (Wilmington, DE, 1993); Douglas Yarrington, A Coffee Frontier: Land, Society, and Politics in Duaca, Venezuela, 1830-1936 (Pittsburgh, 1997), 196-212; Michael F. Jiménez, "'From Plantation to Cup': Coffee and Capitalism in the United States, 1830-1930," in Coffee, Society, and Power in Latin America, ed. William Roseberry et al. (Baltimore, 1995), 38-64; Mark Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed our World (New York, 1999); Steven C. Topik, "Coffee Anyone? Recent Research on Latin American Coffee Societies," Hispanic American Historical Review 80 (Spring 2000): 225-66; and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York, 1991).
124. See William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Richard P. Tucker, Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World (Berkeley, 2000); Paul J. Dosal, Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899-1944 (Wilmington, DE, 1993); Douglas Yarrington, A Coffee Frontier: Land, Society, and Politics in Duaca, Venezuela, 1830-1936 (Pittsburgh, 1997), 196-212; Michael F. Jiménez, "'From Plantation to Cup': Coffee and Capitalism in the United States, 1830-1930," in Coffee, Society, and Power in Latin America, ed. William Roseberry et al. (Baltimore, 1995), 38-64; Mark Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed our World (New York, 1999); Steven C. Topik, "Coffee Anyone? Recent Research on Latin American Coffee Societies," Hispanic American Historical Review 80 (Spring 2000): 225-66; and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York, 1991).
125. See William Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991); Richard P. Tucker, Insatiable Appetite: The United States and the Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World (Berkeley, 2000); Paul J. Dosal, Doing Business with the Dictators: A Political History of United Fruit in Guatemala, 1899-1944 (Wilmington, DE, 1993); Douglas Yarrington, A Coffee Frontier: Land, Society, and Politics in Duaca, Venezuela, 1830-1936 (Pittsburgh, 1997), 196-212; Michael F. Jiménez, "'From Plantation to Cup': Coffee and Capitalism in the United States, 1830-1930," in Coffee, Society, and Power in Latin America, ed. William Roseberry et al. (Baltimore, 1995), 38-64; Mark Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed our World (New York, 1999); Steven C. Topik, "Coffee Anyone? Recent Research on Latin American Coffee Societies," Hispanic American Historical Review 80 (Spring 2000): 225-66; and Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York, 1991).
126. See Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven, 2000), 143-82; and Robert D. Kaplan, Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Caucasus (New York, 2000), 237-38, 265-85.
127. See Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil, and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven, 2000), 143-82; and Robert D. Kaplan, Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Caucasus (New York, 2000), 237-38, 265-85.
128. Walter LaFeber, Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism (New York, 1999), 90-112.