Immunotherapy and prostate cancer

Cancer Treatment Reviews

Volumn 29, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 199-209

  Kaminski, Joseph M ^a   Summers, James B ^b   Ward, Matthew B ^c   Huber, Mark R ^d   Minev, Boris ^e  

^a MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d Department of Internal Medicine ^*  (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Gene therapy; Immunotherapy; Prostate

Indexed keywords

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; B7 ANTIGEN; CANCER VACCINE; DCVAX; DNA VACCINE; GANGLIOSIDE GM2; GLOBO H; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HLA A2 ANTIGEN; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 15; LEUVECTIN; LIPID A; MUCIN 1; MUCIN 2; ONCOVAX P; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROSTATE SPECIFIC MEMBRANE ANTIGEN; RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN; RECOMBINANT VACCINE; RETROVIRUS VECTOR; TELOMERASE; TUMOR MARKER; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADENO ASSOCIATED VIRUS; ANTIBODY LABELING; ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CELL MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY; DENDRITIC CELL; DRUG RESPONSE; GENE TARGETING; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HUMAN; MALE; NONVIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM; POXVIRUS; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; VIRAL GENE DELIVERY SYSTEM;

EID: 0038819624     PISSN: 03057372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0305-7372(03)00005-7     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Boon T. Teaching the immune system to fight cancer. Sci Am 1993; 268: 82-89.
2. Restifo N. Antigen processing and presentation: an update. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds.), Biologic Therapy of Cancer Updates, vol. 2, No. 2. Lippincott Healthcare Publications: Philadelphia, 1992; 1-10.
3. Klein G, Sjorgren HO, Klein E, Hellstrom KE. Demonstration of resistance against methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas in the primary autochthonous host. Cancer Res 1960; 20: 1561-1572.
4. Prehn RT, Main JM. Immunity to methylcholanthrene induced sarcomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 1957; 18: 769-778.
5. Townsend AR, Rothbard J, Gotch FM, et al. The epitopes of influenza nucleoprotein recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be defined with short synthetic peptides. Cell 1986; 44: 959-968.
6. Bjorkman PJ, Saper MA, Samraoui B, et al. The foreign antigen binding site and T-cell recognition regions of class I histocompatibility antigens. Nature 1987; 329: 512-518.
7. van der Bruggen P, Traversari C, Chomez P, et al. A gene encoding an antigen recognized by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes on human melanoma. Science 1991; 254: 1643-1647.
8. Sercarz EE, Lehmann PV, Ametani A, et al. Dominance and crypticity of T-cell antigenic determinants. Annu Rev Immunol 1993; 11: 729-766.
9. Nanda NK, Sercarz EE. Induction of anti-self immunity to cure cancer. Cell 1995; 82: 13-17.
10. Zheng P, Sarma S, Guo Y, Liu Y. Two mechanisms for tumor evasion of preexisting cytotoxic T-cell responses: lessons from recurrent tumors. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 3461-3467.
11. Blades RA, Keating PJ, McWilliam LJ, George NJ, Stern PL. Loss of HLA class I expression in prostate cancer: implications for immunotherapy. Urology 1995; 46: 681-686.
12. Seliger B, Maeurer MJ, Ferrone S. TAP off- tumors on. Immunol Today 1997; 18: 292-299.
13. Johnsen AK, Templeton DJ, Sy M, Harding CV. Deficiency of transporter for antigen presentation (TAP) in tumor cells allows evasion of immune surveillance and increase tumorigenesis. J Immunol 1999; 163: 4224-4231.
14. Restifo NP, Esquivel F, Kawakami Y, et al. Identification of human cancers deficient in antigen processing. J Exp Med 1993; 177: 265-272.
15. Restifo NP, Esquivel F, Asher AC, et al. A defective presentation of endogenous antigens by a murine sarcoma. Implications for the failure of an anti-tumor immune response. J Immunol 1991; 147: 1453-1459.
16. Sanda MG, Restifo NP, Walsh JC, et al. Molecular characterization of defective antigen processing in human prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 280-285.
17. Chen L, Ashe S, Brady WA, et al. Costimulation of antitumor immunity by the B7 counterreceptor for the T lymphocyte molecules CD28 and CTLA-4. Cell 1992; 71: 1093-1102.
18. Ramarathinam L, Castle M, Wu Y, Liu Y. T cell costimulation by B7/BB1 induces CD8 T cell-dependent tumor rejection: an important role of B7/BB1 in the induction, recruitment, and effector function of antitumor T cells. J Exp Med 1994; 179: 1205-1214.
19. Wu TC, Huang AY, Jaffee EM, Levitsky HI, Pardoll DM. A reassessment of the role of B7-1 expression in tumor rejection. J Exp Med 1995; 182: 1415-1421.
20. Strand S, Galle PR. Immune evasion by tumours: involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) system and its clinical implications. Mol Med Today 1998; 4: 63-68.
21. Strand S, Hoffmann WJ, Hug H, et al. Lymphocyte apoptosis induced by CD95 (APO-1/Fas) ligand-expressing tumor cells - a mechanism of immune evasion? Nat Med 1996; 2: 1361-1366.
22. Nagata S. Fas ligand and immune evasion. Nat Med 1996; 2: 1306-1307.
23. Zietz C, Rumpler U, Sturzl M, Lohrs U. Inverse relation of Fas-ligand and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in angiosarcoma: indications of apoptotic tumor counterattack. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 963-970.
24. Gross N, Balmas K, Beretta Brognara C, Tschopp J. Expression of Fas (APO-1/CD95) and Fas ligand (FasL) in human neuroblastoma. Med Pediatr Oncol 2001; 36: 111-114.
25. Perabo FG, Kamp S, Schmidt D, et al. Bladder cancer cells acquire competent mechanisms to escape Fas-mediated apoptosis and immune surveillance in the course of malignant transformation. Br J Cancer 2001; 84: 1330-1338.
26. Shimonishi T, Isse K, Shibata F, et al. Up-regulation of Fas ligand at early stages and down-regulation of Fas at progressed stages of intrahepatic cholangiosarcoma reflect evasion from immune surveillance. Hepatology 2000; 32: 761-769.
27. Okada K, Komuta K, Hashimoto S, Matsuzaki S, Kanematsu T, Koji T. Frequency of apoptosis of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes induced by Fas counterattack in human colorectal carcinoma and its correlation with prognosis. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 3560-3564.
28. Gastman BR, Atarshi Y, Reichert TE, et al. Fas ligand is expressed on human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and it promotes apoptosis of T lymphocytes. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 5356-5364.
29. Gutierrez LS, Eliza M, Niven-Fairchild T, et al. The Fas/Fas-ligand system: a mechanism for immune evasion in human breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1999; 54: 245-253.
30. Mitsiades N, Poulaki V, Mastorakos G, et al. Fas ligand expression in thyroid carcinomas: a potential mechanism of immune evasion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 2924-2932.
31. Kume T, Oshima K, Yamashita Y, et al. Relationship between Fas-ligand expression on carcinoma cell and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response in lymphoepithelioma-like cancer of the stomach. Int J Cancer 1999; 84: 339-343.
32. O'Connell J, Bennett MW, O'Sullivan GC, et al. Fas ligand expression in primary colon adenocarcinomas: evidence that the Fas counterattack is a prevalent mechanism of immune evasion in human colon cancer. J Pathol 1998; 186: 240-246.
33. Khar A, Varalakshmi C, Pardhasaradhi BV, et al. Depletion of natural killer cell population in the peritoneum by AK-5 tumor cells overexpressing Fas-ligand: a mechanism of immune evasion. Cell Immunol 1998; 189: 85-91.
34. Ali SA, Rees RC, Anderson DQ, et al. Trafficking of immune CD4+/CD8+ T-lymphocytes into RENCA tumour microcirculation in vivo in mice. Br J Cancer 2000; 83: 1061-1068.
35. Ali M, Lemoine NR, Ring CJ. The use of DNA viruses as vectors for gene therapy. Gene Ther 1994; 1: 367-384.
36. Mulligan RC. The basic science of gene therapy. Science 1993; 260: 926-932.
37. Palapattu GS, Naitoh J, Belldegrum AS. Gene therapy for prostate cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1999; 26: 353-363.
38. Yu DC, Chen Y, Seng M, Dilley J, Henderson DR. The addition of adenovirus type 5 region E3 enables Calydon Virus 787 to eliminate distant prostate tumor xenografts. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 4200-4203.
39. Dannull J, Belldegrun AS. Development of gene therapy for prostate cancer using a novel promoter of prostate-specific antigen. Br J Urol 1997; 79: 97-103.
40. Cowen D, Salem N, Ashoori F, et al. Prostate cancer radiosensitization in vivo with adenovirus-mediated p53 gene therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 4402-4402.
41. Hamada K, Alemany R, Zhang WW, et al. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of a wild-type p53 gene and induction of apoptosis in cervical cancer. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 3047-3054.
42. Gomez-Manzano C, Fueyo J, Kyritsis AP, et al. Adenovirus-mediated transfer of the p53 gene produces rapid and generalized death of human glioma cells via apoptosis. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 694-699.
43. Kremer EJ, Perricaudet M. Adenovirus and adenoassociated virus mediated gene transfer. Br Med Bull 1995; 51: 31-44.
44. Vieweg J, Boczkowski D, Roberson KM, et al. Efficient gene transfer with adeno-associated virus-based plasmids complexed to cationic liposomes for gene therapy of human prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 2366-2372.
45. Hill TJ, Yirrell DL, Blyth WA. Infection of the adrenal gland as a route to the central nervous system after viraemia with herpes simplex virus in the mouse. J Gen Virol 1986; 67: 309-320.
46. Irie H, Koyama H, Kubo H, et al. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis in macrophage-depleted mice: the role of massive, apoptotic death in pathogenesis. J Gen Virol 1998; 79: 1225-1231.
47. Latchman DS. Gene delivery and gene therapy with herpes simplex virus based vectors. Gene 2001; 264: 1-9.
48. Rampling R, Cruickshank G, Papanastassiou V, et al. Toxicity evaluation of replication-competent herpes simplex virus (ICP34.5 null mutant1716) in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Gene Ther 2000; 7: 859-866.
49. Walker JR, McGeagh KG, Sundaresan P, et al. Local and systemic therapy of human prostate adenocarcinoma with the conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus vector G207. Hum Gene Ther 1999; 10: 2237-2243.
50. Moss B. Vaccinia virus: a tool for research and vaccine development. Science 1991; 252: 1662-1667.
51. Mastrangelo MJ, Berd D, Nathan FE, Lattime EC. Gene therapy for human cancer: an essay for clinicians. Semin Oncol 1996; 23: 4-21.
52. Kawakita M, Rao GS, Ritchey JK, et al. Effect of canarypox virus (ALVAC)-mediated cytokine expression on murine prostate tumor growth. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 428-436.
53. Farhood H, Gao X, Son K, et al. Cationic liposomes for direct gene transfer in therapy of cancer and other diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 716: 23-34.
54. Lee RJ, Low PS. Folate-mediated tumor cell targeting of liposome-entrapped doxorubicin in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1233: 134-144.
55. Gottschalk S, Cristiano RJ, Smith LC, Woo SL. Folate receptor mediated DNA delivery into tumor cells: protosomal disruption results in enhanced gene expression. Gene Ther 1994; 1: 185-191.
56. Boulikas T. Gene therapy of prostate cancer: p53, suicidal genes, and other targets. Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 1471-1506.
57. Kaneda Y, Iwai K, Uchida T. Increased expression of DNA cointroduced with nuclear protein in adult rat liver. Science 1989; 243: 375-378.
58. Izsvak Z, Ivics Z, Plasterk RH. Sleeping Beauty, a wide host-range transposon vector for genetic transformation in vertebrates. J Mol Biol 2000; 302: 93-102.
59. Kaminski JM, Huber MR, Summers JB, Ward MB. Design of a nonviral vector for site-selective, efficient integration into the human genome. FASEB J 2002; 16: 1242-1247.
60. Wheeler JJ, Palmer L, Ossanlou M, et al. Stabilized plasmid-lipid particles: construction and characterization. Gene Ther 1999; 6: 271-281.
61. Huang SK, Lee KD, Hong K, Friend DS, et al. Microscopic localization of sterically stabilized liposomes in colon carcinoma-bearing mice. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 5135-5143.
62. Huang SK, Martin FJ, Jay G, Vogel J, et al. Extravasation and transcytosis of liposomes in Kaposi's sarcoma-like dermal lesions of transgenic mice bearing the HIV tat gene. Am J Pathol 1993; 143: 1-14.
63. Harrington KJ, Mohammadtaghi S, Uster PS, et al. Effective targeting of solid tumors in patients with locally advanced cancers by radiolabeled pegylated liposomes. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 243-254.
64. Wang MC, Valenzuela LA, Murphy GP, Chu TM. Purification of a human prostate specific antigen. Invest Urol 1979; 17:159-163.
65. Watt KW, Lee PJ, M'Timkulu T, Chan WP, Loor R. Human prostate-specific antigen: structural and functional similarities with serine proteases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 3166-3170.
66. Lundwall A, Lilja H. Molecular cloning of human prostate specific antigen cDNA. FEBS Lett 1987; 214: 317-322.
67. Correale P, Walmsley K, Nieroda C, et al. In vitro generation of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for peptides derived from prostate-specific antigen. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989; 4: 293-300.
68. Xue BH, Zhang Y, Sosman JA, Peace DJ. Induction of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for prostate-specific antigen. Prostate 1997; 30: 73-78.
69. Harris DT, Matyas GR, Gomella LG, et al. Immunologic approaches to the treatment of prostate cancer. Semin Oncol 1999; 26: 439-447.
70. Gulley J, Chen AP, Dahut W, et al. Phase I study of a vaccine using recombinant vaccinia virus expressing PSA (rv-PSA) in patients with metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Prostate 2002; 53: 109-117.
71. Israeli RS, Powell CT, Fair WR, Heston WD. Molecular cloning of a complementary DNA encoding a prostate-specific membrane antigen. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 227-230.
72. Kawakami M, Nakayama J. Enhanced expression of prostate-specific membrane antigen gene in prostate cancer as revealed by in situ hybridization. Cancer Res 1997; 15: 2321-2324.
73. Murphy G, Ragde H, Kenny G, et al. Comparison of prostate-specific membrane antigen, and prostate specific antigen levels in prostate cancer patients. Anticancer Res 1995; 15: 1473-1479.
74. Horoszewics JS, Kawinski E, Murphy GP. Monoclonal antibodies to a new antigenic marker in epithelial cells and serum of prostatic cancer patients. Anticancer Res 1987; 7: 927-935.
75. Engelhard VH. Structure of peptides associated with class I and class II MHC molecules. Annu Rev Immunol 1994; 12: 181-207.
76. Tjoa B, Boynton A, Kenny G, Ragde H, Misrock SL, Murphy G. Presentation of prostatic tumor antigens by dendritic cells stimulates T-cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Prostate 1996; 28: 65-69.
77. Tjoa BA, Lodge PA, Salgaller ML, Boynton AL, Murphy GP. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for prostate cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 1999; 49: 117-128.
78. Assikis VJ, Elgamal A, To S, et al. Immunotherapy for androgen independent prostate cancer: results of a phase I trial with a tumor vaccine of autologous dendritic cells loaded with r-PSMA (DCVax™-Prostate). 93rd Ann Meet AACR 2002;(Abstr):3352.
79. Kahn D, Austin JC, Maguire RT, et al. A phase II study of [90 Y] ytrrium-capromab pendetide in the tratment of men with prostate cancer recurrence following radical prostatectomy. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 1999; 14: 99-111.
80. McDevitt MR, Ma D, Lai LT, et al. Tumor therapy with targeted atomic nanogenerators. Science 2001; 294: 1537-1540.
81. Fracasso G, Bellisola G, Cingarlini S, et al. Anti-tumor effects of toxins to the prostate specific membrane antigen. Prostate 2002; 53: 9-23.
82. Ross S, Spencer SD, Holcomb I, et al. Prostate stem cell antigen as therapy target: tissue expression and in vivo efficacy of an immunoconjugate. Cancer Res 2002: 2546-2553.
83. Schwaab T, Lewis LD, Cole BF, et al. Phase I pilot trial of the biphasic antibody MDXH210 (anti-FcγRI X anti-Her-2/neu) in pateients whose prostate cancer overexpresses Her-2/neu. J Immunother 2001; 24: 79-87.
84. 90Y-2IT-BAD-m170 for metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 1561-1568.
85. 90yttrium-DOTA-peptide-ChL6. Prostate 2002; 50: 27-37.
86. Murphy GP, Tjoa BA, Simmons SJ, et al. Phase II prostate cancer vaccine trial: report of a study involving 37 patients with disease recurrence following primary treatment. Prostate 1999; 39: 54-59.
87. Graves HC. Non-prostatic sources of prostate-specific antigen: a steroid hormone-dependent phenomenon? Clin Chem 1995; 41: 7-9.
88. Silver DA, Pellicer I, Fair WR, Heston WD, Cordon-Cardo C. Prostate-specific membrane antigen expression in normal and malignant human tissues. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3: 81-85.
89. O'Keefe DS, Su SL, Bacich DJ, et al. Mapping, genomic organization and promoter analysis of the human prostate-specific membrane antigen gene. Biochem Biophys Acta 1998; 1443: 113-127.
90. Apostolopoulos V, McKenzie I. Cellular mucins: targets for immunotherapy. Crit Rev Immunol 1994; 14: 293-309.
91. Ho SB, Niehaus GA, Lyftogt C, et al. Heterogeneity of mucin gene expression in normal and neoplastic tissues. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 641-651.
92. Van Ophoven, Tso CL, et al. Recombinant vaccinia virus expressing MUC1/IL-2 genes for advanced prostate cancer: Basic biology and phase I trial. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 1999; 40: 1550.
93. Van Ophoven, Tso CL, et al. Systemic immunotherapy of advanced prostate cancer: preliminary results of a phase I clinical trial using recombinant vaccinia virus encoding human MUC1 and interleukin-12 genes. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1999; 18: 1367.
94. Slovin SF, Livingston P, et al. Targeted therapy in prostate cancer: vaccination with a glycoprotein MUC1-KLH-QS21 peptide conjugate. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997; 16: 311.
95. Slovin SF, Scher HI. Peptide and carbohydrate vaccines in relapsed prostate cancer: immunogenicity of synthetic vaccines in man - clinical trails at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Semin Oncol 1999; 26: 448-454.
96. Price MR, Sekowski M, Ladanyi A, et al. Immune recognition of human colonic tumor-associated MUC-2 mucins using an antipeptide antibody. Int J Cancer 1993; 55: 753-759.
97. Gambus G, de Bolus C, Andreu D, Franci C, Egea G, Real FX. Detection of MUC2 apomucin tandem repeat with mouse monoclonal antibody. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 93-102.
98. Kim J, Park TK, Hu S, Abrampah K, Zhang S. Defining the molecular recognition of Globo H antigen through probe structures prepared by total synthesis. J Organ Chem 1995; 60: 7716-7717.
99. Slovin SF, Ragupathi G, Adluri S, et al. Carbohydrate vaccines in prostate cancer: immunogenicity of a fully synthetic Globo H hexasaccharide conjugate in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 5710-5715.
100. Slovin SF, Livingston PO, et al. Carbohydrate vaccines as immunotherapy for prostate cancer: Globo-H-KLH conjugate plus QS21. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1998; 17: 433.
101. Helling F, Livingston PO. Ganglioside conjugate vaccines. Mol Chem Neuropathol 1994; 21: 299-307.
102. Livingston PO. Augmenting the immunogenicity of carbohydrate tumor antigens. Semin Cancer Biol 1995; 6: 357-366.
103. Livingston PO, Adluri S, Helling F, et al. Phase I trial of immunological adjuvant QS21 with a GM2 ganglioside-KLH conjugate vaccine in patients with malignant melanoma. Vaccine 1994; 12: 1275-1280.
104. Shay JW, Wright WE. Telomerase: a target for cancer therapeutics. Cancer Cell 2002; 2: 257-265.
105. Wright WE, Piatyszek MA, Rainey WE, Byrd W, Shay JW. Telomerase activity in human germline and embryonic tissues. Dev Genet 1996; 18: 173-179.
106. Forsyth NR, Wright WE, Shay JW. Telomerase and differentiation in multicellular organisms: turn it off, turn it on, and turn it off again. Differentiation 2002; 69: 188-197.
107. Adhuri S, Helling F, Ogata S, et al. Immunogenicity of synthetic and TG- and sTn-KLH conjugates in colorectal carcinoma patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1995; 41: 184-192.
108. Banchereau J, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 1998; 392: 245-252.
109. Blackburn EH. Structure and functions of telomeres. Nature 1991; 350: 569-573.
110. Hodes RJ. Telomere length, aging, and somatic cell turnover. J Exp Med 1999; 190: 153-156.
111. Weng NP, Hathcock KS, Hodes RJ. Regulation of telomere length and telomerase in T and B cells: a mechanism for maintaining replicative potential. Immunity 1998; 9: 151-157.
112. Hiyama K, Hirai Y, Kyoizumi S, et al. Activation of telomerase in human lymphocytes and hematopoietic progenitor cells. J Immunol 1995; 155: 3711-3715.
113. Shay JW, Bacchetti S. A survey of telomerase activity in human cancer. Eur J Cancer 1997; 33: 787-791.
114. Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, et al. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 1994; 266: 2011-2015.
115. Vonderheide RH, Hahn WC, Schultze JL, Nadler LM. The telomerase catalytic subunit is a widely expressed tumor-associated antigen recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunity 1999; 10: 673-679.
116. Minev B, Hipp J, Firat H, et al. Cytotoxic T cell immunity against telomerase reverse transcriptase in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 4796-4801.
117. Nair SK, Heiser A, Boczkowski D, et al. Induction of cytotoxic T cell responses and tumor immunity against unrelated tumors using telomerase reverse transcriptase RNA transfected dendritic cells. Nat Med 2000; 6: 1011-1017.
118. Vonderheide RH. Telomerase as a universal tumor-associated antigen for cancer immunotherapy. Oncogene 2002; 21: 674-679.
119. Heiser A, Maurice MA, Yancy DR, et al. Induction of polyclonal prostate cancer-specific CTL using dendritic cells transfected with amplified tumor RNA. J Immunol 2001; 166: 2953-2960.
120. Greener M. Telomerase: the search for a universal cancer vaccine. Mol Med Today 2000; 6: 257.
121. Palucka K, Bancereau J. Dendritic cells: a link between innate and adaptive immunity. J Clin Immunol 1999; 19:12-25.
122. Timmerman JM, Levy R. Dendritic cell vaccines for cancer immunotherapy. Ann Rev Med 1999; 50: 507-529.
123. Esumi N, Hunt B, Itaya T, Frost P. Reduced tumorigenicity of murine tumor cells secreting INF-γ is due to nonspecific host responses and is unrelated to class I major histocompatibility complex expression. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 1185-1189.
124. Gansbacher B, Bannerji R, Daniels B, Zier K, Cronin K, Gilboa E. Retroviral vector-mediated INF-γ gene transfer into tumor cells generates potent and long lasting antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 7820-7825.
125. Dong Z, Greene G, Pettaway C, et al. Suppression of angiogenesis, tumorigenicity, and metastasis by human prostate cancer engineered to produce interferon-β. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 872-879.
126. Bulbul MA, Huben RP, Murphy GP. Interferon-β treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. J Surg Oncol 1986; 33: 231-233.
127. Gutterman JU. Cytokine therapeutics: lessons from interferon-α. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 1198-1205.
128. Sica G, Fabbroni L, Castagnetta L, et al. Antiproliferative effect of interferons on human prostate carcinoma cell lines. Urol Res 1989; 17:111-115.
129. Saffran DC, Horton HM, Yankauckas MA, et al. Immunotherapy of established tumors in mice by intratumoral injection of IL-2 plasmid DNA: induction of CD8+ T cell immunity. Cancer Gene Ther 1998; 5: 321-330.
130. Kawakami Y, Haas GP, Lotze MT. Expansion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from human tumors using the T-cell growth factors interleukin-2 and interleukin-4. J Immunother 1993; 14: 336-347.
131. Forni G, Giovarelli M, Santoni A. Lymphokine-activated tumor inhibition in vivo. The local administration of interleukin-2 triggers nonreactive lymphocytes from tumor bearing mice to inhibit tumor growth in vivo. J Immunol 1985; 134: 1305-1312.
132. Gansbacher B, Zier K, Daniels B, Cronin K, Bannerji R, Gilboa E. Interleukin 2 gene transfer into tumor cells abrogates tumorigenicity and induces protective immunity. J Exp Med 1990; 172: 1217-1224.
133. Bannerji R, Arroyo CD, Cordon-Cardo C, Gilboa E. The role of IL-2 secreted from genetically modified tumor cells in the establishment of antitumor immunity. J Immunol 1994; 152: 2324-2332.
134. Kaushik A. Leuvectin Vical Inc. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 2: 976-981.
135. Hautman S, Huland E, Huland H. Intra-tumoral depot interleukin-2 therapy inhibits tumor growth in Dunning adenocarcinoma of the prostate implanted subcutaneously in rats. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1997; 123: 614-618.
136. Belldegrun A, Tso CL, Zisman A, et al. Interleukin 2 gene therapy for prostate cancer: phase I clinical trial and basic biology. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12: 883-892.
137. Hull GW, McCurdy MA, Nasu Y, et al. Prostate cancer gene therapy: comparison of adenovirus-mediated expression of interleukin 12 with interleukin 12 plus B7-1 for in situ gene therapy and gene-modified, cell-based vaccines. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 4101-4109.
138. Nasu Y, Bangma CH, Hull GW, et al. Adenovirus-mediated interleukin 12 gene therapy for prostate cancer: suppression of orthotopic tumor growth and pre-established lung metastases in an orthotopic model. Gene Ther 1999; 6: 338-349.
139. Sanford MA, Yan Y, Canfield SE, et al. Independent contributions of GR-1+ leukocytes and Fas/FasL interactions to induce apoptosis following interkeukin-12 gene therapy in a metastatic model of prostate cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2001; 12: 1485-1498.
140. Dias S, Boyd R, Balkwill F. IL-12 regulates VEGF and MMPs in a murine breast cancer model. Int J Cancer 1998; 78: 361-365.
141. Hiscox S, Hallett MB, Puntis MC, Jiang WG. Inhibition of cancer cell motility and invasion by interleukin-12. Clin Exp Metastasis 1995; 13: 396-404.
142. Tagaya Y, Bamford RN, DeFilippis AP, Waldmann TA. IL-15: a pleiotropic cytokine with diverse receptor/signaling pathways whose expression is controlled at multiple levels. Immunity 1996; 4: 329-336.
143. Mrozek E, Anderson P, Caligiuri MA. Role of interleukin-15 in the development of human CD56+ natural killer cells from CD 34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Blood 1996; 87: 2632-2640.
144. Carson WE, Fehniger TA, Haldar S, et al. A potential role for interleukin 15 in the regulation of human killer cell survival. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 937-943.
145. Hazama S, Noma T, Wang F, et al. Tumor cells engineered to secrete interleukin 15 augment anti-tumor immune responses in vivo. Br J Cancer 1999; 80: 1420-1426.
146. Lieschke GJ, Burgess AW. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. N Engl J Med 1992; 372: 28-35.
147. Simons JW, Mikhak B, Chang JF, et al. Induction of immunity to prostate cancer antigens: results of a clinical trial of vaccination with irradiated autologous prostate tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor using ex vivo gene transfer. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 5160-5168.
148. Simmons SJ, Tjoa BA, Rogers M, et al. GM-CSF as a systemic adjuvant in a phase II prostate cancer vaccine trial. Prostate 1999; 39: 291-297.