Two-dimensional photonic crystals: New feasible confined systems

Comptes Rendus Physique

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 89-102

  Benisty, Henri ^a   Rattier, Maxime ^a   Olivier, Ségolène ^a  

^a LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DE LA MATIÈRE CONDENSÉE   (France)

Author keywords

Cavity; Guide; Integrated optics; Optical fibre; Photonic bandgap; Photonic crystal

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038729408     PISSN: 16310705     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01300-2     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. T. Tamir (Ed.), Guided Wave Optoelectronics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990.
2. C. Weisbuch, J. Rarity (Eds.), Microcavities and Photonic Band Gaps: Physics and Applications, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1996.
3. H. Benisty, J.-M. Gérard, R. Houdré, J. Rarity, C. Weisbuch (Eds.), Confined Photon Systems: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer, Heidelberg, 1999.
4. E. Yablonovitch, Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics, Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 (1987) 2059-2062.
5. R.D. Meade, K.D. Brommer, A.M. Rappe, J.D. Joannopoulos, Existence of a photonic band gap in two dimensions, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61 (1992) 495.
6. J.D. Joannopoulos, R.D. Meade, J.N. Winn, Photonic Crystals, Molding the Flow of Light, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1995.
7. M. Sigalas, C.M. Soukoulis, E.N. Economou, C.T. Chan, K.M. Ho, Photonic band gaps and defects in two dimensions: studies of the transmission coefficient, Phys. Rev. B 48 (1993) 14121-14126.
8. K. Sakoda, Symmetry, degeneracy, and uncoupled modes in two-dimensional photonic lattices, Phys. Rev. B 52 (1995) 7982.
9. W.M. Robertson, G. Arjavalingam, R.D. Meade, K.D. Brommer, A.M. Rappe, J.D. Joannopoulos, Measurement of photonic band structure in a two-dimensional periodic array, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 2023-2026.
10. H. Kogelnik, C.V. Shank, Coupled wave theory of distributed feedback lasers, J. Appl. Phys. 43 (1972) 2327-2335.
11. X.-P. Feng, Y. Arakawa, Off-plane dependence angle of photonic band gap in a two-dimensional photonic crystal, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 32 (1996) 535-541.
12. U. Grüning, V. Lehmann, S. Ottow, K. Busch, Macroporous silicon with a complete 2D PBG centered at 5 μm, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68 (1996) 747-749.
13. S. Rowson, A. Chelnokov, J.-M. Lourtioz, Macroporous silicon photonic crystals at 1.55 micrometers, Electron. Lett. 35 (1999) 753-755.
14. A. Birner, U. Gruning, S. Ottow, A. Schneider, F. Müller, V. Lehmann, H. Föll, U. Gösele, Macroporous silicon: a two-dimensional photonic bandgap material suitable for the near-infrared spectral range, Phys. Status Solidi A 165 (1998) 111-117.
15. S. Rowson, A. Chelnokov, J.M. Lourtioz, F. Carcenac, Reflection and transmission characterisation of a hexagonal photonic crystal in the mid infrared, J. Appl. Phys. 83 (1998) 5061.
16. S.W. Leonard, H.M. van Driel, A. Birner, U. Gösele, P.R. Villeneuve, Single-mode transmission in two-dimensional maroporous silicon photonic crystal waveguides, Opt. Lett. 25 (2000) 1550-1552.
17. S.W. Leonard, H.M. van Driel, K. Busch, S. John, A. Birner, A.-P. Li, F. Müller, U. Gösele, V. Lehmann, Attenuation of optical transmission within the band gap of thin two-dimensional macroporous silicon photonic crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 3063-3065.
18. C.J.M. Smith, T.F. Krauss, R.M. De La Rue, D. Labilloy, H. Benisty, C. Weisbuch, U. Oesterle, R. Houdré, In-plane microcavity resonators with two-dimensional photonic bandgap mirrors, IEE-Proc.-Optoelectron. 145 (1998) 373-378.
19. M. Rattier, H. Benisty, C.J.M. Smith, A. Béraud, D. Cassagne, T.F. Krauss, C. Weisbuch, Performance of waveguide-based two-dimensional photonic-crystal mirrors studied with Fabry-Pérot resonators, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 37 (2001) 237-243.
20. H. Benisty, Modal analysis of optical guides with two-dimensional photonic band-gap boundaries, J. Appl. Phys. 79 (1996) 7483-7492.
21. P. Pottier, C. Seassal, X. Letartre, J.L. Leclercq, P. Viktorovitch, D. Cassagne, C. Jouanin, Triangular and hexagonal high Q-Factor 2D photonic bandgap cavities on III-V suspended membranes, J. Lightwave Technol. 17 (1999) 2058-2062.
22. N.L. Dantec, T. Benyattou, G. Guillot, A. Spisser, C. Seassal, J.L. Leclercq, P. Viktorovitch, D. Rondi, R. Blondeau, Tunable microcavity based on InP-Air Bragg mirrors, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 5 (1999) 111-114.
23. M. Loncar, T. Doll, J. Vuckovic, A. Sherrer, Design and fabrication of silicon photonic crystal optical waveguides, J. Lightwave Technol. 18 (2000) 1402-1411.
24. M. Loncar, D. Nedeljkovic, T. Doll, J. Vuckovic, A. Sherrer, T. Pearsall, Waveguiding in planar photonic crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 77 (2000) 1937-1939.
25. V.N. Astratov, I.N. Culshaw, R.M. Stevenson, D.M. Whittaker, M.S. Skolnick, T.F. Krauss, R.M.D.L. Rue, Resonant coupling of near-infrared radiation to photonic band structure waveguides, J. Lightwave Technol. 17 (1999) 2050-2057.
26. D.M. Whittaker, I.S. Culshaw, Scattering-matrix treatment of patterned multilayer photonic structures, Phys. Rev. B 60 (1999) 2610-2618.
27. P.R. Villeneuve, S. Fan, J.D. Joannopoulos, K.Y. Lim, G.S. Petrich, L.A. Kolodzlejski, R. Reif, Air bridge microcavities, Appl. Phys. Lett. 67 (1995) 167-169.
28. R.K. Lee, O.J. Painter, B. D'Urso, A. Scherer, A. Yariv, Measurement of spontaneous emission from a two-dimensional photonic band gap defined microcavity at near-infrared wavelengths, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (1999) 1522-1524.
29. C.J.M. Smith, T.F. Krauss, R.M. De La Rue, D. Labilloy, H. Benisty, C. Weisbuch, U. Oesterle, R. Houdré, Near-infrared microcavities confined by two-dimensional photonic bandgap crystals, Electron. Lett. 35 (1999) 228-230.
30. C.J.M. Smith, T.F. Krauss, H. Benisty, M. Rattier, C. Weisbuch, U. Oesterle, R. Houdré, Directionnally dependent confinement in photonic-crystal microcavities, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17 (2000) 2043-2051.
31. H. Benisty et al., Optical and confinement properties of two-dimensional photonic crystals, J. Lightwave Technol. 17 (1999) 2063-2077.
32. C. Reese, C. Becher, A. Imamoglu, E. Hu, B.D. Gerardot, P.M. Petroff, Photonic crystal microcavities with self-assembled InAs quantum dots as active emitters, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001) 2279-2281.
33. T. Baba, N. Fukaya, J. Yonekura, Observation of light propagation in photonic crystal optical waveguides with bends, Electron. Lett. 35 (1999) 654-655.
34. M. Tokushima, H. Kosaka, A. Tomita, H. Yamada, Lightwave propagation through a 120° sharply bent single-line-defect photonic crystal waveguide, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 (2000) 952-954.
35. N. Kawai, K. Inoue, N. Carlsson, N. Ikeda, Y. Sugimoto, K. Asakawa, T. Takemori, Confined band gap in an air-bridge type of two-dimensional AlGaAs photonic crystal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (2001) 2289-2292.
36. B. D'Urso, O. Painter, J. O'Brien, T. Tombrello, A. Yariv, A. Scherer, Modal reflectivity in finite-depth two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavities, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 15 (1998) 1155-1159.
37. O. Painter, J. Vuckovic, A. Scherer, Defect modes of a two-dimensional crystal in an optically thin dielectric slab, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 16 (1999) 275-285.
38. S. Fan, P.R. Villeneuve, J.D. Joannopoulos, High extraction efficiency of spontaneous emission from slabs of photonic crystals, Phys. Rev. Lett. 78 (1997) 3294.
39. M. Boroditsky, T.F. Krauss, R. Coccioli, R. Vrijen, R. Bhat, E. Yablonovitch, Light extraction from optically pumped light-emitting diode by thin-slab photonic crystal, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 1036-1038.
40. 0.5P/GaP light-emitting diodes exhibiting > 50% external quantum efficiency, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75 (1999) 2367.
41. M. Rattier et al., High extraction efficiency, laterally injected, light emitting diodes combining microcavities and photonic crystals, Opt. Quantum Electron., in press.
42. E. Chow et al., Three-dimensional control of light in a two-dimensional crystal slab, Nature 407 (2000) 983-986.
43. E. Chow, S.Y. Lon, J.R. Wendt, S.G. Johnson, J.D. Joannopoulos, Quantitative analysis of bending efficiency in photonic crystal waveguide bends at λ = 1.55 μm wavelengths, Opt. Lett. 26 (2001) 286-288.
44. T.F. Krauss, R.M. De La Rue, S. Brand, Two-dimensional photonic-bandgap structures operating at near-infrared wavelengths, Nature 383 (1996) 699-702.
45. D. Labilloy et al., in: H. Benisty, J.-M. Gérard, R. Houdré, J. Rarity, C. Weisbuch (Eds.), Fundamentals and Applications of Confined Photon Systems, Springer, Heidelberg, 1999.
46. D. Labilloy, H. Benisty, C. Weisbuch, C.J.M. Smith, T.F. Krauss, R. Houdré, U. Oesterle, Finely resolved transmission spectra and band structure of two-dimensional photonic crystals using InAs quantum dots emission, Phys Rev. B 59 (1999) 1649-1652.
47. D. Labilloy et al., Quantitative measurement of transmission, reflection and diffraction of two-dimensional photonic bandgap structures at near-infrared wavelengths, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (1997) 4147-4150.
48. D. Labilloy, H. Benisty, C. Weisbuch, T.F. Krauss, R. Houdré, U. Oesterle, Use of guided spontaneous emission of a semiconductor to probe the optical properties of two-dimensional photonic crystals, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71 (1997) 738-740.
49. See the Optimist web site of the IST-EU program, http://www.intec.rug.ac.be/ist-optimist/wshp.asp.
50. H. Benisty, D. Labilloy, C. Weisbuch, C.J.M. Smith, T.F. Krauss, A. Béraud, D. Cassagne, C. Jouanin, Radiation losses of waveguide-based two-dimensional photonic crystals: positive role of the substrate, Appl. Phys. Lett. 76 (2000) 532-534.
51. P. Lalanne, H. Benisty, Ultimate limits of two-dimensional photonic crystals etched through waveguides: an electromagnetic analysis, J. Appl. Phys. 89 (2001) 1512-1514.
52. H. Benisty, P. Lalanne, S. Olivier, M. Rattier, C. Weisbuch, C.J.M. Smith, T.F. Krauss, C. Jouanin, D. Cassagne, Finite-depth and intrinsic losses in vertically etched two-dimensional photonic crystals, Opt. Quantum Electron., in press.
53. W. Bogaerts et al., Out-of-plane scattering in photonic crystals, IEEE Phot. Technol. Lett. 13 (2001) 565-567.
54. D. Labilloy, H. Benisty, C. Weisbuch, T.F. Krauss, C.J.M. Smith, R. Houdré, U. Oesterle, High-finesse disk microcavity based on a circular Bragg reflector, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73 (1998) 1314-1316.
55. C. Grillet et al., Characterisation of 2D photonic crystals cavities on InP membranes, Eur. Phys. J. D, in press; X. Letartre, C. Seassal, C. Grillet, Group velocity and propagation losses measurement in a single-line photonic-crystal waveguide on InP membranes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 2312.
56. C.J.M. Smith, R.M. De La Rue, M. Rattier, S. Olivier, H. Benisty, C. Weisbuch, T.F. Krauss, R. Houdré, U. Oesterle, Coupled guide and cavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal, Appl. Phys. Lett. 78 (2001) 1487-1489.
57. S. Olivier, H. Benisty, M. Rattier, C. Weisbuch, M. Qiu, A. Karlsson, C.J.M. Smith, R. Houdré, U. Oesterle, Resonant and nonresonant transmission through waveguide bends in a planar photonic crystal, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 2514-2516.
58. A. Talneau, L. Le Gouezigou, N. Bouadma, Quantitative measurements of low propagation losses at 1.55 μm on planar photonic crystal waveguides, Opt. Lett. 26 (2001) 1259-1261.
59. J. Moosbürger, M. Kamp, A. Forchel, Paper JTuB2, Transmission spectra measurements on photonic crystals based bent waveguides, in: CLEO, Baltimore, May 6-11, 2001.
60. S.Y. Lin, E. Chow, S.G. Johnson, J.D. Joannopoulos, Demonstration of highly efficient waveguiding in a photonic crystal slab at the 1.5 μm wavelength, Opt. Lett. 25 (2000) 1297-1299.
61. S. Noda, A. Chutinan, M. Imada, Trapping and emission of photons by a single defect in a photonic bandgap structure, Nature 407 (2000) 608-610.
62. L. Raffaele, R.M. De La Rue, J.S. Roberts, T.F. Krauss, Edge-emitting semiconductor microlasers with ultrashort-cavity and dry-etched high-reflectivity photonic microstructure mirrors, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 13 (2001) 176-178.
63. O.J. Painter, A. Husain, A. Scherer, J.D. O'Brien, I. Kim, Dapkus, Room temperature photonic crystal defect lasers at near-infrared wavelengths in InGaAsP, J. Lightwave Technol. 17 (1999) 2082-2088.
64. H.-G. Park, J.-K. Hwang, J. Huh, H.-Y. Ryu, Y.-H. Lee, J.-S. Kim, Nondegenerate monopole-mode two-dimensional photonic band gap laser, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 3032-3034.
65. H. Rigneault, F. Lemarchand, A. Sentenac, Dipole radiation into grating structures, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 17 (2000) 1048-1058.
66. M. Forchel et al., Lasers with PBG mirrors, in: IPRM'99, Davos, 1999.
67. T.D. Happ, M. Kamp, F. Klopf, J.P. Reithmaier, A. Forchel, Bent laser cavity based on 2D photonic crystal waveguide, Electron. Lett. 26 (2000) 324-325.
68. R. März, in: B. Culshaw, A. Rogers, A. Taylor (Eds.), Integrated Optics: Design and Modeling, The Artech House Optoelectronics Library, Artech House, Boston, 1994.
69. A. Ortigosa-Blanch, J.C. Knight, W.J. Wadsworth, J. Arriaga, B.J. Mangan, T.A. Birks, P.St.J. Russel, Highly birefringent photonic crystal fibres, Opt. Lett. 25 (2000) 1325-1327.