Home and abroad: The two "Wests" of twentieth-century United States history

Pacific Historical Review

Volumn 66, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 305-335

  Sabin, Paul ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038252557     PISSN: 00308684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3640200     Document Type: Review

References (232)

1. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Problem of the West," Atlantic Monthly, LXXVIII (1896), 296.
2. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
3. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
4. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
5. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
6. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
7. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
8. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
9. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
10. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
11. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
12. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
13. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
14. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
15. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
16. No one source covers the following discussion of the Ecuadorian Amazon and Alaska. See, among others, Judith Kimerling, "Disregarding Environmental Law: Petroleum Development in Protected Natural Areas and Indigenous Homelands in the Ecuadorian Amazon," Hastings International and Comparative Law Review, XIV (1991), 849-903; Jorge E. Uquillas, "Social Impacts of Modernization and Public Policies and Prospects for Indigenous Development in the Ecuadorian Amazon," in Debra Schumann and William Partridge, eds., The Human Ecology of Tropical Land Settlement in Latin America (Boulder, 1989), 407-431; William T. Vickers, "Indian Policy in Amazonian Ecuador," in Marianne Schmink and Charles H. Wood, eds., Frontier Expansion in Amazonia (Gainesville, Fla., 1984); R. J. Bromley, "Agricultural Colonization in the Upper Amazon Basin: The Impact of Oil Discoveries," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, LXIII (1972), 278-294; David Stoll, Fishers of Men or Founders of Empire?: The Wycliffe Bible Translators in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass., 1982), chap. 9; Norman E. Whitten, ed., Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador (Urbana, Ill., 1981); Paul Sabin, "Searching for Middle Ground: Native Communities and Oil Extraction in the Northern and Central Ecuadorian Amazon, 1967-1993," Environmental History (forthcoming); Robert Arnold, et al., Alaska Native Land Claims (Anchorage, 1976); Thomas R. Berger, Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York, 1984); Mary Clay Berry, The Alaska Pipeline: The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims (Bloomington, Ind., 1975); Peter Coates, The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Controversy (London, 1993); Joseph G. Jorgensen, Oil Age Eskimos (Berkeley, 1990); Lael Morgan, And the Land Provides: Alaskan Natives in a Year of Transition (Garden City, N.Y., 1974); Donald Worster, "Alaska: The Underworld Erupts," in Worster, Under Western Skies: Nature and History in the American West (New York, 1992), 154-224; Mark Panitch, "Alaska's Pipeline Road: New Conflicts Loom," Science, CLXXXIX (July 4, 1975), 30-32.
17. Judith Kimerling, Amazon Crude (Washington, D.C., 1991); Joe Kane, Savages (New York, 1995).
18. Judith Kimerling, Amazon Crude (Washington, D.C., 1991); Joe Kane, Savages (New York, 1995).
19. For a sampling of the comparative-frontiers historiography, see Herbert Heaton, "Other Wests Than Ours," Journal of Economic History, Supplement VI (1946), 50-62; Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (London, 1962); Walker Wyman and Clifton Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, Wisc., 1957), part I; Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981); recent articles by David A. Chappell, David Harry Miller, and Kevin Mulroy in "Forum: The Formation of Ethnic Identities in Frontier Societies," Journal of World History, IV (1993), 267-324; Walter Nugent, "Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin, eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991), 161-181.
20. For a sampling of the comparative-frontiers historiography, see Herbert Heaton, "Other Wests Than Ours," Journal of Economic History, Supplement VI (1946), 50-62; Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (London, 1962); Walker Wyman and Clifton Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, Wisc., 1957), part I; Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981); recent articles by David A. Chappell, David Harry Miller, and Kevin Mulroy in "Forum: The Formation of Ethnic Identities in Frontier Societies," Journal of World History, IV (1993), 267-324; Walter Nugent, "Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin, eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991), 161-181.
21. For a sampling of the comparative-frontiers historiography, see Herbert Heaton, "Other Wests Than Ours," Journal of Economic History, Supplement VI (1946), 50-62; Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (London, 1962); Walker Wyman and Clifton Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, Wisc., 1957), part I; Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981); recent articles by David A. Chappell, David Harry Miller, and Kevin Mulroy in "Forum: The Formation of Ethnic Identities in Frontier Societies," Journal of World History, IV (1993), 267-324; Walter Nugent, "Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin, eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991), 161-181.
22. For a sampling of the comparative-frontiers historiography, see Herbert Heaton, "Other Wests Than Ours," Journal of Economic History, Supplement VI (1946), 50-62; Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (London, 1962); Walker Wyman and Clifton Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, Wisc., 1957), part I; Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981); recent articles by David A. Chappell, David Harry Miller, and Kevin Mulroy in "Forum: The Formation of Ethnic Identities in Frontier Societies," Journal of World History, IV (1993), 267-324; Walter Nugent, "Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin, eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991), 161-181.
23. For a sampling of the comparative-frontiers historiography, see Herbert Heaton, "Other Wests Than Ours," Journal of Economic History, Supplement VI (1946), 50-62; Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (London, 1962); Walker Wyman and Clifton Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, Wisc., 1957), part I; Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981); recent articles by David A. Chappell, David Harry Miller, and Kevin Mulroy in "Forum: The Formation of Ethnic Identities in Frontier Societies," Journal of World History, IV (1993), 267-324; Walter Nugent, "Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin, eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991), 161-181.
24. For a sampling of the comparative-frontiers historiography, see Herbert Heaton, "Other Wests Than Ours," Journal of Economic History, Supplement VI (1946), 50-62; Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (London, 1962); Walker Wyman and Clifton Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, Wisc., 1957), part I; Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981); recent articles by David A. Chappell, David Harry Miller, and Kevin Mulroy in "Forum: The Formation of Ethnic Identities in Frontier Societies," Journal of World History, IV (1993), 267-324; Walter Nugent, "Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin, eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991), 161-181.
25. For a sampling of the comparative-frontiers historiography, see Herbert Heaton, "Other Wests Than Ours," Journal of Economic History, Supplement VI (1946), 50-62; Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (London, 1962); Walker Wyman and Clifton Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, Wisc., 1957), part I; Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981); recent articles by David A. Chappell, David Harry Miller, and Kevin Mulroy in "Forum: The Formation of Ethnic Identities in Frontier Societies," Journal of World History, IV (1993), 267-324; Walter Nugent, "Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin, eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991), 161-181.
26. For a sampling of the comparative-frontiers historiography, see Herbert Heaton, "Other Wests Than Ours," Journal of Economic History, Supplement VI (1946), 50-62; Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (London, 1962); Walker Wyman and Clifton Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, Wisc., 1957), part I; Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, eds., The Frontier in History: North America and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981); recent articles by David A. Chappell, David Harry Miller, and Kevin Mulroy in "Forum: The Formation of Ethnic Identities in Frontier Societies," Journal of World History, IV (1993), 267-324; Walter Nugent, "Frontiers and Empires in the Late Nineteenth Century," in Patricia Nelson Limerick, Clyde A. Milner II, and Charles E. Rankin, eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, Kan., 1991), 161-181.
27. Placing this Ecuadorian tale within the context of U.S. western history does not imply that Ecuador (or any other nation) should be viewed as simply a hinterland of the United States. Furthermore, other metropolitan centers have similar relationships with their hinterland areas. In this essay I privilege the American story to highlight the connection to the history of United States expansion.
28. On the long and somewhat messy history of the word "frontier" and for a consideration of the term's continuing utility, see Kerwin Lee Klein, "Reclaiming the 'F' Word, Or Being and Becoming Postwestern," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 179-215; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-147.
29. On the long and somewhat messy history of the word "frontier" and for a consideration of the term's continuing utility, see Kerwin Lee Klein, "Reclaiming the 'F' Word, Or Being and Becoming Postwestern," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 179-215; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-147.
30. William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1992), 3-27.
31. Ibid., 8.
32. John Whitehead, "Hawai'i: The First and Last Far West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIII (1992), 153-177; Victoria Wyatt, "Alaska and Hawai'i," in Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha A. Sandweiss, eds., Oxford History of the American West (New York, 1994), 564-601; William Cronon, "Kennecott Journey: The Paths Out of Town," in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 28-51. In his call for a new "coherent history of the twentieth-century West," Howard Lamar observes: "every American ... knows that frontier days and westering in the historic sense of expansion and settlement have long been gone." Howard R. Lamar, "Westering in the Twenty-first Century: Speculations on the Future of the Western Past," in ibid., 258-259.
33. John Whitehead, "Hawai'i: The First and Last Far West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIII (1992), 153-177; Victoria Wyatt, "Alaska and Hawai'i," in Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha A. Sandweiss, eds., Oxford History of the American West (New York, 1994), 564-601; William Cronon, "Kennecott Journey: The Paths Out of Town," in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 28-51. In his call for a new "coherent history of the twentieth-century West," Howard Lamar observes: "every American ... knows that frontier days and westering in the historic sense of expansion and settlement have long been gone." Howard R. Lamar, "Westering in the Twenty-first Century: Speculations on the Future of the Western Past," in ibid., 258-259.
34. John Whitehead, "Hawai'i: The First and Last Far West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIII (1992), 153-177; Victoria Wyatt, "Alaska and Hawai'i," in Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha A. Sandweiss, eds., Oxford History of the American West (New York, 1994), 564-601; William Cronon, "Kennecott Journey: The Paths Out of Town," in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 28-51. In his call for a new "coherent history of the twentieth-century West," Howard Lamar observes: "every American ... knows that frontier days and westering in the historic sense of expansion and settlement have long been gone." Howard R. Lamar, "Westering in the Twenty-first Century: Speculations on the Future of the Western Past," in ibid., 258-259.
35. John Whitehead, "Hawai'i: The First and Last Far West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIII (1992), 153-177; Victoria Wyatt, "Alaska and Hawai'i," in Clyde A. Milner II, Carol A. O'Connor, and Martha A. Sandweiss, eds., Oxford History of the American West (New York, 1994), 564-601; William Cronon, "Kennecott Journey: The Paths Out of Town," in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 28-51. In his call for a new "coherent history of the twentieth-century West," Howard Lamar observes: "every American ... knows that frontier days and westering in the historic sense of expansion and settlement have long been gone." Howard R. Lamar, "Westering in the Twenty-first Century: Speculations on the Future of the Western Past," in ibid., 258-259.
36. Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, "Becoming West," 24, 25; William Cronon, "The West: A Moving Target," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 477-478.
37. Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, "Becoming West," 24, 25; William Cronon, "The West: A Moving Target," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 477-478.
38. Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, "Becoming West," 9.
39. Walter Prescott Webb broadened Turner's thesis to encompass European expansion around the world. He thought the worldwide depression of the 1930s signaled the end of the long frontier boom. "Most of the talk about new frontiers," Webb wrote, "may be thought of as nostalgia." Webb, The Great Frontier (1951; Lincoln, Neb., 1986), 282; William H. McNeill adapted Webb's framework in The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, N.J., 1983). The metropolitan expansion described so elegantly for nineteenth-century Chicago by William Cronon continued in many ways into the larger international arena, binding people, economies, and natural resources across national boundaries, continents, and oceans. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991). In an earlier work, Cronon examined the New England colonies within a similar context of metropolitan expansion. Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York, 1983).
40. Walter Prescott Webb broadened Turner's thesis to encompass European expansion around the world. He thought the worldwide depression of the 1930s signaled the end of the long frontier boom. "Most of the talk about new frontiers," Webb wrote, "may be thought of as nostalgia." Webb, The Great Frontier (1951; Lincoln, Neb., 1986), 282; William H. McNeill adapted Webb's framework in The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, N.J., 1983). The metropolitan expansion described so elegantly for nineteenth-century Chicago by William Cronon continued in many ways into the larger international arena, binding people, economies, and natural resources across national boundaries, continents, and oceans. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991). In an earlier work, Cronon examined the New England colonies within a similar context of metropolitan expansion. Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York, 1983).
41. Walter Prescott Webb broadened Turner's thesis to encompass European expansion around the world. He thought the worldwide depression of the 1930s signaled the end of the long frontier boom. "Most of the talk about new frontiers," Webb wrote, "may be thought of as nostalgia." Webb, The Great Frontier (1951; Lincoln, Neb., 1986), 282; William H. McNeill adapted Webb's framework in The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, N.J., 1983). The metropolitan expansion described so elegantly for nineteenth-century Chicago by William Cronon continued in many ways into the larger international arena, binding people, economies, and natural resources across national boundaries, continents, and oceans. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991). In an earlier work, Cronon examined the New England colonies within a similar context of metropolitan expansion. Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York, 1983).
42. Walter Prescott Webb broadened Turner's thesis to encompass European expansion around the world. He thought the worldwide depression of the 1930s signaled the end of the long frontier boom. "Most of the talk about new frontiers," Webb wrote, "may be thought of as nostalgia." Webb, The Great Frontier (1951; Lincoln, Neb., 1986), 282; William H. McNeill adapted Webb's framework in The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, N.J., 1983). The metropolitan expansion described so elegantly for nineteenth-century Chicago by William Cronon continued in many ways into the larger international arena, binding people, economies, and natural resources across national boundaries, continents, and oceans. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991). In an earlier work, Cronon examined the New England colonies within a similar context of metropolitan expansion. Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York, 1983).
43. Walter Prescott Webb broadened Turner's thesis to encompass European expansion around the world. He thought the worldwide depression of the 1930s signaled the end of the long frontier boom. "Most of the talk about new frontiers," Webb wrote, "may be thought of as nostalgia." Webb, The Great Frontier (1951; Lincoln, Neb., 1986), 282; William H. McNeill adapted Webb's framework in The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, N.J., 1983). The metropolitan expansion described so elegantly for nineteenth-century Chicago by William Cronon continued in many ways into the larger international arena, binding people, economies, and natural resources across national boundaries, continents, and oceans. Cronon, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West (New York, 1991). In an earlier work, Cronon examined the New England colonies within a similar context of metropolitan expansion. Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (New York, 1983).
44. Fred Harvey Harrington, God, Mammon, and the Japanese: Dr. Horace N. Allen and Korean-American Relations, 1884-1905 (Madison, Wise., 1944), chap. 9.
45. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (rev. ed., New York, 1962); Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire: A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York, 1969); Williams, History as a Way of Learning: Articles, Excerpts, and Essays (New York, 1973); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1963). Ironically, as an anonymous editorial referee reminded me, Williams ignored how Turner himself became a "rash prophet," predicting an end to expansionism and a turn to regionalism. Williams himself made a similar turn later in his career. Williams, "Radicals and Regionalism," Democracy, I (1981), 87-88.
46. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (rev. ed., New York, 1962); Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire: A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York, 1969); Williams, History as a Way of Learning: Articles, Excerpts, and Essays (New York, 1973); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1963). Ironically, as an anonymous editorial referee reminded me, Williams ignored how Turner himself became a "rash prophet," predicting an end to expansionism and a turn to regionalism. Williams himself made a similar turn later in his career. Williams, "Radicals and Regionalism," Democracy, I (1981), 87-88.
47. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (rev. ed., New York, 1962); Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire: A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York, 1969); Williams, History as a Way of Learning: Articles, Excerpts, and Essays (New York, 1973); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1963). Ironically, as an anonymous editorial referee reminded me, Williams ignored how Turner himself became a "rash prophet," predicting an end to expansionism and a turn to regionalism. Williams himself made a similar turn later in his career. Williams, "Radicals and Regionalism," Democracy, I (1981), 87-88.
48. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (rev. ed., New York, 1962); Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire: A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York, 1969); Williams, History as a Way of Learning: Articles, Excerpts, and Essays (New York, 1973); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1963). Ironically, as an anonymous editorial referee reminded me, Williams ignored how Turner himself became a "rash prophet," predicting an end to expansionism and a turn to regionalism. Williams himself made a similar turn later in his career. Williams, "Radicals and Regionalism," Democracy, I (1981), 87-88.
49. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (rev. ed., New York, 1962); Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire: A Study of the Growth and Shaping of Social Consciousness in a Marketplace Society (New York, 1969); Williams, History as a Way of Learning: Articles, Excerpts, and Essays (New York, 1973); Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1963). Ironically, as an anonymous editorial referee reminded me, Williams ignored how Turner himself became a "rash prophet," predicting an end to expansionism and a turn to regionalism. Williams himself made a similar turn later in his career. Williams, "Radicals and Regionalism," Democracy, I (1981), 87-88.
50. Williams, Tragedy, 193.
51. Williams, Roots of the Modern American Empire, xiv.
52. Robert J. McMahon, "The Study of American Foreign Relations: National History or International History," in Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Eng., 1991), 15; Akira Iriye, "Culture and International History," in ibid., 214-225; Iriye, The Globalizing of America, 1913-1945 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993); Thomas G. Paterson, "Defining and Doing the History of American Foreign Relations: A Primer," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 36-54; David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International, XXXII (1994), 3-31; Eileen P. Scully, "Taking the Low Road to Sino-American Relations: Open Door' Expansionists and the Two China Markets," Journal of American History, LXXXII (1995), 62-83.
53. Robert J. McMahon, "The Study of American Foreign Relations: National History or International History," in Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Eng., 1991), 15; Akira Iriye, "Culture and International History," in ibid., 214-225; Iriye, The Globalizing of America, 1913-1945 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993); Thomas G. Paterson, "Defining and Doing the History of American Foreign Relations: A Primer," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 36-54; David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International, XXXII (1994), 3-31; Eileen P. Scully, "Taking the Low Road to Sino-American Relations: Open Door' Expansionists and the Two China Markets," Journal of American History, LXXXII (1995), 62-83.
54. Robert J. McMahon, "The Study of American Foreign Relations: National History or International History," in Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Eng., 1991), 15; Akira Iriye, "Culture and International History," in ibid., 214-225; Iriye, The Globalizing of America, 1913-1945 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993); Thomas G. Paterson, "Defining and Doing the History of American Foreign Relations: A Primer," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 36-54; David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International, XXXII (1994), 3-31; Eileen P. Scully, "Taking the Low Road to Sino-American Relations: Open Door' Expansionists and the Two China Markets," Journal of American History, LXXXII (1995), 62-83.
55. Robert J. McMahon, "The Study of American Foreign Relations:
56. Robert J. McMahon, "The Study of American Foreign Relations: National History or International History," in Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Eng., 1991), 15; Akira Iriye, "Culture and International History," in ibid., 214-225; Iriye, The Globalizing of America, 1913-1945 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993); Thomas G. Paterson, "Defining and Doing the History of American Foreign Relations: A Primer," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 36-54; David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International, XXXII (1994), 3-31; Eileen P. Scully, "Taking the Low Road to Sino-American Relations: Open Door' Expansionists and the Two China Markets," Journal of American History, LXXXII (1995), 62-83.
57. Robert J. McMahon, "The Study of American Foreign Relations: National History or International History," in Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (Cambridge, Eng., 1991), 15; Akira Iriye, "Culture and International History," in ibid., 214-225; Iriye, The Globalizing of America, 1913-1945 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993); Thomas G. Paterson, "Defining and Doing the History of American Foreign Relations: A Primer," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 36-54; David Engerman, "Research Agenda for the History of Tourism: Towards an International Social History," American Studies International, XXXII (1994), 3-31; Eileen P. Scully, "Taking the Low Road to Sino-American Relations: Open Door' Expansionists and the Two China Markets," Journal of American History, LXXXII (1995), 62-83.
58. Emily S. Rosenberg, "Walking the Borders," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 32. See also Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993), 53-59; Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, Mass., 1981); Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800-1890 (New York, 1985); Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1992); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980).
59. Emily S. Rosenberg, "Walking the Borders," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 32. See also Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993), 53-59; Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, Mass., 1981); Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800-1890 (New York, 1985); Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1992); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980).
60. Emily S. Rosenberg, "Walking the Borders," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 32. See also Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993), 53-59; Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, Mass., 1981); Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800-1890 (New York, 1985); Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1992); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980).
61. Emily S. Rosenberg, "Walking the Borders," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 32. See also Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993), 53-59; Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, Mass., 1981); Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800-1890 (New York, 1985); Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1992); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980).
62. Emily S. Rosenberg, "Walking the Borders," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 32. See also Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993), 53-59; Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, Mass., 1981); Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800-1890 (New York, 1985); Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1992); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980).
63. Emily S. Rosenberg, "Walking the Borders," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 32. See also Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993), 53-59; Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, Mass., 1981); Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800-1890 (New York, 1985); Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1992); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980).
64. Emily S. Rosenberg, "Walking the Borders," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 32. See also Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865-1913 (Cambridge, Eng., 1993), 53-59; Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1987); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, Mass., 1981); Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800-1890 (New York, 1985); Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America (New York, 1992); Richard Drinnon, Facing West: The Metaphysics of Indian-Hating and Empire-Building (Minneapolis, 1980).
65. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
66. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
67. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
68. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
69. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
70. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
71. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
72. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
73. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
74. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
75. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
76. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
77. See, for example, Walter L. Williams, "United States Indian Policy and the Debate over Philippine Annexation: Implications for the Origins of American Imperialism," Journal of American History, LXVI (1980), 810-831; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 53-59; Victor G. Kiernan, America, the New Imperialism: From White Settlement to World Hegemony (London, 1978). Recent exchanges on the "H-Diplo" e-mail listserver have discussed the relevance to diplomatic history of what previously fell under "Indian-White" relations. See comments made by James Cox, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," in H-Diplo [h-diplo@msu.edu], Dec. 7, 1995; and Mark Lytle, "Re: Native Americans and Diplomatic History," ibid., Dec. 2, 1995. See also such writings as Francis Jennings, Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 (New York, 1984); Jennings, Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America (New York, 1988); Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (New York, 1991); Richard White, "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries," Journal of American History, LXV (1978), 319-343; Daniel K. Richter, The Ordeal of the Longhouse: The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992); James Merrell, The Indians' New World: The Catawbas and Their Neighbors from European Contact through the Era of Removal (New York, 1989). The international experience comes alive in Richard White's "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, Okla., 1991), particularly parts one and two. D. W. Meinig's historical geography, The Shaping of America (2 vols., New York, 1986 and 1993), also offers a distinctly international perspective on European expansion into North America.
78. LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 54; Edward Crapol, "Coming to Terms with Empire: The Historiography of Late Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History, XVI (1992), 573-597 (quote on 593-594); Paul M. Buhle and Edward Rice-Maximin, William Appleman Williams: The Tragedy of Empire (New York, 1995), 245-246.
79. LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 54; Edward Crapol, "Coming to Terms with Empire: The Historiography of Late Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History, XVI (1992), 573-597 (quote on 593-594); Paul M. Buhle and Edward Rice-Maximin, William Appleman Williams: The Tragedy of Empire (New York, 1995), 245-246.
80. LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, 54; Edward Crapol, "Coming to Terms with Empire: The Historiography of Late Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations," Diplomatic History, XVI (1992), 573-597 (quote on 593-594); Paul M. Buhle and Edward Rice-Maximin, William Appleman Williams: The Tragedy of Empire (New York, 1995), 245-246.
81. A more recent and expansive consideration of frontier anxiety can be found in David Wrobel, The End of American Exceptionalism: Frontier Anxiety from the Old West to the New Deal (Lawrence, Kan., 1993).
82. LaFeber, New Empire, 1, 71.
83. Williams, Roots of the Modern American Empire, xxiii.
84. Emily S. Rosen berg, Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890-1945 (New York, 1982). More than previous followers of Williams, Rosenberg attends to cultural interactions and discusses the pursuit of raw materials by Americans and the rise in American investment abroad. Yet connections to the American West are still tenuous in her book, with the common theme of expansion the only secure connection.
85. William Appleman Williams, Empire as a Way of Life (New York, 1980), 132, 133.
86. Crapol, "Coming to Terms with Empire," 593-594.
87. Scully, "Taking the Low Road," 66; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, LaFeber, American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad since 1750 (New York, 1989), chaps. 5 and 6. See also Joseph A. Fry, "From Open Door to World Systems: Economic Interpretations of Late Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 277-303; Robert J. McMahon, "National History or International History," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 11-23. It is beyond the scope of this article to deal comprehensively with the many recent writings in American diplomatic history.
88. Scully, "Taking the Low Road," 66; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, LaFeber, American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad since 1750 (New York, 1989), chaps. 5 and 6. See also Joseph A. Fry, "From Open Door to World Systems: Economic Interpretations of Late Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 277-303; Robert J. McMahon, "National History or International History," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 11-23. It is beyond the scope of this article to deal comprehensively with the many recent writings in American diplomatic history.
89. Scully, "Taking the Low Road," 66; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, LaFeber, American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad since 1750 (New York, 1989), chaps. 5 and 6. See also Joseph A. Fry, "From Open Door to World Systems: Economic Interpretations of Late Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 277-303; Robert J. McMahon, "National History or International History," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 11-23. It is beyond the scope of this article to deal comprehensively with the many recent writings in American diplomatic history.
90. Scully, "Taking the Low Road," 66; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, LaFeber, American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad since 1750 (New York, 1989), chaps. 5 and 6. See also Joseph A. Fry, "From Open Door to World Systems: Economic Interpretations of Late Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 277-303; Robert J. McMahon, "National History or International History," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 11-23. It is beyond the scope of this article to deal comprehensively with the many recent writings in American diplomatic history.
91. Scully, "Taking the Low Road," 66; LaFeber, American Search for Opportunity, LaFeber, American Age: United States Foreign Policy at Home and Abroad since 1750 (New York, 1989), chaps. 5 and 6. See also Joseph A. Fry, "From Open Door to World Systems: Economic Interpretations of Late Nineteenth-Century American Foreign Relations," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 277-303; Robert J. McMahon, "National History or International History," in Hogan and Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 11-23. It is beyond the scope of this article to deal comprehensively with the many recent writings in American diplomatic history.
92. Norris Hundley has recently emphasized this relationship more explicitly in the journal. See Hundley, "What Manner of Monument: The Pacific Historical Review and the Profession," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 1-26, and the new statement of purpose for the November, 1996, issue, which added the study of "the interconnections between American overseas expansionism and the recent West."
93. Gene Gressley makes passing reference to western capitalists who ventured into Mexican lumber and worldwide real estate and mining development, but he does not pursue the subjects in this brief monograph. Gene Gressley, West by East: The American West in the Gilded Age (Provo, Utah, 1972), 8-9, 33.
94. See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own," 260. Gold-rush capital constituted somewhat of an exception, since much of it stayed in California and financed many enterprises throughout the West.
95. W. Turrentine Jackson, The Enterprising Scot: Investors in the American West after 1873 (Chicago, 1968), 300; Jackson, "British Interests in the Range Cattle Industry," in Maurice Frink, W. Turrentine Jackson, and Agnes Wright Spring, When Grass Was King (Boulder, 1956), 133-332. 32. Jackson, Enterprising Scot, 276. This story of declining rates of interest is consistent with Lance Davis's account of declining differentials with the emergence of a national capital market in the United States in the late nineteenth century. Lance Davis, "The Investment Market, 1870-1914: The Evolution of a National Market," Journal of Economic History, XXV (1965), 355-399; Michael Edelstein, "Foreign Investment and Accumulation, 1860-1914," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2: 1860-1939 (Cambridge, Eng., 1994), 173-196; Barbara Stallings, Banker to the Third World: U.S. Portfolio Investment in Latin America, 1900-1986 (Berkeley, 1987).
96. W. Turrentine Jackson, The Enterprising Scot: Investors in the American West after 1873 (Chicago, 1968), 300; Jackson, "British Interests in the Range Cattle Industry," in Maurice Frink, W. Turrentine Jackson, and Agnes Wright Spring, When Grass Was King (Boulder, 1956), 133-332. 32. Jackson, Enterprising Scot, 276. This story of declining rates of interest is consistent with Lance Davis's account of declining differentials with the emergence of a national capital market in the United States in the late nineteenth century. Lance Davis, "The Investment Market, 1870-1914: The Evolution of a National Market," Journal of Economic History, XXV (1965), 355-399; Michael Edelstein, "Foreign Investment and Accumulation, 1860-1914," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2: 1860-1939 (Cambridge, Eng., 1994), 173-196; Barbara Stallings, Banker to the Third World: U.S. Portfolio Investment in Latin America, 1900-1986 (Berkeley, 1987).
97. W. Turrentine Jackson, The Enterprising Scot: Investors in the American West after 1873 (Chicago, 1968), 300; Jackson, "British Interests in the Range Cattle Industry," in Maurice Frink, W. Turrentine Jackson, and Agnes Wright Spring, When Grass Was King (Boulder, 1956), 133-332. 32. Jackson, Enterprising Scot, 276. This story of declining rates of interest is consistent with Lance Davis's account of declining differentials with the emergence of a national capital market in the United States in the late nineteenth century. Lance Davis, "The Investment Market, 1870-1914: The Evolution of a National Market," Journal of Economic History, XXV (1965), 355-399; Michael Edelstein, "Foreign Investment and Accumulation, 1860-1914," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2: 1860-1939 (Cambridge, Eng., 1994), 173-196; Barbara Stallings, Banker to the Third World: U.S. Portfolio Investment in Latin America, 1900-1986 (Berkeley, 1987).
98. W. Turrentine Jackson, The Enterprising Scot: Investors in the American West after 1873 (Chicago, 1968), 300; Jackson, "British Interests in the Range Cattle Industry," in Maurice Frink, W. Turrentine Jackson, and Agnes Wright Spring, When Grass Was King (Boulder, 1956), 133-332. 32. Jackson, Enterprising Scot, 276. This story of declining rates of interest is consistent with Lance Davis's account of declining differentials with the emergence of a national capital market in the United States in the late nineteenth century. Lance Davis, "The Investment Market, 1870-1914: The Evolution of a National Market," Journal of Economic History, XXV (1965), 355-399; Michael Edelstein, "Foreign Investment and Accumulation, 1860-1914," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2: 1860-1939 (Cambridge, Eng., 1994), 173-196; Barbara Stallings, Banker to the Third World: U.S. Portfolio Investment in Latin America, 1900-1986 (Berkeley, 1987).
99. W. Turrentine Jackson, The Enterprising Scot: Investors in the American West after 1873 (Chicago, 1968), 300; Jackson, "British Interests in the Range Cattle Industry," in Maurice Frink, W. Turrentine Jackson, and Agnes Wright Spring, When Grass Was King (Boulder, 1956), 133-332. 32. Jackson, Enterprising Scot, 276. This story of declining rates of interest is consistent with Lance Davis's account of declining differentials with the emergence of a national capital market in the United States in the late nineteenth century. Lance Davis, "The Investment Market, 1870-1914: The Evolution of a National Market," Journal of Economic History, XXV (1965), 355-399; Michael Edelstein, "Foreign Investment and Accumulation, 1860-1914," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2: 1860-1939 (Cambridge, Eng., 1994), 173-196; Barbara Stallings, Banker to the Third World: U.S. Portfolio Investment in Latin America, 1900-1986 (Berkeley, 1987).
100. W. Turrentine Jackson, The Enterprising Scot: Investors in the American West after 1873 (Chicago, 1968), 300; Jackson, "British Interests in the Range Cattle Industry," in Maurice Frink, W. Turrentine Jackson, and Agnes Wright Spring, When Grass Was King (Boulder, 1956), 133-332. 32. Jackson, Enterprising Scot, 276. This story of declining rates of interest is consistent with Lance Davis's account of declining differentials with the emergence of a national capital market in the United States in the late nineteenth century. Lance Davis, "The Investment Market, 1870-1914: The Evolution of a National Market," Journal of Economic History, XXV (1965), 355-399; Michael Edelstein, "Foreign Investment and Accumulation, 1860-1914," in Roderick Floud and Donald McCloskey, eds., The Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. 2: 1860-1939 (Cambridge, Eng., 1994), 173-196; Barbara Stallings, Banker to the Third World: U.S. Portfolio Investment in Latin America, 1900-1986 (Berkeley, 1987).
101. Mira Wilkins, The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 70-73; Wilkins, The History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1989).
102. Mira Wilkins, The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 70-73; Wilkins, The History of Foreign Investment in the United States to 1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1989).
103. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
104. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
105. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
106. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
107. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977),
108. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
109. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
110. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
111. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
112. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
113. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
114. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
115. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
116. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
117. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
118. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
119. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
120. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
121. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
122. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
123. For a controversial social-scientific effort to model this "world system," see Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York, 1974); Wallerstein, The Modern World-System II: Mercantilism and the Consolidation of the European World-Economy, 1600-1750 (New York, 1980); and Wallerstein, The Modern World-System III: The Second Great Era of Expansion of the Capitalist World-Economy, 1730-1840s (San Diego, 1989). See also Theda Skocpol, "Wallerstein's World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique," American Journal of Sociology, LXXXII (1977), 1075-1090; Steve J. Stern, "Feudalism, Capitalism, and the World System in the Perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean," American Historical Review, XCIII (1988), 829-872. Influenced by Wallerstein, Harold Innis, Eric Wolf, and others, many recent western historians have placed their work in relation to a model of core and periphery, or hinterland and metropolis. See Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, xvi and 449, n. 24; Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Richard White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, Neb., 1983), introduction; White, Middle Ground, 483; William Robbins, Colony and Empire: The Capitalist Transformation of the American West (Lawrence, Kan., 1994), chap. 1; Harold Innis, Problems of Staple Production in Canada (Toronto, 1933); Eric Wolf, Europe and the People without History (Berkeley, 1982). 35. Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 116. See also ibid., 113-134; John Coatsworth, "Railroads, Landholding, and Agrarian Protest in the Early Porfiriato," Hispanic American Historical Review, LIV (1974), 48-71; John Hart, Revolutionary Mexico: The Coming and Process of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, 1987); Thomas Schoonover, Dollars over Dominion: The Triumph of Liberalism in Mexican-United States Relations, 1861-1867 (Baton Rouge, La., 1978); Schoonover, "Dollars er Dominion: United States Economic Interests in Mexico, 1861-1867," Pacific Historical Review, XLV (1976), 23-45; David M. Pletcher, Rails, Mines, and Progress: Seven American Promoters in Mexico, 1867-1911 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1958); Pletcher, "Mexico Opens the Door to American Capital, 1877-1880," The Americas, XVI (July 1959), 1-14; Marvin D. Bernstein, The Mexican Mining Industry, 1890-1950: A Study in the Interaction of Politics, Economics, and Technology (Albany, N.Y., 1965).
124. Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution (2 vols., New York, 1986); John Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (New York, 1968); Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, 1981); Nora Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy: Post-Revolutionary Mexico (Princeton, N.J., 1982); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 120-124.
125. Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution (2 vols., New York, 1986); John Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (New York, 1968); Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, 1981); Nora Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy: Post-Revolutionary Mexico (Princeton, N.J., 1982); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 120-124.
126. Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution (2 vols., New York, 1986); John Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (New York, 1968); Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, 1981); Nora Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy: Post-Revolutionary Mexico (Princeton, N.J., 1982); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 120-124.
127. Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution (2 vols., New York, 1986); John Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (New York, 1968); Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, 1981); Nora Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy: Post-Revolutionary Mexico (Princeton, N.J., 1982); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 120-124.
128. Alan Knight, The Mexican Revolution (2 vols., New York, 1986); John Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution (New York, 1968); Friedrich Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States, and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, 1981); Nora Hamilton, The Limits of State Autonomy: Post-Revolutionary Mexico (Princeton, N.J., 1982); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 120-124.
129. For a sampling of those who have followed the story into Canada and Mexico, see Paul F. Sharp, "When Our West Moved North," American Historical Review, LV (1949), 286-300; Robbins, Colony and Empire; David Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico (Albuquerque, 1982); Albert L. Hurtado, "Parkmanizing the Spanish Borderlands: Bolton, Turner, and the Historians' World," Western Historical Quarterly, XXVI (1995), 149-167; Oscar J. Martínez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988); Martínez, Border People: Life and Society in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands (Tucson, 1994); Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, Okla., 1982); Kenneth S. Coates and William R. Morrison, "Soldier-Workers - The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Northwest Defense Projects, 1942-1946," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 273-304; James G. Snell, "The Frontier Sweeps Northwest: American Perceptions of the British American Prairie West at the Point of Canadian Expansion (circa 1870)," Western Historical Quarterly, XI (1980), 380-400. Note also the many papers delivered at a 1996 conference, "On Brotherly Terms': Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies," sponsored by the Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest and the Canadian Studies Center, University of Washington. . Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 179, 187.
130. For a sampling of those who have followed the story into Canada and Mexico, see Paul F. Sharp, "When Our West Moved North," American Historical Review, LV (1949), 286-300; Robbins, Colony and Empire; David Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico (Albuquerque, 1982); Albert L. Hurtado, "Parkmanizing the Spanish Borderlands: Bolton, Turner, and the Historians' World," Western Historical Quarterly, XXVI (1995), 149-167; Oscar J. Martínez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988); Martínez, Border People: Life and Society in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands (Tucson, 1994); Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, Okla., 1982); Kenneth S. Coates and William R. Morrison, "Soldier-Workers - The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Northwest Defense Projects, 1942-1946," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 273-304; James G. Snell, "The Frontier Sweeps Northwest: American Perceptions of the British American Prairie West at the Point of Canadian Expansion (circa 1870)," Western Historical Quarterly, XI (1980), 380-400. Note also the many papers delivered at a 1996 conference, "On Brotherly Terms': Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies," sponsored by the Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest and the Canadian Studies Center, University of Washington. . Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 179, 187.
131. For a sampling of those who have followed the story into Canada and Mexico, see Paul F. Sharp, "When Our West Moved North," American Historical Review, LV (1949), 286-300; Robbins, Colony and Empire; David Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico (Albuquerque, 1982); Albert L. Hurtado, "Parkmanizing the Spanish Borderlands: Bolton, Turner, and the Historians' World," Western Historical Quarterly, XXVI (1995), 149-167; Oscar J. Martínez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988); Martínez, Border People: Life and Society in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands (Tucson, 1994); Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, Okla., 1982); Kenneth S. Coates and William R. Morrison, "Soldier-Workers - The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Northwest Defense Projects, 1942-1946," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 273-304; James G. Snell, "The Frontier Sweeps Northwest: American Perceptions of the British American Prairie West at the Point of Canadian Expansion (circa 1870)," Western Historical Quarterly, XI (1980), 380-400. Note also the many papers delivered at a 1996 conference, "On Brotherly Terms': Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies," sponsored by the Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest and the Canadian Studies Center, University of Washington. . Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 179, 187.
132. For a sampling of those who have followed the story into Canada and Mexico, see Paul F. Sharp, "When Our West Moved North," American Historical Review, LV (1949), 286-300; Robbins, Colony and Empire; David Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico (Albuquerque, 1982); Albert L. Hurtado, "Parkmanizing the Spanish Borderlands: Bolton, Turner, and the Historians' World," Western Historical Quarterly, XXVI (1995), 149-167; Oscar J. Martínez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988); Martínez, Border People: Life and Society in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands (Tucson, 1994); Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, Okla., 1982); Kenneth S. Coates and William R. Morrison, "Soldier-Workers - The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Northwest Defense Projects, 1942-1946," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 273-304; James G. Snell, "The Frontier Sweeps Northwest: American Perceptions of the British American Prairie West at the Point of Canadian Expansion (circa 1870)," Western Historical Quarterly, XI (1980), 380-400. Note also the many papers delivered at a 1996 conference, "On Brotherly Terms': Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies," sponsored by the Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest and the Canadian Studies Center, University of Washington. . Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 179, 187.
133. For a sampling of those who have followed the story into Canada and Mexico, see Paul F. Sharp, "When Our West Moved North," American Historical Review, LV (1949), 286-300; Robbins, Colony and Empire; David Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico (Albuquerque, 1982); Albert L. Hurtado, "Parkmanizing the Spanish Borderlands: Bolton, Turner, and the Historians' World," Western Historical Quarterly, XXVI (1995), 149-167; Oscar J. Martínez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988); Martínez, Border People: Life and Society in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands (Tucson, 1994); Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, Okla., 1982); Kenneth S. Coates and William R. Morrison, "Soldier-Workers - The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Northwest Defense Projects, 1942-1946," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 273-304; James G. Snell, "The Frontier Sweeps Northwest: American Perceptions of the British American Prairie West at the Point of Canadian Expansion (circa 1870)," Western Historical Quarterly, XI (1980), 380-400. Note also the many papers delivered at a 1996 conference, "On Brotherly Terms': Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies," sponsored by the Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest and the Canadian Studies Center, University of Washington. . Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 179, 187.
134. For a sampling of those who have followed the story into Canada and Mexico, see Paul F. Sharp, "When Our West Moved North," American Historical Review, LV (1949), 286-300; Robbins, Colony and Empire; David Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico (Albuquerque, 1982); Albert L. Hurtado, "Parkmanizing the Spanish Borderlands: Bolton, Turner, and the Historians' World," Western Historical Quarterly, XXVI (1995), 149-167; Oscar J. Martínez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988); Martínez, Border People: Life and Society in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands (Tucson, 1994); Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, Okla., 1982); Kenneth S. Coates and William R. Morrison, "Soldier-Workers - The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Northwest Defense Projects, 1942-1946," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 273-304; James G. Snell, "The Frontier Sweeps Northwest: American Perceptions of the British American Prairie West at the Point of Canadian Expansion (circa 1870)," Western Historical Quarterly, XI (1980), 380-400. Note also the many papers delivered at a 1996 conference, "On Brotherly Terms': Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies," sponsored by the Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest and the Canadian Studies Center, University of Washington. . Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 179, 187.
135. For a sampling of those who have followed the story into Canada and Mexico, see Paul F. Sharp, "When Our West Moved North," American Historical Review, LV (1949), 286-300; Robbins, Colony and Empire; David Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico (Albuquerque, 1982); Albert L. Hurtado, "Parkmanizing the Spanish Borderlands: Bolton, Turner, and the Historians' World," Western Historical Quarterly, XXVI (1995), 149-167; Oscar J. Martínez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988); Martínez, Border People: Life and Society in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands (Tucson, 1994); Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, Okla., 1982); Kenneth S. Coates and William R. Morrison, "Soldier-Workers - The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Northwest Defense Projects, 1942-1946," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 273-304; James G. Snell, "The Frontier Sweeps Northwest: American Perceptions of the British American Prairie West at the Point of Canadian Expansion (circa 1870)," Western Historical Quarterly, XI (1980), 380-400. Note also the many papers delivered at a 1996 conference, "On Brotherly Terms': Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies," sponsored by the Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest and the Canadian Studies Center, University of Washington. . Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 179, 187.
136. For a sampling of those who have followed the story into Canada and Mexico, see Paul F. Sharp, "When Our West Moved North," American Historical Review, LV (1949), 286-300; Robbins, Colony and Empire; David Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico (Albuquerque, 1982); Albert L. Hurtado, "Parkmanizing the Spanish Borderlands: Bolton, Turner, and the Historians' World," Western Historical Quarterly, XXVI (1995), 149-167; Oscar J. Martínez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988); Martínez, Border People: Life and Society in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands (Tucson, 1994); Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, Okla., 1982); Kenneth S. Coates and William R. Morrison, "Soldier-Workers - The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Northwest Defense Projects, 1942-1946," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 273-304; James G. Snell, "The Frontier Sweeps Northwest: American Perceptions of the British American Prairie West at the Point of Canadian Expansion (circa 1870)," Western Historical Quarterly, XI (1980), 380-400. Note also the many papers delivered at a 1996 conference, "On Brotherly Terms': Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies," sponsored by the Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest and the Canadian Studies Center, University of Washington. . Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 179, 187.
137. For a sampling of those who have followed the story into Canada and Mexico, see Paul F. Sharp, "When Our West Moved North," American Historical Review, LV (1949), 286-300; Robbins, Colony and Empire; David Weber, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest under Mexico (Albuquerque, 1982); Albert L. Hurtado, "Parkmanizing the Spanish Borderlands: Bolton, Turner, and the Historians' World," Western Historical Quarterly, XXVI (1995), 149-167; Oscar J. Martínez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988); Martínez, Border People: Life and Society in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands (Tucson, 1994); Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, Okla., 1982); Kenneth S. Coates and William R. Morrison, "Soldier-Workers - The United States Army Corps of Engineers and the Northwest Defense Projects, 1942-1946," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 273-304; James G. Snell, "The Frontier Sweeps Northwest: American Perceptions of the British American Prairie West at the Point of Canadian Expansion (circa 1870)," Western Historical Quarterly, XI (1980), 380-400. Note also the many papers delivered at a 1996 conference, "On Brotherly Terms': Canadian-American Relations West of the Rockies," sponsored by the Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest and the Canadian Studies Center, University of Washington. . Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 179, 187.
138. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New
139. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York, 1991), 233-237; Ralph Arnold, et al., The First Big Oil Hunt: Venezuela, 1911-1916 (New York, 1960); U.S. Senate Special Committee Investigating Petroleum Resources, Hearings on American Petroleum Interests in Foreign Countries, 79 Cong., 1 sess. (1946), 330-383.
140. Daniel Yergin, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power (New York, 1991), 233-237; Ralph Arnold, et al., The First Big Oil Hunt: Venezuela, 1911-1916 (New York, 1960); U.S. Senate Special Committee Investigating Petroleum Resources, Hearings on American Petroleum Interests in Foreign Countries, 79 Cong., 1 sess. (1946), 330-383.
141. Anonymous official quoted in the San Francisco Chronicle, March 24, 1926, p. 5. In the Ecuadorian example, the Leonard Exploration Company, a Standard Oil subsidiary, explored the Ecuadorian Amazon for petroleum in the 1920s. While both that company and its successor, Royal Dutch Shell, failed to find commercially exploitable oil reserves, the concessions brought a short-lived boom to the central region of the Ecuadorian Amazon and led to the construction of the first motor road into that area, opening it up to traders and colonists. The Texaco-Gulf consortium entered the Ecuadorian scene following its activities across the border in southeastern Colombia in the 1960s. Leonard Exploration's activities are discussed in Jaime Galarza Zavala, El festin del petroleo (2d. ed., Quito, Ecuador, 1972), 79-80.
142. Gerald Nash, A. P. Giannini and the Bank of America (Norman, Okla., 1992), 141-143; Mark Foster, Henry J. Kaiser: Builder in the Modern American West (Austin, Tex., 1989), esp. chap. 10; Robert L. Ingram, The Bechtel Story: Seventy Years of Accomplishment in Engineering and Construction (San Francisco, 1968); Richard Walker, "Another Round of Globalization in San Francisco," Urban Geography, XVII (1996), 60-94. . For the Ecuadorian and Alaskan cases, see note 2. For an account of similar developments in northwestern Canada, see Paul Sabin, "Voices from the Hydrocarbon Frontier: Canada's Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (1974-1977)," Environmental History Review, XIX (1995), 17-48.
143. Gerald Nash, A. P. Giannini and the Bank of America (Norman, Okla., 1992), 141-143; Mark Foster, Henry J. Kaiser: Builder in the Modern American West (Austin, Tex., 1989), esp. chap. 10; Robert L. Ingram, The Bechtel Story: Seventy Years of Accomplishment in Engineering and Construction (San Francisco, 1968); Richard Walker, "Another Round of Globalization in San Francisco," Urban Geography, XVII (1996), 60-94. . For the Ecuadorian and Alaskan cases, see note 2. For an account of similar developments in northwestern Canada, see Paul Sabin, "Voices from the Hydrocarbon Frontier: Canada's Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (1974-1977)," Environmental History Review, XIX (1995), 17-48.
144. Gerald Nash, A. P. Giannini and the Bank of America (Norman, Okla., 1992), 141-143; Mark Foster, Henry J. Kaiser: Builder in the Modern American West (Austin, Tex., 1989), esp. chap. 10; Robert L. Ingram, The Bechtel Story: Seventy Years of Accomplishment in Engineering and Construction (San Francisco, 1968); Richard Walker, "Another Round of Globalization in San Francisco," Urban Geography, XVII (1996), 60-94. . For the Ecuadorian and Alaskan cases, see note 2. For an account of similar developments in northwestern Canada, see Paul Sabin, "Voices from the Hydrocarbon Frontier: Canada's Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (1974-1977)," Environmental History Review, XIX (1995), 17-48.
145. Gerald Nash, A. P. Giannini and the Bank of America (Norman, Okla., 1992), 141-143; Mark Foster, Henry J. Kaiser: Builder in the Modern American West (Austin, Tex., 1989), esp. chap. 10; Robert L. Ingram, The Bechtel Story: Seventy Years of Accomplishment in Engineering and Construction (San Francisco, 1968); Richard Walker, "Another Round of Globalization in San Francisco," Urban Geography, XVII (1996), 60-94. . For the Ecuadorian and Alaskan cases, see note 2. For an account of similar developments in northwestern Canada, see Paul Sabin, "Voices from the Hydrocarbon Frontier: Canada's Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (1974-1977)," Environmental History Review, XIX (1995), 17-48.
146. Gerald Nash, A. P. Giannini and the Bank of America (Norman, Okla., 1992), 141-143; Mark Foster, Henry J. Kaiser: Builder in the Modern American West (Austin, Tex., 1989), esp. chap. 10; Robert L. Ingram, The Bechtel Story: Seventy Years of Accomplishment in Engineering and Construction (San Francisco, 1968); Richard Walker, "Another Round of Globalization in San Francisco," Urban Geography, XVII (1996), 60-94. . For the Ecuadorian and Alaskan cases, see note 2. For an account of similar developments in northwestern Canada, see Paul Sabin, "Voices from the Hydrocarbon Frontier: Canada's Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (1974-1977)," Environmental History Review, XIX (1995), 17-48.
147. Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure, 1874-1920 (New York, 1951), 25. . Hoover, Memoirs, chaps. 4-8; George H. Nash, The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Engineer, 1874-1914 (New York, 1983). William Robbins uses Hoover to illustrate connections between the American West and global capitalism. William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails, 182-214 (quotation on 182).
148. Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure, 1874-1920 (New York, 1951), 25. . Hoover, Memoirs, chaps. 4-8; George H. Nash, The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Engineer, 1874-1914 (New York, 1983). William Robbins uses Hoover to illustrate connections between the American West and global capitalism. William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails, 182-214 (quotation on 182).
149. Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure, 1874-1920 (New York, 1951), 25. . Hoover, Memoirs, chaps. 4-8; George H. Nash, The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Engineer, 1874-1914 (New York, 1983). William Robbins uses Hoover to illustrate connections between the American West and global capitalism. William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails, 182-214 (quotation on 182).
150. Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure, 1874-1920 (New York, 1951), 25. . Hoover, Memoirs, chaps. 4-8; George H. Nash, The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Engineer, 1874-1914 (New York, 1983). William Robbins uses Hoover to illustrate connections between the American West and global capitalism. William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," in Limerick, Milner, and Rankin, eds., Trails, 182-214 (quotation on 182).
151. Hedley S. Fowler, "Mining Engineer in the Americas, India, and Africa, 1933-1983" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); Philip Read Bradley, Jr., "A Mining Engineer in Alaska, Canada, the Western United States, Latin America, and Southeast Asia" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1988); George Conrad Heikes, "Mining Geologist on Four Continents" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); James M. Orr, "An Entrepreneur in Mining in North and South America, 1930s to 1990s" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, rkeley, 1995). See also Morris B. Parker's Mules, Mines and Me in Mexico, 1895-1932 (Tucson, 1979); Enid de Waal, "American Technology in South African Gold Mining before 1899" Optima, XXXIII (1985), 80-85; appropriate interviews in T[homas] A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers (San Francisco, 1922); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 118. Wallace Stegner captures the early migration in his well-known Angle of Repose (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), in which a mining engineer and his wife are living in Mexico around 1880, managing a mine, and investigating mining opportunities. . Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn., 1972), 865-866.
152. Hedley S. Fowler, "Mining Engineer in the Americas, India, and Africa, 1933-1983" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); Philip Read Bradley, Jr., "A Mining Engineer in Alaska, Canada, the Western United States, Latin America, and Southeast Asia" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1988); George Conrad Heikes, "Mining Geologist on Four Continents" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); James M. Orr, "An Entrepreneur in Mining in North and South America, 1930s to 1990s" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, rkeley, 1995). See also Morris B. Parker's Mules, Mines and Me in Mexico, 1895-1932 (Tucson, 1979); Enid de Waal, "American Technology in South African Gold Mining before 1899" Optima, XXXIII (1985), 80-85; appropriate interviews in T[homas] A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers (San Francisco, 1922); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 118. Wallace Stegner captures the early migration in his well-known Angle of Repose (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), in which a mining engineer and his wife are living in Mexico around 1880, managing a mine, and investigating mining opportunities. . Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn., 1972), 865-866.
153. Hedley S. Fowler, "Mining Engineer in the Americas, India, and Africa, 1933-1983" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); Philip Read Bradley, Jr., "A Mining Engineer in Alaska, Canada, the Western United States, Latin America, and Southeast Asia" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1988); George Conrad Heikes, "Mining Geologist on Four Continents" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); James M. Orr, "An Entrepreneur in Mining in North and South America, 1930s to 1990s" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, rkeley, 1995). See also Morris B. Parker's Mules, Mines and Me in Mexico, 1895-1932 (Tucson, 1979); Enid de Waal, "American Technology in South African Gold Mining before 1899" Optima, XXXIII (1985), 80-85; appropriate interviews in T[homas] A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers (San Francisco, 1922); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 118. Wallace Stegner captures the early migration in his well-known Angle of Repose (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), in which a mining engineer and his wife are living in Mexico around 1880, managing a mine, and investigating mining opportunities. . Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn., 1972), 865-866.
154. Hedley S. Fowler, "Mining Engineer in the Americas, India, and Africa, 1933-1983" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); Philip Read Bradley, Jr., "A Mining Engineer in Alaska, Canada, the Western United States, Latin America, and Southeast Asia" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1988); George Conrad Heikes, "Mining Geologist on Four Continents" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); James M. Orr, "An Entrepreneur in Mining in North and South America, 1930s to 1990s" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, rkeley, 1995). See also Morris B. Parker's Mules, Mines and Me in Mexico, 1895-1932 (Tucson, 1979); Enid de Waal, "American Technology in South African Gold Mining before 1899" Optima, XXXIII (1985), 80-85; appropriate interviews in T[homas] A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers (San Francisco, 1922); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 118. Wallace Stegner captures the early migration in his well-known Angle of Repose (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), in which a mining engineer and his wife are living in Mexico around 1880, managing a mine, and investigating mining opportunities. . Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn., 1972), 865-866.
155. Hedley S. Fowler, "Mining Engineer in the Americas, India, and Africa, 1933-1983" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); Philip Read Bradley, Jr., "A Mining Engineer in Alaska, Canada, the Western United States, Latin America, and Southeast Asia" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1988); George Conrad Heikes, "Mining Geologist on Four Continents" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); James M. Orr, "An Entrepreneur in Mining in North and South America, 1930s to 1990s" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, rkeley, 1995). See also Morris B. Parker's Mules, Mines and Me in Mexico, 1895-1932 (Tucson, 1979); Enid de Waal, "American Technology in South African Gold Mining before 1899" Optima, XXXIII (1985), 80-85; appropriate interviews in T[homas] A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers (San Francisco, 1922); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 118. Wallace Stegner captures the early migration in his well-known Angle of Repose (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), in which a mining engineer and his wife are living in Mexico around 1880, managing a mine, and investigating mining opportunities. . Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn., 1972), 865-866.
156. Hedley S. Fowler, "Mining Engineer in the Americas, India, and Africa, 1933-1983" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); Philip Read Bradley, Jr., "A Mining Engineer in Alaska, Canada, the Western United States, Latin America, and Southeast Asia" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1988); George Conrad Heikes, "Mining Geologist on Four Continents" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); James M. Orr, "An Entrepreneur in Mining in North and South America, 1930s to 1990s" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, rkeley, 1995). See also Morris B. Parker's Mules, Mines and Me in Mexico, 1895-1932 (Tucson, 1979); Enid de Waal, "American Technology in South African Gold Mining before 1899" Optima, XXXIII (1985), 80-85; appropriate interviews in T[homas] A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers (San Francisco, 1922); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 118. Wallace Stegner captures the early migration in his well-known Angle of Repose (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), in which a mining engineer and his wife are living in Mexico around 1880, managing a mine, and investigating mining opportunities. . Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn., 1972), 865-866.
157. Hedley S. Fowler, "Mining Engineer in the Americas, India, and Africa, 1933-1983" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); Philip Read Bradley, Jr., "A Mining Engineer in Alaska, Canada, the Western United States, Latin America, and Southeast Asia" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1988); George Conrad Heikes, "Mining Geologist on Four Continents" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); James M. Orr, "An Entrepreneur in Mining in North and South America, 1930s to 1990s" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, rkeley, 1995). See also Morris B. Parker's Mules, Mines and Me in Mexico, 1895-1932 (Tucson, 1979); Enid de Waal, "American Technology in South African Gold Mining before 1899" Optima, XXXIII (1985), 80-85; appropriate interviews in T[homas] A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers (San Francisco, 1922); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 118. Wallace Stegner captures the early migration in his well-known Angle of Repose (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), in which a mining engineer and his wife are living in Mexico around 1880, managing a mine, and investigating mining opportunities. . Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn., 1972), 865-866.
158. Hedley S. Fowler, "Mining Engineer in the Americas, India, and Africa, 1933-1983" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); Philip Read Bradley, Jr., "A Mining Engineer in Alaska, Canada, the Western United States, Latin America, and Southeast Asia" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1988); George Conrad Heikes, "Mining Geologist on Four Continents" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); James M. Orr, "An Entrepreneur in Mining in North and South America, 1930s to 1990s" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, rkeley, 1995). See also Morris B. Parker's Mules, Mines and Me in Mexico, 1895-1932 (Tucson, 1979); Enid de Waal, "American Technology in South African Gold Mining before 1899" Optima, XXXIII (1985), 80-85; appropriate interviews in T[homas] A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers (San Francisco, 1922); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 118. Wallace Stegner captures the early migration in his well-known Angle of Repose (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), in which a mining engineer and his wife are living in Mexico around 1880, managing a mine, and investigating mining opportunities. . Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn., 1972), 865-866.
159. Hedley S. Fowler, "Mining Engineer in the Americas, India, and Africa, 1933-1983" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); Philip Read Bradley, Jr., "A Mining Engineer in Alaska, Canada, the Western United States, Latin America, and Southeast Asia" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1988); George Conrad Heikes, "Mining Geologist on Four Continents" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); James M. Orr, "An Entrepreneur in Mining in North and South America, 1930s to 1990s" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, rkeley, 1995). See also Morris B. Parker's Mules, Mines and Me in Mexico, 1895-1932 (Tucson, 1979); Enid de Waal, "American Technology in South African Gold Mining before 1899" Optima, XXXIII (1985), 80-85; appropriate interviews in T[homas] A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers (San Francisco, 1922); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 118. Wallace Stegner captures the early migration in his well-known Angle of Repose (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), in which a mining engineer and his wife are living in Mexico around 1880, managing a mine, and investigating mining opportunities. . Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn., 1972), 865-866.
160. Hedley S. Fowler, "Mining Engineer in the Americas, India, and Africa, 1933-1983" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); Philip Read Bradley, Jr., "A Mining Engineer in Alaska, Canada, the Western United States, Latin America, and Southeast Asia" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1988); George Conrad Heikes, "Mining Geologist on Four Continents" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1992); James M. Orr, "An Entrepreneur in Mining in North and South America, 1930s to 1990s" (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, rkeley, 1995). See also Morris B. Parker's Mules, Mines and Me in Mexico, 1895-1932 (Tucson, 1979); Enid de Waal, "American Technology in South African Gold Mining before 1899" Optima, XXXIII (1985), 80-85; appropriate interviews in T[homas] A. Rickard, Interviews with Mining Engineers (San Francisco, 1922); Wilkins, Emergence of Multinational Enterprise, 118. Wallace Stegner captures the early migration in his well-known Angle of Repose (Garden City, N.Y., 1971), in which a mining engineer and his wife are living in Mexico around 1880, managing a mine, and investigating mining opportunities. . Sydney E. Ahlstrom, A Religious History of the American People (New Haven, Conn., 1972), 865-866.
161. Harrington, God, Mammon and the Japanese; Clyde A. Milner II, With Good Intentions: Quaker Work among the Pawnees, Otos, and Omahas in the 1870s (Lincoln, Neb., 1982); Dorothea R. Muller, "Church Building and Community Making on the Frontier - A Case Study: Josiah Strong, Home Missionary in Cheyenne, 1871-1873," Western Historical Quarterly, VIII (1979), 191-216; Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York, 1885); LaFeber, New Empire, 72-80. . The Summer Institute of Linguistics is the overseas arm of the United States-based Wycliff Bible Translators, the world's largest Protestant missionary organization with more than 3,900 volunteers working around the world (about a thousand of them in Latin America) in 1982. New York Times, May 16, 1982, sec. 1, p. 24; Stoll, Fishers of Men, chap. 9; William T. Vickers, "The Jesuits and the SIL: External Policies for Ecuador's Tucanoans through Three Centuries," in Søren Hvalkof and Peter Aaby, eds., Is God an American? An Anthropological Perspective on the Missionary Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Copenhagen, 1981), 51-61; Scott S. Robinson, "Fulfilling the Mission: North American Evangelism in Ecuador," in ibid., 41-50; Kane, Savages.
162. Harrington, God, Mammon and the Japanese; Clyde A. Milner II, With Good Intentions: Quaker Work among the Pawnees, Otos, and Omahas in the 1870s (Lincoln, Neb., 1982); Dorothea R. Muller, "Church Building and Community Making on the Frontier - A Case Study: Josiah Strong, Home Missionary in Cheyenne, 1871-1873," Western Historical Quarterly, VIII (1979), 191-216; Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York, 1885); LaFeber, New Empire, 72-80. . The Summer Institute of Linguistics is the overseas arm of the United States-based Wycliff Bible Translators, the world's largest Protestant missionary organization with more than 3,900 volunteers working around the world (about a thousand of them in Latin America) in 1982. New York Times, May 16, 1982, sec. 1, p. 24; Stoll, Fishers of Men, chap. 9; William T. Vickers, "The Jesuits and the SIL: External Policies for Ecuador's Tucanoans through Three Centuries," in Søren Hvalkof and Peter Aaby, eds., Is God an American? An Anthropological Perspective on the Missionary Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Copenhagen, 1981), 51-61; Scott S. Robinson, "Fulfilling the Mission: North American Evangelism in Ecuador," in ibid., 41-50; Kane, Savages.
163. Harrington, God, Mammon and the Japanese; Clyde A. Milner II, With Good Intentions: Quaker Work among the Pawnees, Otos, and Omahas in the 1870s (Lincoln, Neb., 1982); Dorothea R. Muller, "Church Building and Community Making on the Frontier - A Case Study: Josiah Strong, Home Missionary in Cheyenne, 1871-1873," Western Historical Quarterly, VIII (1979), 191-216; Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York, 1885); LaFeber, New Empire, 72-80. . The Summer Institute of Linguistics is the overseas arm of the United States-based Wycliff Bible Translators, the world's largest Protestant missionary organization with more than 3,900 volunteers working around the world (about a thousand of them in Latin America) in 1982. New York Times, May 16, 1982, sec. 1, p. 24; Stoll, Fishers of Men, chap. 9; William T. Vickers, "The Jesuits and the SIL: External Policies for Ecuador's Tucanoans through Three Centuries," in Søren Hvalkof and Peter Aaby, eds., Is God an American? An Anthropological Perspective on the Missionary Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Copenhagen, 1981), 51-61; Scott S. Robinson, "Fulfilling the Mission: North American Evangelism in Ecuador," in ibid., 41-50; Kane, Savages.
164. Harrington, God, Mammon and the Japanese; Clyde A. Milner II, With Good Intentions: Quaker Work among the Pawnees, Otos, and Omahas in the 1870s (Lincoln, Neb., 1982); Dorothea R. Muller, "Church Building and Community Making on the Frontier - A Case Study: Josiah Strong, Home Missionary in Cheyenne, 1871-1873," Western Historical Quarterly, VIII (1979), 191-216; Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York, 1885); LaFeber, New Empire, 72-80. . The Summer Institute of Linguistics is the overseas arm of the United States-based Wycliff Bible Translators, the world's largest Protestant missionary organization with more than 3,900 volunteers working around the world (about a thousand of them in Latin America) in 1982. New York Times, May 16, 1982, sec. 1, p. 24; Stoll, Fishers of Men, chap. 9; William T. Vickers, "The Jesuits and the SIL: External Policies for Ecuador's Tucanoans through Three Centuries," in Søren Hvalkof and Peter Aaby, eds., Is God an American? An Anthropological Perspective on the Missionary Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Copenhagen, 1981), 51-61; Scott S. Robinson, "Fulfilling the Mission: North American Evangelism in Ecuador," in ibid., 41-50; Kane, Savages.
165. Harrington, God, Mammon and the Japanese; Clyde A. Milner II, With Good Intentions: Quaker Work among the Pawnees, Otos, and Omahas in the 1870s (Lincoln, Neb., 1982); Dorothea R. Muller, "Church Building and Community Making on the Frontier - A Case Study: Josiah Strong, Home Missionary in Cheyenne, 1871-1873," Western Historical Quarterly, VIII (1979), 191-216; Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York, 1885); LaFeber, New Empire, 72-80. . The Summer Institute of Linguistics is the overseas arm of the United States-based Wycliff Bible Translators, the world's largest Protestant missionary organization with more than 3,900 volunteers working around the world (about a thousand of them in Latin America) in 1982. New York Times, May 16, 1982, sec. 1, p. 24; Stoll, Fishers of Men, chap. 9; William T. Vickers, "The Jesuits and the SIL: External Policies for Ecuador's Tucanoans through Three Centuries," in Søren Hvalkof and Peter Aaby, eds., Is God an American? An Anthropological Perspective on the Missionary Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Copenhagen, 1981), 51-61; Scott S. Robinson, "Fulfilling the Mission: North American Evangelism in Ecuador," in ibid., 41-50; Kane, Savages.
166. Harrington, God, Mammon and the Japanese; Clyde A. Milner II, With Good Intentions: Quaker Work among the Pawnees, Otos, and Omahas in the 1870s (Lincoln, Neb., 1982); Dorothea R. Muller, "Church Building and Community Making on the Frontier - A Case Study: Josiah Strong, Home Missionary in Cheyenne, 1871-1873," Western Historical Quarterly, VIII (1979), 191-216; Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York, 1885); LaFeber, New Empire, 72-80. . The Summer Institute of Linguistics is the overseas arm of the United States-based Wycliff Bible Translators, the world's largest Protestant missionary organization with more than 3,900 volunteers working around the world (about a thousand of them in Latin America) in 1982. New York Times, May 16, 1982, sec. 1, p. 24; Stoll, Fishers of Men, chap. 9; William T. Vickers, "The Jesuits and the SIL: External Policies for Ecuador's Tucanoans through Three Centuries," in Søren Hvalkof and Peter Aaby, eds., Is God an American? An Anthropological Perspective on the Missionary Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Copenhagen, 1981), 51-61; Scott S. Robinson, "Fulfilling the Mission: North American Evangelism in Ecuador," in ibid., 41-50; Kane, Savages.
167. Harrington, God, Mammon and the Japanese; Clyde A. Milner II, With Good Intentions: Quaker Work among the Pawnees, Otos, and Omahas in the 1870s (Lincoln, Neb., 1982); Dorothea R. Muller, "Church Building and Community Making on the Frontier - A Case Study: Josiah Strong, Home Missionary in Cheyenne, 1871-1873," Western Historical Quarterly, VIII (1979), 191-216; Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York, 1885); LaFeber, New Empire, 72-80. . The Summer Institute of Linguistics is the overseas arm of the United States-based Wycliff Bible Translators, the world's largest Protestant missionary organization with more than 3,900 volunteers working around the world (about a thousand of them in Latin America) in 1982. New York Times, May 16, 1982, sec. 1, p. 24; Stoll, Fishers of Men, chap. 9; William T. Vickers, "The Jesuits and the SIL: External Policies for Ecuador's Tucanoans through Three Centuries," in Søren Hvalkof and Peter Aaby, eds., Is God an American? An Anthropological Perspective on the Missionary Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Copenhagen, 1981), 51-61; Scott S. Robinson, "Fulfilling the Mission: North American Evangelism in Ecuador," in ibid., 41-50; Kane, Savages.
168. Harrington, God, Mammon and the Japanese; Clyde A. Milner II, With Good Intentions: Quaker Work among the Pawnees, Otos, and Omahas in the 1870s (Lincoln, Neb., 1982); Dorothea R. Muller, "Church Building and Community Making on the Frontier - A Case Study: Josiah Strong, Home Missionary in Cheyenne, 1871-1873," Western Historical Quarterly, VIII (1979), 191-216; Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York, 1885); LaFeber, New Empire, 72-80. . The Summer Institute of Linguistics is the overseas arm of the United States-based Wycliff Bible Translators, the world's largest Protestant missionary organization with more than 3,900 volunteers working around the world (about a thousand of them in Latin America) in 1982. New York Times, May 16, 1982, sec. 1, p. 24; Stoll, Fishers of Men, chap. 9; William T. Vickers, "The Jesuits and the SIL: External Policies for Ecuador's Tucanoans through Three Centuries," in Søren Hvalkof and Peter Aaby, eds., Is God an American? An Anthropological Perspective on the Missionary Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Copenhagen, 1981), 51-61; Scott S. Robinson, "Fulfilling the Mission: North American Evangelism in Ecuador," in ibid., 41-50; Kane, Savages.
169. Harrington, God, Mammon and the Japanese; Clyde A. Milner II, With Good Intentions: Quaker Work among the Pawnees, Otos, and Omahas in the 1870s (Lincoln, Neb., 1982); Dorothea R. Muller, "Church Building and Community Making on the Frontier - A Case Study: Josiah Strong, Home Missionary in Cheyenne, 1871-1873," Western Historical Quarterly, VIII (1979), 191-216; Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York, 1885); LaFeber, New Empire, 72-80. . The Summer Institute of Linguistics is the overseas arm of the United States-based Wycliff Bible Translators, the world's largest Protestant missionary organization with more than 3,900 volunteers working around the world (about a thousand of them in Latin America) in 1982. New York Times, May 16, 1982, sec. 1, p. 24; Stoll, Fishers of Men, chap. 9; William T. Vickers, "The Jesuits and the SIL: External Policies for Ecuador's Tucanoans through Three Centuries," in Søren Hvalkof and Peter Aaby, eds., Is God an American? An Anthropological Perspective on the Missionary Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Copenhagen, 1981), 51-61; Scott S. Robinson, "Fulfilling the Mission: North American Evangelism in Ecuador," in ibid., 41-50; Kane, Savages.
170. Harrington, God, Mammon and the Japanese; Clyde A. Milner II, With Good Intentions: Quaker Work among the Pawnees, Otos, and Omahas in the 1870s (Lincoln, Neb., 1982); Dorothea R. Muller, "Church Building and Community Making on the Frontier - A Case Study: Josiah Strong, Home Missionary in Cheyenne, 1871-1873," Western Historical Quarterly, VIII (1979), 191-216; Josiah Strong, Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (New York, 1885); LaFeber, New Empire, 72-80. . The Summer Institute of Linguistics is the overseas arm of the United States-based Wycliff Bible Translators, the world's largest Protestant missionary organization with more than 3,900 volunteers working around the world (about a thousand of them in Latin America) in 1982. New York Times, May 16, 1982, sec. 1, p. 24; Stoll, Fishers of Men, chap. 9; William T. Vickers, "The Jesuits and the SIL: External Policies for Ecuador's Tucanoans through Three Centuries," in Søren Hvalkof and Peter Aaby, eds., Is God an American? An Anthropological Perspective on the Missionary Work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics (Copenhagen, 1981), 51-61; Scott S. Robinson, "Fulfilling the Mission: North American Evangelism in Ecuador," in ibid., 41-50; Kane, Savages.
171. Life, XL (Jan. 30, 1956), 10-19; Stoll, Fishers of Men, 287. See also Time, LXVII (Jan. 23, 1956), 30; Life, XLII (May 20, 1957), 24-33, XLV (Nov. 24, 1958), 23-29; Newsweek, L(Oct 7, 1957), 109-110. Prominent Christian writers - including Life author Elisabeth Elliot, whose husband was among the slain missionaries - seized the story as a symbol of the missionary challenge. Elisabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York, 1961); Elliot, The Shadow and the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Fim Elliot (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1958; 1970); Ethel Emily Wallis, The Dayuma Story: Life under Auca Spears (New York, 1960); Wallis, Aucas Downriver: Dayuma's Story Today (New York, 1973). . Mike Tidwell, Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil (New York, 1996), 15. Borman's story is also discussed in Kane, Savages, 191-196.
172. Life, XL (Jan. 30, 1956), 10-19; Stoll, Fishers of Men, 287. See also Time, LXVII (Jan. 23, 1956), 30; Life, XLII (May 20, 1957), 24-33, XLV (Nov. 24, 1958), 23-29; Newsweek, L(Oct 7, 1957), 109-110. Prominent Christian writers - including Life author Elisabeth Elliot, whose husband was among the slain missionaries - seized the story as a symbol of the missionary challenge. Elisabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York, 1961); Elliot, The Shadow and the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Fim Elliot (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1958; 1970); Ethel Emily Wallis, The Dayuma Story: Life under Auca Spears (New York, 1960); Wallis, Aucas Downriver: Dayuma's Story Today (New York, 1973). . Mike Tidwell, Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil (New York, 1996), 15. Borman's story is also discussed in Kane, Savages, 191-196.
173. Life, XL (Jan. 30, 1956), 10-19; Stoll, Fishers of Men, 287. See also Time, LXVII (Jan. 23, 1956), 30; Life, XLII (May 20, 1957), 24-33, XLV (Nov. 24, 1958), 23-29; Newsweek, L(Oct 7, 1957), 109-110. Prominent Christian writers - including Life author Elisabeth Elliot, whose husband was among the slain missionaries - seized the story as a symbol of the missionary challenge. Elisabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York, 1961); Elliot, The Shadow and the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Fim Elliot (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1958; 1970); Ethel Emily Wallis, The Dayuma Story: Life under Auca Spears (New York, 1960); Wallis, Aucas Downriver: Dayuma's Story Today (New York, 1973). . Mike Tidwell, Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil (New York, 1996), 15. Borman's story is also discussed in Kane, Savages, 191-196.
174. Life, XL (Jan. 30, 1956), 10-19; Stoll, Fishers of Men, 287. See also Time, LXVII (Jan. 23, 1956), 30; Life, XLII (May 20, 1957), 24-33, XLV (Nov. 24, 1958), 23-29; Newsweek, L(Oct 7, 1957), 109-110. Prominent Christian writers - including Life author Elisabeth Elliot, whose husband was among the slain missionaries - seized the story as a symbol of the missionary challenge. Elisabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York, 1961); Elliot, The Shadow and the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Fim Elliot (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1958; 1970); Ethel Emily Wallis, The Dayuma Story: Life under Auca Spears (New York, 1960); Wallis, Aucas Downriver: Dayuma's Story Today (New York, 1973). . Mike Tidwell, Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil (New York, 1996), 15. Borman's story is also discussed in Kane, Savages, 191-196.
175. Life, XL (Jan. 30, 1956), 10-19; Stoll, Fishers of Men, 287. See also Time, LXVII (Jan. 23, 1956), 30; Life, XLII (May 20, 1957), 24-33, XLV (Nov. 24, 1958), 23-29; Newsweek, L(Oct 7, 1957), 109-110. Prominent Christian writers - including Life author Elisabeth Elliot, whose husband was among the slain missionaries - seized the story as a symbol of the missionary challenge. Elisabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York, 1961); Elliot, The Shadow and the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Fim Elliot (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1958; 1970); Ethel Emily Wallis, The Dayuma Story: Life under Auca Spears (New York, 1960); Wallis, Aucas Downriver: Dayuma's Story Today (New York, 1973). . Mike Tidwell, Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil (New York, 1996), 15. Borman's story is also discussed in Kane, Savages, 191-196.
176. Life, XL (Jan. 30, 1956), 10-19; Stoll, Fishers of Men, 287. See also Time, LXVII (Jan. 23, 1956), 30; Life, XLII (May 20, 1957), 24-33, XLV (Nov. 24, 1958), 23-29; Newsweek, L(Oct 7, 1957), 109-110. Prominent Christian writers - including Life author Elisabeth Elliot, whose husband was among the slain missionaries - seized the story as a symbol of the missionary challenge. Elisabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York, 1961); Elliot, The Shadow and the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Fim Elliot (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1958; 1970); Ethel Emily Wallis, The Dayuma Story: Life under Auca Spears (New York, 1960); Wallis, Aucas Downriver: Dayuma's Story Today (New York, 1973). . Mike Tidwell, Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil (New York, 1996), 15. Borman's story is also discussed in Kane, Savages, 191-196.
177. Life, XL (Jan. 30, 1956), 10-19; Stoll, Fishers of Men, 287. See also Time, LXVII (Jan. 23, 1956), 30; Life, XLII (May 20, 1957), 24-33, XLV (Nov. 24, 1958), 23-29; Newsweek, L(Oct 7, 1957), 109-110. Prominent Christian writers - including Life author Elisabeth Elliot, whose husband was among the slain missionaries - seized the story as a symbol of the missionary challenge. Elisabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York, 1961); Elliot, The Shadow and the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Fim Elliot (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1958; 1970); Ethel Emily Wallis, The Dayuma Story: Life under Auca Spears (New York, 1960); Wallis, Aucas Downriver: Dayuma's Story Today (New York, 1973). . Mike Tidwell, Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil (New York, 1996), 15. Borman's story is also discussed in Kane, Savages, 191-196.
178. Life, XL (Jan. 30, 1956), 10-19; Stoll, Fishers of Men, 287. See also Time, LXVII (Jan. 23, 1956), 30; Life, XLII (May 20, 1957), 24-33, XLV (Nov. 24, 1958), 23-29; Newsweek, L(Oct 7, 1957), 109-110. Prominent Christian writers - including Life author Elisabeth Elliot, whose husband was among the slain missionaries - seized the story as a symbol of the missionary challenge. Elisabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York, 1961); Elliot, The Shadow and the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Fim Elliot (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1958; 1970); Ethel Emily Wallis, The Dayuma Story: Life under Auca Spears (New York, 1960); Wallis, Aucas Downriver: Dayuma's Story Today (New York, 1973). . Mike Tidwell, Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil (New York, 1996), 15. Borman's story is also discussed in Kane, Savages, 191-196.
179. Life, XL (Jan. 30, 1956), 10-19; Stoll, Fishers of Men, 287. See also Time, LXVII (Jan. 23, 1956), 30; Life, XLII (May 20, 1957), 24-33, XLV (Nov. 24, 1958), 23-29; Newsweek, L(Oct 7, 1957), 109-110. Prominent Christian writers - including Life author Elisabeth Elliot, whose husband was among the slain missionaries - seized the story as a symbol of the missionary challenge. Elisabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York, 1961); Elliot, The Shadow and the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Fim Elliot (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1958; 1970); Ethel Emily Wallis, The Dayuma Story: Life under Auca Spears (New York, 1960); Wallis, Aucas Downriver: Dayuma's Story Today (New York, 1973). . Mike Tidwell, Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil (New York, 1996), 15. Borman's story is also discussed in Kane, Savages, 191-196.
180. Life, XL (Jan. 30, 1956), 10-19; Stoll, Fishers of Men, 287. See also Time, LXVII (Jan. 23, 1956), 30; Life, XLII (May 20, 1957), 24-33, XLV (Nov. 24, 1958), 23-29; Newsweek, L(Oct 7, 1957), 109-110. Prominent Christian writers - including Life author Elisabeth Elliot, whose husband was among the slain missionaries - seized the story as a symbol of the missionary challenge. Elisabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York, 1961); Elliot, The Shadow and the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Fim Elliot (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1958; 1970); Ethel Emily Wallis, The Dayuma Story: Life under Auca Spears (New York, 1960); Wallis, Aucas Downriver: Dayuma's Story Today (New York, 1973). . Mike Tidwell, Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil (New York, 1996), 15. Borman's story is also discussed in Kane, Savages, 191-196.
181. Life, XL (Jan. 30, 1956), 10-19; Stoll, Fishers of Men, 287. See also Time, LXVII (Jan. 23, 1956), 30; Life, XLII (May 20, 1957), 24-33, XLV (Nov. 24, 1958), 23-29; Newsweek, L(Oct 7, 1957), 109-110. Prominent Christian writers - including Life author Elisabeth Elliot, whose husband was among the slain missionaries - seized the story as a symbol of the missionary challenge. Elisabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York, 1961); Elliot, The Shadow and the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Fim Elliot (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1958; 1970); Ethel Emily Wallis, The Dayuma Story: Life under Auca Spears (New York, 1960); Wallis, Aucas Downriver: Dayuma's Story Today (New York, 1973). . Mike Tidwell, Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil (New York, 1996), 15. Borman's story is also discussed in Kane, Savages, 191-196.
182. Life, XL (Jan. 30, 1956), 10-19; Stoll, Fishers of Men, 287. See also Time, LXVII (Jan. 23, 1956), 30; Life, XLII (May 20, 1957), 24-33, XLV (Nov. 24, 1958), 23-29; Newsweek, L(Oct 7, 1957), 109-110. Prominent Christian writers - including Life author Elisabeth Elliot, whose husband was among the slain missionaries - seized the story as a symbol of the missionary challenge. Elisabeth Elliot, The Savage My Kinsman (New York, 1961); Elliot, The Shadow and the Almighty: The Life and Testament of Fim Elliot (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1958; 1970); Ethel Emily Wallis, The Dayuma Story: Life under Auca Spears (New York, 1960); Wallis, Aucas Downriver: Dayuma's Story Today (New York, 1973). . Mike Tidwell, Amazon Stranger: A Rainforest Chief Battles Big Oil (New York, 1996), 15. Borman's story is also discussed in Kane, Savages, 191-196.
183. See, for example, Mark Twain, Roughing It (Hartford, Conn., 1872; 1875); John Muir, The Yosemite (New York, 1912); Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government's Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes (New York, 1881); Jackson, Bits of Travel at Home (Boston, 1878); Harold McCracken, George Catlin and the Old Frontier (New York, 1959). Less well-known is Catlin's extraordinary sojourn through South America, where he searched for gold in the Crystal Mountains and painted portraits of native peoples. Marvin C. Ross, ed., George Catlin: Episodes from Life among the Indians and Last Rambles (Norman, Okla., 1959).
184. See, for example, Mark Twain, Roughing It (Hartford, Conn., 1872; 1875); John Muir, The Yosemite (New York, 1912); Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government's Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes (New York, 1881); Jackson, Bits of Travel at Home (Boston, 1878); Harold McCracken, George Catlin and the Old Frontier (New York, 1959). Less well-known is Catlin's extraordinary sojourn through South America, where he searched for gold in the Crystal Mountains and painted portraits of native peoples. Marvin C. Ross, ed., George Catlin: Episodes from Life among the Indians and Last Rambles (Norman, Okla., 1959).
185. See, for example, Mark Twain, Roughing It (Hartford, Conn., 1872; 1875); John Muir, The Yosemite (New York, 1912); Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government's Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes (New York, 1881); Jackson, Bits of Travel at Home (Boston, 1878); Harold McCracken, George Catlin and the Old Frontier (New York, 1959). Less well-known is Catlin's extraordinary sojourn through South America, where he searched for gold in the Crystal Mountains and painted portraits of native peoples. Marvin C. Ross, ed., George Catlin: Episodes from Life among the Indians and Last Rambles (Norman, Okla., 1959).
186. See, for example, Mark Twain, Roughing It (Hartford, Conn., 1872; 1875); John Muir, The Yosemite (New York, 1912); Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government's Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes (New York, 1881); Jackson, Bits of Travel at Home (Boston, 1878); Harold McCracken, George Catlin and the Old Frontier (New York, 1959). Less well-known is Catlin's extraordinary sojourn through South America, where he searched for gold in the Crystal Mountains and painted portraits of native peoples. Marvin C. Ross, ed., George Catlin: Episodes from Life among the Indians and Last Rambles (Norman, Okla., 1959).
187. See, for example, Mark Twain, Roughing It (Hartford, Conn., 1872; 1875); John Muir, The Yosemite (New York, 1912); Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government's Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes (New York, 1881); Jackson, Bits of Travel at Home (Boston, 1878); Harold McCracken, George Catlin and the Old Frontier (New York, 1959). Less well-known is Catlin's extraordinary sojourn through South America, where he searched for gold in the Crystal Mountains and painted portraits of native peoples. Marvin C. Ross, ed., George Catlin: Episodes from Life among the Indians and Last Rambles (Norman, Okla., 1959).
188. See, for example, Mark Twain, Roughing It (Hartford, Conn., 1872; 1875); John Muir, The Yosemite (New York, 1912); Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the United States Government's Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes (New York, 1881); Jackson, Bits of Travel at Home (Boston, 1878); Harold McCracken, George Catlin and the Old Frontier (New York, 1959). Less well-known is Catlin's extraordinary sojourn through South America, where he searched for gold in the Crystal Mountains and painted portraits of native peoples. Marvin C. Ross, ed., George Catlin: Episodes from Life among the Indians and Last Rambles (Norman, Okla., 1959).
189. Peter Matthiessen, Wildlife in America (New York, 1959); William Dowie, Peter Matthiessen (Boston, 1991), 9. The articles were republished in The Cloud Forest (New York, 1961). . Dowies, Peter Matthiessen, 107; Peter Matthiessen, The Snow Leopard (New York, 1978); Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horst (New York, 1983); Matthiessen, Indian Country (New York, 1984); Matthiessen, ed., North American Indians, by George Catlin (New York, 1989), vii.
190. Peter Matthiessen, Wildlife in America (New York, 1959); William Dowie, Peter Matthiessen (Boston, 1991), 9. The articles were republished in The Cloud Forest (New York, 1961). . Dowies, Peter Matthiessen, 107; Peter Matthiessen, The Snow Leopard (New York, 1978); Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horst (New York, 1983); Matthiessen, Indian Country (New York, 1984); Matthiessen, ed., North American Indians, by George Catlin (New York, 1989), vii.
191. Peter Matthiessen, Wildlife in America (New York, 1959); William Dowie, Peter Matthiessen (Boston, 1991), 9. The articles were republished in The Cloud Forest (New York, 1961). . Dowies, Peter Matthiessen, 107; Peter Matthiessen, The Snow Leopard (New York, 1978); Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horst (New York, 1983); Matthiessen, Indian Country (New York, 1984); Matthiessen, ed., North American Indians, by George Catlin (New York, 1989), vii.
192. Peter Matthiessen, Wildlife in America (New York, 1959); William Dowie, Peter Matthiessen (Boston, 1991), 9. The articles were republished in The Cloud Forest (New York, 1961). . Dowies, Peter Matthiessen, 107; Peter Matthiessen, The Snow Leopard (New York, 1978); Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horst (New York, 1983); Matthiessen, Indian Country (New York, 1984); Matthiessen, ed., North American Indians, by George Catlin (New York, 1989), vii.
193. Peter Matthiessen, Wildlife in America (New York, 1959); William Dowie, Peter Matthiessen (Boston, 1991), 9. The articles were republished in The Cloud Forest (New York, 1961). . Dowies, Peter Matthiessen, 107; Peter Matthiessen, The Snow Leopard (New York, 1978); Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horst (New York, 1983); Matthiessen, Indian Country (New York, 1984); Matthiessen, ed., North American Indians, by George Catlin (New York, 1989), vii.
194. Peter Matthiessen, Wildlife in America (New York, 1959); William Dowie, Peter Matthiessen (Boston, 1991), 9. The articles were republished in The Cloud Forest (New York, 1961). . Dowies, Peter Matthiessen, 107; Peter Matthiessen, The Snow Leopard (New York, 1978); Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horst (New York, 1983); Matthiessen, Indian Country (New York, 1984); Matthiessen, ed., North American Indians, by George Catlin (New York, 1989), vii.
195. Peter Matthiessen, Wildlife in America (New York, 1959); William Dowie, Peter Matthiessen (Boston, 1991), 9. The articles were republished in The Cloud Forest (New York, 1961). . Dowies, Peter Matthiessen, 107; Peter Matthiessen, The Snow Leopard (New York, 1978); Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horst (New York, 1983); Matthiessen, Indian Country (New York, 1984); Matthiessen, ed., North American Indians, by George Catlin (New York, 1989), vii.
196. Peter Matthiessen, Wildlife in America (New York, 1959); William Dowie, Peter Matthiessen (Boston, 1991), 9. The articles were republished in The Cloud Forest (New York, 1961). . Dowies, Peter Matthiessen, 107; Peter Matthiessen, The Snow Leopard (New York, 1978); Matthiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horst (New York, 1983); Matthiessen, Indian Country (New York, 1984); Matthiessen, ed., North American Indians, by George Catlin (New York, 1989), vii.
197. New York Times Book Review (Dec. 15, 1996). 40.
198. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
199. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
200. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
201. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
202. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). .
203. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
204. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
205. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
206. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
207. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
208. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
209. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
210. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
211. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
212. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
213. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
214. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
215. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
216. See, for example, Owen Lattimore, The Desert Road to Turkestan (London, 1928; Boston, 1929); Lattimore, High Tartary (Boston, 1930); Lattimore, Manchuria: Cradle of Conflict (New York, 1932); Lattimore, The Mongols of Manchuria (New York, 1934). Eleanor Lattimore's account of her journey to find her husband on the Soviet-Chinese border can be found in Turkestan Reunion (New York, 1934). . Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History, 490. See also Lattimore, Mongol Journeys (New York and London, 1941); Lattimore, et al., Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia (Boston, 1950); Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York, 1940). 58. Robert P. Newman, Owen Lattimore and the "Loss" of China (Berkeley, 1992). . See, for example, White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own"; Patricia Nelson Limerick, The Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987) ; Donald Worster, "New West, True West," in Worster, Under Western Skies, 19-33; Michael Steiner, "Frederick Jackson Turner and Western Regionalism," in Richard Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 103-135; Elliott West, "Walter Prescott Webb and the Search for the West," in ibid., 167-191; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 489-505; David M. Emmons, "Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West," ibid., XXV (1994), 436-459; Michael McGerr, "Is There a Twentieth Century West?" in Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 239-256; and David M. Wrobel, "Beyond the Frontier-Region Dichotomy," Pacific Historical Review, LXV (1996), 401-429.
217. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
218. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
219. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
220. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
221. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
222. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
223. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
224. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
225. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
226. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
227. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
228. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
229. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
230. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
231. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.
232. See, for example, Vicki L. Ruiz, Cannery Women, Cannery Lives: Mexican Women, Unionization, and the California Food Processing Industry (Albuquerque, 1987); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (New York, 1994); Dana Frank, Purchasing Power: Consumer Organizing, Gender, and the Seattle Labor Movement, 1919-1929 (New York, 1994); George Sânchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945 (New York, 1993); Scott Bottles, Los Angeles and the Automobile: The Making of the Modern City (Berkeley, 1987). . Lamar and Thompson, eds., Frontier in History, 7. 62. Aron, "Lessons in Conquest," 127; Cronon, Miles, and Gitlin, eds., Under an Open Sky, 15-18. . J. Valerie Fifer's study of American perceptions of the Southern Cone of South America underscores many of the differences between the West and American international expansion in the late nineteenth century. Though such areas did not prove to be replicas of the West, American expansion into Chile, Argentina, and elsewhere in Latin America still displayed many continuities. J. Valeric Fifer, United States Perceptions of Latin America, 1850-1930: A "New West" South of Capricorn? (New York, 1991). For another discussion of failed American efforts to expand into Latin America, see John McCardell, The Idea of a Southern Nation: Southern Nationalists and Southern Nationalism, 1830-1860 (New York, 1979), chap. 6. . William Cronon explores this question in Nature's Metropolis and Changes in the Land, building on the tradition begun by Turner's grand claims for "free land" and subsequently developed by David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago, 1954); Webb, The Great Frontier; and other scholars. See also Gavin Wright, "The Origins of American Industrial Success," American Economic Review, LXXX (1990), 651-668. William Appleman Williams considers the marginal impact of foreign sales and natural resources in Tragedy, 45-47. 65. Turner, "The Problem of the West," 289.