Reclaiming the "F" word, or being and becoming postwestern

Pacific Historical Review

Volumn 65, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 179-215

  Klein, Kerwin Lee ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038252636     PISSN: 00308684     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3639983     Document Type: Article

References (249)

1. For a sense of the sweep of this literature, see Simon Schama, "They All Laughed at Christopher Columbus," New Republic (Jan. 6 and 13, 1992), 20-40; Carry Wills, "Goodbye Columbus," New York Review of Books, XXXVIII (Nov. 21, 1991), 12-18; and James Axtell, "Moral Reflections on the Columbian Legacy," in Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York, 1992), 241-266.
2. For a sense of the sweep of this literature, see Simon Schama, "They All Laughed at Christopher Columbus," New Republic (Jan. 6 and 13, 1992), 20-40; Carry Wills, "Goodbye Columbus," New York Review of Books, XXXVIII (Nov. 21, 1991), 12-18; and James Axtell, "Moral Reflections on the Columbian Legacy," in Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York, 1992), 241-266.
3. For a sense of the sweep of this literature, see Simon Schama, "They All Laughed at Christopher Columbus," New Republic (Jan. 6 and 13, 1992), 20-40; Carry Wills, "Goodbye Columbus," New York Review of Books, XXXVIII (Nov. 21, 1991), 12-18; and James Axtell, "Moral Reflections on the Columbian Legacy," in Beyond 1492: Encounters in Colonial North America (New York, 1992), 241-266.
4. For a sampling of recent discussions, see Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 408-436; Brian W. Dippie, "The Winning of the West Reconsidered," Wilson Quarterly, XIV (1990), 70-86; William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," Reviews in American History, XIX (1991), 313-332; Antonia I. Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, LXI (1992), 501-533; Gerald D. Nash, "Point of View: One Hundred Years of Western History," Journal of the West, XXXII (April 1993), 3-5; Susan Armitage, Elizabeth Jameson, and Joan Jensen, "The New Western History: Another Perspective," ibid. (July 1993), 5-6; Richard W. Etulain, "The New Western Historiography and the New Western History: Continuity and Change," ibid. (Oct. 1993), 3-4; William Deverell, "Fighting Words: The Significance of the American West in the History of the United States," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 185-206; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-148; Michael Allen, "The 'New' Western History Stillborn," Historian, LVII (1994), 201-209; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 488-206; and John R. Wunder, "What's Old about the New Western History: Race and Gender, Part 1," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LXXXV (1994), 50-58.
5. For a sampling of recent discussions, see Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 408-436; Brian W. Dippie, "The Winning of the West Reconsidered," Wilson Quarterly, XIV (1990), 70-86; William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," Reviews in American History, XIX (1991), 313-332; Antonia I. Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, LXI (1992), 501-533; Gerald D. Nash, "Point of View: One Hundred Years of Western History," Journal of the West, XXXII (April 1993), 3-5; Susan Armitage, Elizabeth Jameson, and Joan Jensen, "The New Western History: Another Perspective," ibid. (July 1993), 5-6; Richard W. Etulain, "The New Western Historiography and the New Western History: Continuity and Change," ibid. (Oct. 1993), 3-4; William Deverell, "Fighting Words: The Significance of the American West in the History of the United States," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 185-206; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-148; Michael Allen, "The 'New' Western History Stillborn," Historian, LVII (1994), 201-209; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 488-206; and John R. Wunder, "What's Old about the New Western History: Race and Gender, Part 1," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LXXXV (1994), 50-58.
6. For a sampling of recent discussions, see Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 408-436; Brian W. Dippie, "The Winning of the West Reconsidered," Wilson Quarterly, XIV (1990), 70-86; William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," Reviews in American History, XIX (1991), 313-332; Antonia I. Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, LXI (1992), 501-533; Gerald D. Nash, "Point of View: One Hundred Years of Western History," Journal of the West, XXXII (April 1993), 3-5; Susan Armitage, Elizabeth Jameson, and Joan Jensen, "The New Western History: Another Perspective," ibid. (July 1993), 5-6; Richard W. Etulain, "The New Western Historiography and the New Western History: Continuity and Change," ibid. (Oct. 1993), 3-4; William Deverell, "Fighting Words: The Significance of the American West in the History of the United States," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 185-206; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-148; Michael Allen, "The 'New' Western History Stillborn," Historian, LVII (1994), 201-209; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 488-206; and John R. Wunder, "What's Old about the New Western History: Race and Gender, Part 1," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LXXXV (1994), 50-58.
7. For a sampling of recent discussions, see Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 408-436; Brian W. Dippie, "The Winning of the West Reconsidered," Wilson Quarterly, XIV (1990), 70-86; William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," Reviews in American History, XIX (1991), 313-332; Antonia I. Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, LXI (1992), 501-533; Gerald D. Nash, "Point of View: One Hundred Years of Western History," Journal of the West, XXXII (April 1993), 3-5; Susan Armitage, Elizabeth Jameson, and Joan Jensen, "The New Western History: Another Perspective," ibid. (July 1993), 5-6; Richard W. Etulain, "The New Western Historiography and the New Western History: Continuity and Change," ibid. (Oct. 1993), 3-4; William Deverell, "Fighting Words: The Significance of the American West in the History of the United States," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 185-206; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-148; Michael Allen, "The 'New' Western History Stillborn," Historian, LVII (1994), 201-209; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 488-206; and John R. Wunder, "What's Old about the New Western History: Race and Gender, Part 1," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LXXXV (1994), 50-58.
8. For a sampling of recent discussions, see Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 408-436; Brian W. Dippie, "The Winning of the West Reconsidered," Wilson Quarterly, XIV (1990), 70-86; William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," Reviews in American History, XIX (1991), 313-332; Antonia I. Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, LXI (1992), 501-533; Gerald D. Nash, "Point of View: One Hundred Years of Western History," Journal of the West, XXXII (April 1993), 3-5; Susan Armitage, Elizabeth Jameson, and Joan Jensen, "The New Western History: Another Perspective," ibid. (July 1993), 5-6; Richard W. Etulain, "The New Western Historiography and the New Western History: Continuity and Change," ibid. (Oct. 1993), 3-4; William Deverell, "Fighting Words: The Significance of the American West in the History of the United States," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 185-206; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-148; Michael Allen, "The 'New' Western History Stillborn," Historian, LVII (1994), 201-209; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 488-206; and John R. Wunder, "What's Old about the New Western History: Race and Gender, Part 1," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LXXXV (1994), 50-58.
9. For a sampling of recent discussions, see Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 408-436; Brian W. Dippie, "The Winning of the West Reconsidered," Wilson Quarterly, XIV (1990), 70-86; William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," Reviews in American History, XIX (1991), 313-332; Antonia I. Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, LXI (1992), 501-533; Gerald D. Nash, "Point of View: One Hundred Years of Western History," Journal of the West, XXXII (April 1993), 3-5; Susan Armitage, Elizabeth Jameson, and Joan Jensen, "The New Western History: Another Perspective," ibid. (July 1993), 5-6; Richard W. Etulain, "The New Western Historiography and the New Western History: Continuity and Change," ibid. (Oct. 1993), 3-4; William Deverell, "Fighting Words: The Significance of the American West in the History of the United States," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 185-206; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-148; Michael Allen, "The 'New' Western History Stillborn," Historian, LVII (1994), 201-209; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 488-206; and John R. Wunder, "What's Old about the New Western History: Race and Gender, Part 1," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LXXXV (1994), 50-58.
10. For a sampling of recent discussions, see Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 408-436; Brian W. Dippie, "The Winning of the West Reconsidered," Wilson Quarterly, XIV (1990), 70-86; William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," Reviews in American History, XIX (1991), 313-332; Antonia I. Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, LXI (1992), 501-533; Gerald D. Nash, "Point of View: One Hundred Years of Western History," Journal of the West, XXXII (April 1993), 3-5; Susan Armitage, Elizabeth Jameson, and Joan Jensen, "The New Western History: Another Perspective," ibid. (July 1993), 5-6; Richard W. Etulain, "The New Western Historiography and the New Western History: Continuity and Change," ibid. (Oct. 1993), 3-4; William Deverell, "Fighting Words: The Significance of the American West in the History of the United States," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 185-206; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-148; Michael Allen, "The 'New' Western History Stillborn," Historian, LVII (1994), 201-209; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 488-206; and John R. Wunder, "What's Old about the New Western History: Race and Gender, Part 1," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LXXXV (1994), 50-58.
11. For a sampling of recent discussions, see Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 408-436; Brian W. Dippie, "The Winning of the West Reconsidered," Wilson Quarterly, XIV (1990), 70-86; William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," Reviews in American History, XIX (1991), 313-332; Antonia I. Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, LXI (1992), 501-533; Gerald D. Nash, "Point of View: One Hundred Years of Western History," Journal of the West, XXXII (April 1993), 3-5; Susan Armitage, Elizabeth Jameson, and Joan Jensen, "The New Western History: Another Perspective," ibid. (July 1993), 5-6; Richard W. Etulain, "The New Western Historiography and the New Western History: Continuity and Change," ibid. (Oct. 1993), 3-4; William Deverell, "Fighting Words: The Significance of the American West in the History of the United States," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 185-206; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-148; Michael Allen, "The 'New' Western History Stillborn," Historian, LVII (1994), 201-209; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 488-206; and John R. Wunder, "What's Old about the New Western History: Race and Gender, Part 1," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LXXXV (1994), 50-58.
12. For a sampling of recent discussions, see Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 408-436; Brian W. Dippie, "The Winning of the West Reconsidered," Wilson Quarterly, XIV (1990), 70-86; William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," Reviews in American History, XIX (1991), 313-332; Antonia I. Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, LXI (1992), 501-533; Gerald D. Nash, "Point of View: One Hundred Years of Western History," Journal of the West, XXXII (April 1993), 3-5; Susan Armitage, Elizabeth Jameson, and Joan Jensen, "The New Western History: Another Perspective," ibid. (July 1993), 5-6; Richard W. Etulain, "The New Western Historiography and the New Western History: Continuity and Change," ibid. (Oct. 1993), 3-4; William Deverell, "Fighting Words: The Significance of the American West in the History of the United States," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 185-206; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-148; Michael Allen, "The 'New' Western History Stillborn," Historian, LVII (1994), 201-209; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 488-206; and John R. Wunder, "What's Old about the New Western History: Race and Gender, Part 1," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LXXXV (1994), 50-58.
13. For a sampling of recent discussions, see Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 408-436; Brian W. Dippie, "The Winning of the West Reconsidered," Wilson Quarterly, XIV (1990), 70-86; William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," Reviews in American History, XIX (1991), 313-332; Antonia I. Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, LXI (1992), 501-533; Gerald D. Nash, "Point of View: One Hundred Years of Western History," Journal of the West, XXXII (April 1993), 3-5; Susan Armitage, Elizabeth Jameson, and Joan Jensen, "The New Western History: Another Perspective," ibid. (July 1993), 5-6; Richard W. Etulain, "The New Western Historiography and the New Western History: Continuity and Change," ibid. (Oct. 1993), 3-4; William Deverell, "Fighting Words: The Significance of the American West in the History of the United States," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 185-206; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-148; Michael Allen, "The 'New' Western History Stillborn," Historian, LVII (1994), 201-209; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 488-206; and John R. Wunder, "What's Old about the New Western History: Race and Gender, Part 1," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LXXXV (1994), 50-58.
14. For a sampling of recent discussions, see Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 408-436; Brian W. Dippie, "The Winning of the West Reconsidered," Wilson Quarterly, XIV (1990), 70-86; William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," Reviews in American History, XIX (1991), 313-332; Antonia I. Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, LXI (1992), 501-533; Gerald D. Nash, "Point of View: One Hundred Years of Western History," Journal of the West, XXXII (April 1993), 3-5; Susan Armitage, Elizabeth Jameson, and Joan Jensen, "The New Western History: Another Perspective," ibid. (July 1993), 5-6; Richard W. Etulain, "The New Western Historiography and the New Western History: Continuity and Change," ibid. (Oct. 1993), 3-4; William Deverell, "Fighting Words: The Significance of the American West in the History of the United States," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 185-206; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-148; Michael Allen, "The 'New' Western History Stillborn," Historian, LVII (1994), 201-209; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 488-206; and John R. Wunder, "What's Old about the New Western History: Race and Gender, Part 1," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LXXXV (1994), 50-58.
15. For a sampling of recent discussions, see Michael P. Malone, "Beyond the Last Frontier: Toward a New Approach to Western American History," Western Historical Quarterly, XX (1989), 408-436; Brian W. Dippie, "The Winning of the West Reconsidered," Wilson Quarterly, XIV (1990), 70-86; William G. Robbins, "Laying Siege to Western History: The Emergence of New Paradigms," Reviews in American History, XIX (1991), 313-332; Antonia I. Castañeda, "Women of Color and the Rewriting of Western History: The Discourse, Politics, and Decolonization of History," Pacific Historical Review, LXI (1992), 501-533; Gerald D. Nash, "Point of View: One Hundred Years of Western History," Journal of the West, XXXII (April 1993), 3-5; Susan Armitage, Elizabeth Jameson, and Joan Jensen, "The New Western History: Another Perspective," ibid. (July 1993), 5-6; Richard W. Etulain, "The New Western Historiography and the New Western History: Continuity and Change," ibid. (Oct. 1993), 3-4; William Deverell, "Fighting Words: The Significance of the American West in the History of the United States," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 185-206; Stephen Aron, "Lessons in Conquest: Towards a Greater Western History," Pacific Historical Review, LXIII (1994), 125-148; Michael Allen, "The 'New' Western History Stillborn," Historian, LVII (1994), 201-209; Susan Rhoades Neel, "A Place of Extremes: Nature, History, and the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXV (1994), 488-206; and John R. Wunder, "What's Old about the New Western History: Race and Gender, Part 1," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, LXXXV (1994), 50-58.
16. Patricia Limerick, Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987), 25; Limerick, "What on Earth Is the New Western History?," in Limerick et al., eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, 1991), 85; Limerick, "The Adventures of the Frontier in the Twentieth Century," in James R. Grossman, ed., The Frontier in American Culture (Chicago and Berkeley, 1994), 66-102; Limerick, "Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World," American Historical Review, C (1995), 697-716; Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); Worster, "New West, True West: Interpreting the Region's History," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 141-156; Worster, "Beyond the Agrarian Myth," in Trails, 3-25; Richard White, "Trashing the Trails," in ibid., 26-39; White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, 1991).
17. Patricia Limerick, Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987), 25; Limerick, "What on Earth Is the New Western History?," in Limerick et al., eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, 1991), 85; Limerick, "The Adventures of the Frontier in the Twentieth Century," in James R. Grossman, ed., The Frontier in American Culture (Chicago and Berkeley, 1994), 66-102; Limerick, "Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World," American Historical Review, C (1995), 697-716; Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); Worster, "New West, True West: Interpreting the Region's History," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 141-156; Worster, "Beyond the Agrarian Myth," in Trails, 3-25; Richard White, "Trashing the Trails," in ibid., 26-39; White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, 1991).
18. Patricia Limerick, Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987), 25; Limerick, "What on Earth Is the New Western History?," in Limerick et al., eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, 1991), 85; Limerick, "The Adventures of the Frontier in the Twentieth Century," in James R. Grossman, ed., The Frontier in American Culture (Chicago and Berkeley, 1994), 66-102; Limerick, "Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World," American Historical Review, C (1995), 697-716; Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); Worster, "New West, True West: Interpreting the Region's History," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 141-156; Worster, "Beyond the Agrarian Myth," in Trails, 3-25; Richard White, "Trashing the Trails," in ibid., 26-39; White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, 1991).
19. Patricia Limerick, Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987), 25; Limerick, "What on Earth Is the New Western History?," in Limerick et al., eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, 1991), 85; Limerick, "The Adventures of the Frontier in the Twentieth Century," in James R. Grossman, ed., The Frontier in American Culture (Chicago and Berkeley, 1994), 66-102; Limerick, "Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World," American Historical Review, C (1995), 697-716; Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); Worster, "New West, True West: Interpreting the Region's History," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 141-156; Worster, "Beyond the Agrarian Myth," in Trails, 3-25; Richard White, "Trashing the Trails," in ibid., 26-39; White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, 1991).
20. Patricia Limerick, Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987), 25; Limerick, "What on Earth Is the New Western History?," in Limerick et al., eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, 1991), 85; Limerick, "The Adventures of the Frontier in the Twentieth Century," in James R. Grossman, ed., The Frontier in American Culture (Chicago and Berkeley, 1994), 66-102; Limerick, "Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World," American Historical Review, C (1995), 697-716; Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); Worster, "New West, True West: Interpreting the Region's History," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 141-156; Worster, "Beyond the Agrarian Myth," in Trails, 3-25; Richard White, "Trashing the Trails," in ibid., 26-39; White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, 1991).
21. Patricia Limerick, Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987), 25; Limerick, "What on Earth Is the New Western History?," in Limerick et al., eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, 1991), 85; Limerick, "The Adventures of the Frontier in the Twentieth Century," in James R. Grossman, ed., The Frontier in American Culture (Chicago and Berkeley, 1994), 66-102; Limerick, "Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World," American Historical Review, C (1995), 697-716; Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); Worster, "New West, True West: Interpreting the Region's History," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 141-156; Worster, "Beyond the Agrarian Myth," in Trails, 3-25; Richard White, "Trashing the Trails," in ibid., 26-39; White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, 1991).
22. Patricia Limerick, Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987), 25; Limerick, "What on Earth Is the New Western History?," in Limerick et al., eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, 1991), 85; Limerick, "The Adventures of the Frontier in the Twentieth Century," in James R. Grossman, ed., The Frontier in American Culture (Chicago and Berkeley, 1994), 66-102; Limerick, "Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World," American Historical Review, C (1995), 697-716; Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); Worster, "New West, True West: Interpreting the Region's History," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 141-156; Worster, "Beyond the Agrarian Myth," in Trails, 3-25; Richard White, "Trashing the Trails," in ibid., 26-39; White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, 1991).
23. Patricia Limerick, Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987), 25; Limerick, "What on Earth Is the New Western History?," in Limerick et al., eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, 1991), 85; Limerick, "The Adventures of the Frontier in the Twentieth Century," in James R. Grossman, ed., The Frontier in American Culture (Chicago and Berkeley, 1994), 66-102; Limerick, "Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World," American Historical Review, C (1995), 697-716; Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); Worster, "New West, True West: Interpreting the Region's History," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 141-156; Worster, "Beyond the Agrarian Myth," in Trails, 3-25; Richard White, "Trashing the Trails," in ibid., 26-39; White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, 1991).
24. Patricia Limerick, Legacy of Conquest: The Unbroken Past of the American West (New York, 1987), 25; Limerick, "What on Earth Is the New Western History?," in Limerick et al., eds., Trails: Toward a New Western History (Lawrence, 1991), 85; Limerick, "The Adventures of the Frontier in the Twentieth Century," in James R. Grossman, ed., The Frontier in American Culture (Chicago and Berkeley, 1994), 66-102; Limerick, "Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World," American Historical Review, C (1995), 697-716; Donald Worster, Rivers of Empire: Water, Aridity, and the Growth of the American West (New York, 1985); Worster, "New West, True West: Interpreting the Region's History," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 141-156; Worster, "Beyond the Agrarian Myth," in Trails, 3-25; Richard White, "Trashing the Trails," in ibid., 26-39; White, "It's Your Misfortune and None of My Own": A New History of the American West (Norman, 1991).
25. Several writers have recently drawn our attention to the many frontier historians who have offered critical or counter-Turnerian histories. See Allan G. Bogue, "The Significance of the History of the American West: Postcripts and Prospects," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 45-68; John Mack Faragher, "The Frontier Trail: Rethinking Turner and Reimagining the American West," American Historical Review, XCVIII (1993), 106-117; and Gerald D. Nash, Creating the West: Historical Interpretations, 1890-1990 (Albuquerque, 1991).
26. Several writers have recently drawn our attention to the many frontier historians who have offered critical or counter-Turnerian histories. See Allan G. Bogue, "The Significance of the History of the American West: Postcripts and Prospects," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 45-68; John Mack Faragher, "The Frontier Trail: Rethinking Turner and Reimagining the American West," American Historical Review, XCVIII (1993), 106-117; and Gerald D. Nash, Creating the West: Historical Interpretations, 1890-1990 (Albuquerque, 1991).
27. Several writers have recently drawn our attention to the many frontier historians who have offered critical or counter-Turnerian histories. See Allan G. Bogue, "The Significance of the History of the American West: Postcripts and Prospects," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 45-68; John Mack Faragher, "The Frontier Trail: Rethinking Turner and Reimagining the American West," American Historical Review, XCVIII (1993), 106-117; and Gerald D. Nash, Creating the West: Historical Interpretations, 1890-1990 (Albuquerque, 1991).
28. John T. Juricek, "American Usage of the Word 'Frontier' from Colonial Times to Frederick Jackson Turner," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, CX (1966), 10-34 (the quotations are on pp. 28, 33). Compare his story with the chronology set out in the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933), 565, 566, and the new Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1972), 1167. See also Fulmer Mood, "The Concept of the Frontier, 1871-1898: Comments on a List of Source Documents," Agricultural History, XIX (1945), 24-30; Jack D. Forbes, "Frontiers in American History," Journal of the West, I (1962), 63-73; and Walter Rundell, Jr., "Concepts of the 'Frontier' and the 'West'," Arizona and the West, I (1959), 13-41. On European usage, see J. R. V. Prescott, The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries (London, 1965), 9-55; and Lucien Febvre, "Frontière," Révue de Synthèse Historique, XLV (June 1928), 31-44.
29. John T. Juricek, "American Usage of the Word 'Frontier' from Colonial Times to Frederick Jackson Turner," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, CX (1966), 10-34 (the quotations are on pp. 28, 33). Compare his story with the chronology set out in the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933), 565, 566, and the new Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1972), 1167. See also Fulmer Mood, "The Concept of the Frontier, 1871-1898: Comments on a List of Source Documents," Agricultural History, XIX (1945), 24-30; Jack D. Forbes, "Frontiers in American History," Journal of the West, I (1962), 63-73; and Walter Rundell, Jr., "Concepts of the 'Frontier' and the 'West'," Arizona and the West, I (1959), 13-41. On European usage, see J. R. V. Prescott, The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries (London, 1965), 9-55; and Lucien Febvre, "Frontière," Révue de Synthèse Historique, XLV (June 1928), 31-44.
30. John T. Juricek, "American Usage of the Word 'Frontier' from Colonial Times to Frederick Jackson Turner," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, CX (1966), 10-34 (the quotations are on pp. 28, 33). Compare his story with the chronology set out in the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933), 565, 566, and the new Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1972), 1167. See also Fulmer Mood, "The Concept of the Frontier, 1871-1898: Comments on a List of Source Documents," Agricultural History, XIX (1945), 24-30; Jack D. Forbes, "Frontiers in American History," Journal of the West, I (1962), 63-73; and Walter Rundell, Jr., "Concepts of the 'Frontier' and the 'West'," Arizona and the West, I (1959), 13-41. On European usage, see J. R. V. Prescott, The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries (London, 1965), 9-55; and Lucien Febvre, "Frontière," Révue de Synthèse Historique, XLV (June 1928), 31-44.
31. John T. Juricek, "American Usage of the Word 'Frontier' from Colonial Times to Frederick Jackson Turner," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, CX (1966), 10-34 (the quotations are on pp. 28, 33). Compare his story with the chronology set out in the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933), 565, 566, and the new Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1972), 1167. See also Fulmer Mood, "The Concept of the Frontier, 1871-1898: Comments on a List of Source Documents," Agricultural History, XIX (1945), 24-30; Jack D. Forbes, "Frontiers in American History," Journal of the West, I (1962), 63-73; and Walter Rundell, Jr., "Concepts of the 'Frontier' and the 'West'," Arizona and the West, I (1959), 13-41. On European usage, see J. R. V. Prescott, The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries (London, 1965), 9-55; and Lucien Febvre, "Frontière," Révue de Synthèse Historique, XLV (June 1928), 31-44.
32. John T. Juricek, "American Usage of the Word 'Frontier' from Colonial Times to Frederick Jackson Turner," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, CX (1966), 10-34 (the quotations are on pp. 28, 33). Compare his story with the chronology set out in the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933), 565, 566, and the new Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1972), 1167. See also Fulmer Mood, "The Concept of the Frontier, 1871-1898: Comments on a List of Source Documents," Agricultural History, XIX (1945), 24-30; Jack D. Forbes, "Frontiers in American History," Journal of the West, I (1962), 63-73; and Walter Rundell, Jr., "Concepts of the 'Frontier' and the 'West'," Arizona and the West, I (1959), 13-41. On European usage, see J. R. V. Prescott, The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries (London, 1965), 9-55; and Lucien Febvre, "Frontière," Révue de Synthèse Historique, XLV (June 1928), 31-44.
33. John T. Juricek, "American Usage of the Word 'Frontier' from Colonial Times to Frederick Jackson Turner," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, CX (1966), 10-34 (the quotations are on pp. 28, 33). Compare his story with the chronology set out in the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933), 565, 566, and the new Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1972), 1167. See also Fulmer Mood, "The Concept of the Frontier, 1871-1898: Comments on a List of Source Documents," Agricultural History, XIX (1945), 24-30; Jack D. Forbes, "Frontiers in American History," Journal of the West, I (1962), 63-73; and Walter Rundell, Jr., "Concepts of the 'Frontier' and the 'West'," Arizona and the West, I (1959), 13-41. On European usage, see J. R. V. Prescott, The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries (London, 1965), 9-55; and Lucien Febvre, "Frontière," Révue de Synthèse Historique, XLV (June 1928), 31-44.
34. John T. Juricek, "American Usage of the Word 'Frontier' from Colonial Times to Frederick Jackson Turner," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, CX (1966), 10-34 (the quotations are on pp. 28, 33). Compare his story with the chronology set out in the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933), 565, 566, and the new Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1972), 1167. See also Fulmer Mood, "The Concept of the Frontier, 1871-1898: Comments on a List of Source Documents," Agricultural History, XIX (1945), 24-30; Jack D. Forbes, "Frontiers in American History," Journal of the West, I (1962), 63-73; and Walter Rundell, Jr., "Concepts of the 'Frontier' and the 'West'," Arizona and the West, I (1959), 13-41. On European usage, see J. R. V. Prescott, The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries (London, 1965), 9-55; and Lucien Febvre, "Frontière," Révue de Synthèse Historique, XLV (June 1928), 31-44.
35. John T. Juricek, "American Usage of the Word 'Frontier' from Colonial Times to Frederick Jackson Turner," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, CX (1966), 10-34 (the quotations are on pp. 28, 33). Compare his story with the chronology set out in the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1933), 565, 566, and the new Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary (Oxford, 1972), 1167. See also Fulmer Mood, "The Concept of the Frontier, 1871-1898: Comments on a List of Source Documents," Agricultural History, XIX (1945), 24-30; Jack D. Forbes, "Frontiers in American History," Journal of the West, I (1962), 63-73; and Walter Rundell, Jr., "Concepts of the 'Frontier' and the 'West'," Arizona and the West, I (1959), 13-41. On European usage, see J. R. V. Prescott, The Geography of Frontiers and Boundaries (London, 1965), 9-55; and Lucien Febvre, "Frontière," Révue de Synthèse Historique, XLV (June 1928), 31-44.
36. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin: A Study of the Trading Post as an Institution (Baltimore, 1891), reprinted in Fulmer Mood, ed., The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner (Madison, 1938), 85-182 (quotation on p. 90). See also Turner's master's thesis, "The Character and Influence of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin," in Wisconsin State Historical Society, Proceedings, XXXVI (1889), 52-98. The dissertation should be compared with a later address, "American Colonization" (1893), reprinted in Ronald Carpenter, The Eloquence of Frederick Jackson Turner (San Marino, Calif., 1983), 176-192. The single best account of Turner and his legacy remains Ray Allen Billington, Frederick Jackson Turner: Historian, Scholar, Teacher (New York, 1973). For an annotated bibliography of writings on Turner, see Vernon E. Mattson and William E. Marion, Frederick Jackson Turner: A Reference Guide (Boston, 1982).
37. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin: A Study of the Trading Post as an Institution (Baltimore, 1891), reprinted in Fulmer Mood, ed., The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner (Madison, 1938), 85-182 (quotation on p. 90). See also Turner's master's thesis, "The Character and Influence of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin," in Wisconsin State Historical Society, Proceedings, XXXVI (1889), 52-98. The dissertation should be compared with a later address, "American Colonization" (1893), reprinted in Ronald Carpenter, The Eloquence of Frederick Jackson Turner (San Marino, Calif., 1983), 176-192. The single best account of Turner and his legacy remains Ray Allen Billington, Frederick Jackson Turner: Historian, Scholar, Teacher (New York, 1973). For an annotated bibliography of writings on Turner, see Vernon E. Mattson and William E. Marion, Frederick Jackson Turner: A Reference Guide (Boston, 1982).
38. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin: A Study of the Trading Post as an Institution (Baltimore, 1891), reprinted in Fulmer Mood, ed., The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner (Madison, 1938), 85-182 (quotation on p. 90). See also Turner's master's thesis, "The Character and Influence of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin," in Wisconsin State Historical Society, Proceedings, XXXVI (1889), 52-98. The dissertation should be compared with a later address, "American Colonization" (1893), reprinted in Ronald Carpenter, The Eloquence of Frederick Jackson Turner (San Marino, Calif., 1983), 176-192. The single best account of Turner and his legacy remains Ray Allen Billington, Frederick Jackson Turner: Historian, Scholar, Teacher (New York, 1973). For an annotated bibliography of writings on Turner, see Vernon E. Mattson and William E. Marion, Frederick Jackson Turner: A Reference Guide (Boston, 1982).
39. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin: A Study of the Trading Post as an Institution (Baltimore, 1891), reprinted in Fulmer Mood, ed., The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner (Madison, 1938), 85-182 (quotation on p. 90). See also Turner's master's thesis, "The Character and Influence of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin," in Wisconsin State Historical Society, Proceedings, XXXVI (1889), 52-98. The dissertation should be compared with a later address, "American Colonization" (1893), reprinted in Ronald Carpenter, The Eloquence of Frederick Jackson Turner (San Marino, Calif., 1983), 176-192. The single best account of Turner and his legacy remains Ray Allen Billington, Frederick Jackson Turner: Historian, Scholar, Teacher (New York, 1973). For an annotated bibliography of writings on Turner, see Vernon E. Mattson and William E. Marion, Frederick Jackson Turner: A Reference Guide (Boston, 1982).
40. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin: A Study of the Trading Post as an Institution (Baltimore, 1891), reprinted in Fulmer Mood, ed., The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner (Madison, 1938), 85-182 (quotation on p. 90). See also Turner's master's thesis, "The Character and Influence of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin," in Wisconsin State Historical Society, Proceedings, XXXVI (1889), 52-98. The dissertation should be compared with a later address, "American Colonization" (1893), reprinted in Ronald Carpenter, The Eloquence of Frederick Jackson Turner (San Marino, Calif., 1983), 176-192. The single best account of Turner and his legacy remains Ray Allen Billington, Frederick Jackson Turner: Historian, Scholar, Teacher (New York, 1973). For an annotated bibliography of writings on Turner, see Vernon E. Mattson and William E. Marion, Frederick Jackson Turner: A Reference Guide (Boston, 1982).
41. Frederick Jackson Turner, The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin: A Study of the Trading Post as an Institution (Baltimore, 1891), reprinted in Fulmer Mood, ed., The Early Writings of Frederick Jackson Turner (Madison, 1938), 85-182 (quotation on p. 90). See also Turner's master's thesis, "The Character and Influence of the Fur Trade in Wisconsin," in Wisconsin State Historical Society, Proceedings, XXXVI (1889), 52-98. The dissertation should be compared with a later address, "American Colonization" (1893), reprinted in Ronald Carpenter, The Eloquence of Frederick Jackson Turner (San Marino, Calif., 1983), 176-192. The single best account of Turner and his legacy remains Ray Allen Billington, Frederick Jackson Turner: Historian, Scholar, Teacher (New York, 1973). For an annotated bibliography of writings on Turner, see Vernon E. Mattson and William E. Marion, Frederick Jackson Turner: A Reference Guide (Boston, 1982).
42. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" (1893), reprinted in Early Writings, 183-232 (quotations on pp. 185-186). Subsequent references are to this edition. For comparisons of the different versions of this essay, see Fulmer Mood's valuable appendix to Early Writings, 273-294. The Cyclopedia entry is reprinted in Fulmer Mood, ed., "Little Known Fragments of Turner's Writings," Wisconsin Magazine of History, XXIII (1940), 328-341 (quotation on p. 339). By the time his first book, The Frontier in American History (1920; reprint, New York, 1962) appeared, meanings and synonyms for "frontier" had multiplied remarkably. The frontier was "the West," "the hither edge of free land," "the line of the most effective and rapid Americanization," "the graphic line which records the expanding energies of the people behind it," "a migrating region," "the mere edge of settlement," "the belt of territory occupied" by frontiersmen, and "a form of society rather than an area." In letters and conversations he professed his interest in "the movement of population into unsettled geographic provinces." See Ray Allen Billington, America's Frontier Heritage (New York, 1966), 16.
43. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" (1893), reprinted in Early Writings, 183-232 (quotations on pp. 185-186). Subsequent references are to this edition. For comparisons of the different versions of this essay, see Fulmer Mood's valuable appendix to Early Writings, 273-294. The Cyclopedia entry is reprinted in Fulmer Mood, ed., "Little Known Fragments of Turner's Writings," Wisconsin Magazine of History, XXIII (1940), 328-341 (quotation on p. 339). By the time his first book, The Frontier in American History (1920; reprint, New York, 1962) appeared, meanings and synonyms for "frontier" had multiplied remarkably. The frontier was "the West," "the hither edge of free land," "the line of the most effective and rapid Americanization," "the graphic line which records the expanding energies of the people behind it," "a migrating region," "the mere edge of settlement," "the belt of territory occupied" by frontiersmen, and "a form of society rather than an area." In letters and conversations he professed his interest in "the movement of population into unsettled geographic provinces." See Ray Allen Billington, America's Frontier Heritage (New York, 1966), 16.
44. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" (1893), reprinted in Early Writings, 183-232 (quotations on pp. 185-186). Subsequent references are to this edition. For comparisons of the different versions of this essay, see Fulmer Mood's valuable appendix to Early Writings, 273-294. The Cyclopedia entry is reprinted in Fulmer Mood, ed., "Little Known Fragments of Turner's Writings," Wisconsin Magazine of History, XXIII (1940), 328-341 (quotation on p. 339). By the time his first book, The Frontier in American History (1920; reprint, New York, 1962) appeared, meanings and synonyms for "frontier" had multiplied remarkably. The frontier was "the West," "the hither edge of free land," "the line of the most effective and rapid Americanization," "the graphic line which records the expanding energies of the people behind it," "a migrating region," "the mere edge of settlement," "the belt of territory occupied" by frontiersmen, and "a form of society rather than an area." In letters and conversations he professed his interest in "the movement of population into unsettled geographic provinces." See Ray Allen Billington, America's Frontier Heritage (New York, 1966), 16.
45. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" (1893), reprinted in Early Writings, 183-232 (quotations on pp. 185-186). Subsequent references are to this edition. For comparisons of the different versions of this essay, see Fulmer Mood's valuable appendix to Early Writings, 273-294. The Cyclopedia entry is reprinted in Fulmer Mood, ed., "Little Known Fragments of Turner's Writings," Wisconsin Magazine of History, XXIII (1940), 328-341 (quotation on p. 339). By the time his first book, The Frontier in American History (1920; reprint, New York, 1962) appeared, meanings and synonyms for "frontier" had multiplied remarkably. The frontier was "the West," "the hither edge of free land," "the line of the most effective and rapid Americanization," "the graphic line which records the expanding energies of the people behind it," "a migrating region," "the mere edge of settlement," "the belt of territory occupied" by frontiersmen, and "a form of society rather than an area." In letters and conversations he professed his interest in "the movement of population into unsettled geographic provinces." See Ray Allen Billington, America's Frontier Heritage (New York, 1966), 16.
46. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" (1893), reprinted in Early Writings, 183-232 (quotations on pp. 185-186). Subsequent references are to this edition. For comparisons of the different versions of this essay, see Fulmer Mood's valuable appendix to Early Writings, 273-294. The Cyclopedia entry is reprinted in Fulmer Mood, ed., "Little Known Fragments of Turner's Writings," Wisconsin Magazine of History, XXIII (1940), 328-341 (quotation on p. 339). By the time his first book, The Frontier in American History (1920; reprint, New York, 1962) appeared, meanings and synonyms for "frontier" had multiplied remarkably. The frontier was "the West," "the hither edge of free land," "the line of the most effective and rapid Americanization," "the graphic line which records the expanding energies of the people behind it," "a migrating region," "the mere edge of settlement," "the belt of territory occupied" by frontiersmen, and "a form of society rather than an area." In letters and conversations he professed his interest in "the movement of population into unsettled geographic provinces." See Ray Allen Billington, America's Frontier Heritage (New York, 1966), 16.
47. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" (1893), reprinted in Early Writings, 183-232 (quotations on pp. 185-186). Subsequent references are to this edition. For comparisons of the different versions of this essay, see Fulmer Mood's valuable appendix to Early Writings, 273-294. The Cyclopedia entry is reprinted in Fulmer Mood, ed., "Little Known Fragments of Turner's Writings," Wisconsin Magazine of History, XXIII (1940), 328-341 (quotation on p. 339). By the time his first book, The Frontier in American History (1920; reprint, New York, 1962) appeared, meanings and synonyms for "frontier" had multiplied remarkably. The frontier was "the West," "the hither edge of free land," "the line of the most effective and rapid Americanization," "the graphic line which records the expanding energies of the people behind it," "a migrating region," "the mere edge of settlement," "the belt of territory occupied" by frontiersmen, and "a form of society rather than an area." In letters and conversations he professed his interest in "the movement of population into unsettled geographic provinces." See Ray Allen Billington, America's Frontier Heritage (New York, 1966), 16.
48. White, "Trashing the Trails," 28. On "wilderness" and "savagery," see Reinhart Koselleck's superb essay, "The Historical-Political Semantics of Asymmetric Counterconcepts," in Futures Past: The Semantics of Historical Time, translated by Keith Tribe (1979; Eng. lang, ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 159-197; Richard Bernheimer, Wild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952); Edward Dudley and Maximilian E. Novak, eds., The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism (Pittsburgh, 1972); Hayden White, "The Forms of Wildness: The Archaeology of an Idea" (1976), in Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore, 1978), 150-182; George Boas and Arthur O. Lovejoy, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity: A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas (Baltimore, 1938); Roy Harvey Pearce, Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind (1953; reprint, Berkeley, 1965); Curtis Hinsley, Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981); Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (1967; 3rd ed., New Haven, 1982), esp. 1-4; William Cronon, "Turner's First Stand: The Significance of Significance in American History," in Richard W. Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 82.
49. White, "Trashing the Trails," 28. On "wilderness" and "savagery," see Reinhart Koselleck's superb essay, "The Historical-Political Semantics of Asymmetric Counterconcepts," in Futures Past: The Semantics of Historical Time, translated by Keith Tribe (1979; Eng. lang, ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 159-197; Richard Bernheimer, Wild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952); Edward Dudley and Maximilian E. Novak, eds., The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism (Pittsburgh, 1972); Hayden White, "The Forms of Wildness: The Archaeology of an Idea" (1976), in Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore, 1978), 150-182; George Boas and Arthur O. Lovejoy, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity: A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas (Baltimore, 1938); Roy Harvey Pearce, Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind (1953; reprint, Berkeley, 1965); Curtis Hinsley, Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981); Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (1967; 3rd ed., New Haven, 1982), esp. 1-4; William Cronon, "Turner's First Stand: The Significance of Significance in American History," in Richard W. Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 82.
50. White, "Trashing the Trails," 28. On "wilderness" and "savagery," see Reinhart Koselleck's superb essay, "The Historical-Political Semantics of Asymmetric Counterconcepts," in Futures Past: The Semantics of Historical Time, translated by Keith Tribe (1979; Eng. lang, ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 159-197; Richard Bernheimer, Wild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952); Edward Dudley and Maximilian E. Novak, eds., The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism (Pittsburgh, 1972); Hayden White, "The Forms of Wildness: The Archaeology of an Idea" (1976), in Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore, 1978), 150-182; George Boas and Arthur O. Lovejoy, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity: A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas (Baltimore, 1938); Roy Harvey Pearce, Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind (1953; reprint, Berkeley, 1965); Curtis Hinsley, Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981); Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (1967; 3rd ed., New Haven, 1982), esp. 1-4; William Cronon, "Turner's First Stand: The Significance of Significance in American History," in Richard W. Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 82.
51. White, "Trashing the Trails," 28. On "wilderness" and "savagery," see Reinhart Koselleck's superb essay, "The Historical-Political Semantics of Asymmetric Counterconcepts," in Futures
52. White, "Trashing the Trails," 28. On "wilderness" and "savagery," see Reinhart Koselleck's superb essay, "The Historical-Political Semantics of Asymmetric Counterconcepts," in Futures Past: The Semantics of Historical Time, translated by Keith Tribe (1979; Eng. lang, ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 159-197; Richard Bernheimer, Wild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952); Edward Dudley and Maximilian E. Novak, eds., The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism (Pittsburgh, 1972); Hayden White, "The Forms of Wildness: The Archaeology of an Idea" (1976), in Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore, 1978), 150-182; George Boas and Arthur O. Lovejoy, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity: A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas (Baltimore, 1938); Roy Harvey Pearce, Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind (1953; reprint, Berkeley, 1965); Curtis Hinsley, Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981); Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (1967; 3rd ed., New Haven, 1982), esp. 1-4; William Cronon, "Turner's First Stand: The Significance of Significance in American History," in Richard W. Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 82.
53. White, "Trashing the Trails," 28. On "wilderness" and "savagery," see Reinhart Koselleck's superb essay, "The Historical-Political Semantics of Asymmetric Counterconcepts," in Futures Past: The Semantics of Historical Time, translated by Keith Tribe (1979; Eng. lang, ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 159-197; Richard Bernheimer, Wild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952); Edward Dudley and Maximilian E. Novak, eds., The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism (Pittsburgh, 1972); Hayden White, "The Forms of Wildness: The Archaeology of an Idea" (1976), in Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore, 1978), 150-182; George Boas and Arthur O. Lovejoy, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity: A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas (Baltimore, 1938); Roy Harvey Pearce, Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind (1953; reprint, Berkeley, 1965); Curtis Hinsley, Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981); Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (1967; 3rd ed., New Haven, 1982), esp. 1-4; William Cronon, "Turner's First Stand: The Significance of Significance in American History," in Richard W. Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 82.
54. White, "Trashing the Trails," 28. On "wilderness" and "savagery," see Reinhart Koselleck's superb essay, "The Historical-Political Semantics of Asymmetric Counterconcepts," in Futures Past: The Semantics of Historical Time, translated by Keith Tribe (1979; Eng. lang, ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 159-197; Richard Bernheimer, Wild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952); Edward Dudley and Maximilian E. Novak, eds., The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism (Pittsburgh, 1972); Hayden White, "The Forms of Wildness: The Archaeology of an Idea" (1976), in Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore, 1978), 150-182; George Boas and Arthur O. Lovejoy, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity: A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas (Baltimore, 1938); Roy Harvey Pearce, Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind (1953; reprint, Berkeley, 1965); Curtis Hinsley, Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981); Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (1967; 3rd ed., New Haven, 1982), esp. 1-4; William Cronon, "Turner's First Stand: The Significance of Significance in American History," in Richard W. Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 82.
55. White, "Trashing the Trails," 28. On "wilderness" and "savagery," see Reinhart Koselleck's superb essay, "The Historical-Political Semantics of Asymmetric Counterconcepts," in Futures Past: The Semantics of Historical Time, translated by Keith Tribe (1979; Eng. lang, ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 159-197; Richard Bernheimer, Wild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952); Edward Dudley and Maximilian E. Novak, eds., The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism (Pittsburgh, 1972); Hayden White, "The Forms of Wildness: The Archaeology of an Idea" (1976), in Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore, 1978), 150-182; George Boas and Arthur O. Lovejoy, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity: A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas (Baltimore, 1938); Roy Harvey Pearce, Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind (1953; reprint, Berkeley, 1965); Curtis Hinsley, Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981); Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (1967; 3rd ed., New Haven, 1982), esp. 1-4; William Cronon, "Turner's First Stand: The Significance of Significance in American History," in Richard W. Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 82.
56. White, "Trashing the Trails," 28. On "wilderness" and "savagery," see Reinhart Koselleck's superb essay, "The Historical-Political Semantics of Asymmetric Counterconcepts," in Futures Past: The Semantics of Historical Time, translated by Keith Tribe (1979; Eng. lang, ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 159-197; Richard Bernheimer, Wild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952); Edward Dudley and Maximilian E. Novak, eds., The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism (Pittsburgh, 1972); Hayden White, "The Forms of Wildness: The Archaeology of an Idea" (1976), in Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore, 1978), 150-182; George Boas and Arthur O. Lovejoy, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity: A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas (Baltimore, 1938); Roy Harvey Pearce, Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind (1953; reprint, Berkeley, 1965); Curtis Hinsley, Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981); Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (1967; 3rd ed., New Haven, 1982), esp. 1-4; William Cronon, "Turner's First Stand: The Significance of Significance in American History," in Richard W. Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 82.
57. White, "Trashing the Trails," 28. On "wilderness" and "savagery," see Reinhart Koselleck's superb essay, "The Historical-Political Semantics of Asymmetric Counterconcepts," in Futures Past: The Semantics of Historical Time, translated by Keith Tribe (1979; Eng. lang, ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 159-197; Richard Bernheimer, Wild Men in the Middle Ages: A Study in Art, Sentiment, and Demonology (Cambridge, Mass., 1952); Edward Dudley and Maximilian E. Novak, eds., The Wild Man Within: An Image in Western Thought from the Renaissance to Romanticism (Pittsburgh, 1972); Hayden White, "The Forms of Wildness: The Archaeology of an Idea" (1976), in Tropics of Discourse: Essays in Cultural Criticism (Baltimore, 1978), 150-182; George Boas and Arthur O. Lovejoy, Primitivism and Related Ideas in Antiquity: A Documentary History of Primitivism and Related Ideas (Baltimore, 1938); Roy Harvey Pearce, Savagism and Civilization: A Study of the Indian and the American Mind (1953; reprint, Berkeley, 1965); Curtis Hinsley, Savages and Scientists: The Smithsonian Institution and the Development of American Anthropology, 1846-1910 (Washington, D.C., 1981); Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind (1967; 3rd ed., New Haven, 1982), esp. 1-4; William Cronon, "Turner's First Stand: The Significance of Significance in American History," in Richard W. Etulain, ed., Writing Western History: Essays on Major Western Historians (Albuquerque, 1991), 82.
58. See the overviews in George W. Stocking, Jr., Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology (New York, 1968); Stocking, The Ethnographer's Magic and Other Essays in the History of Anthropology (Madison, 1992); and Christopher Herbert, Culture and Anomie: Ethnographic Imagination in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago, 1991).
59. See the overviews in George W. Stocking, Jr., Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology (New York, 1968); Stocking, The Ethnographer's Magic and Other Essays in the History of Anthropology (Madison, 1992); and Christopher Herbert, Culture and Anomie: Ethnographic Imagination in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago, 1991).
60. See the overviews in George W. Stocking, Jr., Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the History of Anthropology (New York, 1968); Stocking, The Ethnographer's Magic and Other Essays in the History of Anthropology (Madison, 1992); and Christopher Herbert, Culture and Anomie: Ethnographic Imagination in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago, 1991).
61. Frederic L. Paxson, History of the American Frontier (New York, 1924), 1; E. Douglas Branch, Westward: The Romance of the American Frontier (New York, 1930); Ray Allen Billington with James Blaine Hedges, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier (New York, 1949). In the early forties, George W. Pierson denounced "frontier" as too squishy for social science. He circulated a questionnaire to survey definitions of the "frontier hypothesis" and assess scholarly consensus on its validity. The study offers clues to usage among professional American historians of the period. See his "American Historians and the Frontier Hypothesis in 1941 (I)" and "American Historians and the Frontier Hypothesis (II)" in Wisconsin Magazine of History, XXVI (1942), 36-60 and 170-185.
62. Frederic L. Paxson, History of the American Frontier (New York, 1924), 1; E. Douglas Branch, Westward: The Romance of the American Frontier (New York, 1930); Ray Allen Billington with James Blaine Hedges, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier (New York, 1949). In the early forties, George W. Pierson denounced "frontier" as too squishy for social science. He circulated a questionnaire to survey definitions of the "frontier hypothesis" and assess scholarly consensus on its validity. The study offers clues to usage among professional American historians of the period. See his "American Historians and the Frontier Hypothesis in 1941 (I)" and "American Historians and the Frontier Hypothesis (II)" in Wisconsin Magazine of History, XXVI (1942), 36-60 and 170-185.
63. Frederic L. Paxson, History of the American Frontier (New York, 1924), 1; E. Douglas Branch, Westward: The Romance of the American Frontier (New York, 1930); Ray Allen Billington with James Blaine Hedges, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier (New York, 1949). In the early forties, George W. Pierson denounced "frontier" as too squishy for social science. He circulated a questionnaire to survey definitions of the "frontier hypothesis" and assess scholarly consensus on its validity. The study offers clues to usage among professional American historians of the period. See his "American Historians and the Frontier Hypothesis in 1941 (I)" and "American Historians and the Frontier Hypothesis (II)" in Wisconsin Magazine of History, XXVI (1942), 36-60 and 170-185.
64. Frederic L. Paxson, History of the American Frontier (New York, 1924), 1; E. Douglas Branch, Westward: The Romance of the American Frontier (New York, 1930); Ray Allen Billington with James Blaine Hedges, Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier (New York, 1949). In the early forties, George W. Pierson denounced "frontier" as too squishy for social science. He circulated a questionnaire to survey definitions of the "frontier hypothesis" and assess scholarly consensus on its validity. The study offers clues to usage among professional American historians of the period. See his "American Historians and the Frontier Hypothesis in 1941 (I)" and "American Historians and the Frontier Hypothesis (II)" in Wisconsin Magazine of History, XXVI (1942), 36-60 and 170-185.
65. Herbert Eugene Bolton, "The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-American Colonies," American Historical Review, XXIII (1917), 42-61; Bolton, The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest (New Haven, 1921); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America" (1933), in Wider Horizons of American History (New York, 1939), 1-53; David J. Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands," American Historical Review, XCI (1986), 66-81; John Francis Bannon, Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Historian and the Man (Tucson, 1978); Donald Worcester, "Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Making of a Western Historian," in Writing Western History, 193-216; and Albert L. Hurtado, "Herbert E. Bolton, Racism, and American History," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 127-142.
66. Herbert Eugene Bolton, "The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-American Colonies," American Historical Review, XXIII (1917), 42-61; Bolton, The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest (New Haven, 1921); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America" (1933), in Wider Horizons of American History (New York, 1939), 1-53; David J. Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands," American Historical Review, XCI (1986), 66-81; John Francis Bannon, Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Historian and the Man (Tucson, 1978); Donald Worcester, "Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Making of a Western Historian," in Writing Western History, 193-216; and Albert L. Hurtado, "Herbert E. Bolton, Racism, and American History," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 127-142.
67. Herbert Eugene Bolton, "The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-American Colonies," American Historical Review, XXIII (1917), 42-61; Bolton, The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest (New Haven, 1921); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America" (1933), in Wider Horizons of American History (New York, 1939), 1-53; David J. Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands," American Historical Review, XCI (1986), 66-81; John Francis Bannon, Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Historian and the Man (Tucson, 1978); Donald Worcester, "Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Making of a Western Historian," in Writing Western History, 193-216; and Albert L. Hurtado, "Herbert E. Bolton, Racism, and American History," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 127-142.
68. Herbert Eugene Bolton, "The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-American Colonies," American Historical Review, XXIII (1917), 42-61; Bolton, The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest (New Haven, 1921); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America" (1933), in Wider Horizons of American History (New York, 1939), 1-53; David J. Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands," American Historical Review, XCI (1986), 66-81; John Francis Bannon, Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Historian and the Man (Tucson, 1978); Donald Worcester, "Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Making of a Western Historian," in Writing Western History, 193-216; and Albert L. Hurtado, "Herbert E. Bolton, Racism, and American History," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 127-142.
69. Herbert Eugene Bolton, "The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-American Colonies," American Historical Review, XXIII (1917), 42-61; Bolton, The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest (New Haven, 1921); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America" (1933), in Wider Horizons of American History (New York, 1939), 1-53; David J. Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands," American Historical Review, XCI (1986), 66-81; John Francis Bannon, Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Historian and the Man (Tucson, 1978); Donald Worcester, "Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Making of a Western Historian," in Writing Western History, 193-216; and Albert L. Hurtado, "Herbert E. Bolton, Racism, and American History," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 127-142.
70. Herbert Eugene Bolton, "The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-American Colonies," American Historical Review, XXIII (1917), 42-61; Bolton, The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest (New Haven, 1921); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America" (1933), in Wider Horizons of American History (New York, 1939), 1-53; David J. Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands," American Historical Review, XCI (1986), 66-81; John Francis Bannon, Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Historian and the Man (Tucson, 1978); Donald Worcester, "Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Making of a Western Historian," in Writing Western History, 193-216; and Albert L. Hurtado, "Herbert E. Bolton, Racism, and American History," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 127-142.
71. Herbert Eugene Bolton, "The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish-American Colonies," American Historical Review, XXIII (1917), 42-61; Bolton, The Spanish Borderlands: A Chronicle of Old Florida and the Southwest (New Haven, 1921); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America" (1933), in Wider Horizons of American History (New York, 1939), 1-53; David J. Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands," American Historical Review, XCI (1986), 66-81; John Francis Bannon, Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Historian and the Man (Tucson, 1978); Donald Worcester, "Herbert Eugene Bolton: The Making of a Western Historian," in Writing Western History, 193-216; and Albert L. Hurtado, "Herbert E. Bolton, Racism, and American History," Pacific Historical Review, LXII (1993), 127-142.
72. William Christie MacLeod, The American Indian Frontier (New York, 1928), vii, viii.
73. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York, 1976), 76-82, offers a quick introduction. But see also A. L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckholn, Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1952; reprint, New York, 1963); Frederick M. Barnard, "Culture and Civilization in Modern Times," in Philip P. Wiener, ed., Dictionary of the History of Ideas (New York, 1968), 613-621; Milton Singer, "The Concept of Culture," in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York, 1968), 527-543; and Robert H. Winthrop, Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology (New York, 1991), 50-61. For overviews of period anthropology, see Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, and Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Prensent (New York, 1978).
74. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York, 1976), 76-82, offers a quick introduction. But see also A. L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckholn, Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1952; reprint, New York, 1963); Frederick M. Barnard, "Culture and Civilization in Modern Times," in Philip P. Wiener, ed., Dictionary of the History of Ideas (New York, 1968), 613-621; Milton Singer, "The Concept of Culture," in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York, 1968), 527-543; and Robert H. Winthrop, Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology (New York, 1991), 50-61. For overviews of period anthropology, see Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, and Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Prensent (New York, 1978).
75. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York, 1976), 76-82, offers a quick introduction. But see also A. L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckholn, Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1952; reprint, New York, 1963); Frederick M. Barnard, "Culture and Civilization in Modern Times," in Philip P. Wiener, ed., Dictionary of the History of Ideas (New York, 1968), 613-621; Milton Singer, "The Concept of Culture," in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York, 1968), 527-543; and Robert H. Winthrop, Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology (New York, 1991), 50-61. For overviews of period anthropology, see Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, and Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Prensent (New York, 1978).
76. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York, 1976), 76-82, offers a quick introduction. But see also A. L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckholn, Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1952; reprint, New York, 1963); Frederick M. Barnard, "Culture and Civilization in Modern Times," in Philip P. Wiener, ed., Dictionary of the History of Ideas (New York, 1968), 613-621; Milton Singer, "The Concept of Culture," in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York, 1968), 527-543; and Robert H. Winthrop, Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology (New York, 1991), 50-61. For overviews of period anthropology, see Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, and Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Prensent (New York, 1978).
77. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York, 1976), 76-82, offers a quick introduction. But see also A. L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckholn, Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1952; reprint, New York, 1963); Frederick M. Barnard, "Culture and Civilization in Modern Times," in Philip P. Wiener, ed., Dictionary of the History of Ideas (New York, 1968), 613-621; Milton Singer, "The Concept of Culture," in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York, 1968), 527-543; and Robert H. Winthrop, Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology (New York, 1991), 50-61. For overviews of period anthropology, see Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, and Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Prensent (New York, 1978).
78. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York, 1976), 76-82, offers a quick introduction. But see also A. L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckholn, Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1952; reprint, New York, 1963); Frederick M. Barnard, "Culture and Civilization in Modern Times," in Philip P. Wiener, ed., Dictionary of the History of Ideas (New York, 1968), 613-621; Milton Singer, "The Concept of Culture," in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York, 1968), 527-543; and Robert H. Winthrop, Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology (New York, 1991), 50-61. For overviews of period anthropology, see Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, and Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Prensent (New York, 1978).
79. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York, 1976), 76-82, offers a quick introduction. But see also A. L. Kroeber and Clyde Kluckholn, Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1952; reprint, New York, 1963); Frederick M. Barnard, "Culture and Civilization in Modern Times," in Philip P. Wiener, ed., Dictionary of the History of Ideas (New York, 1968), 613-621; Milton Singer, "The Concept of Culture," in David L. Sills, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (New York, 1968), 527-543; and Robert H. Winthrop, Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology (New York, 1991), 50-61. For overviews of period anthropology, see Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, and Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., The White Man's Indian: Images of the American Indian from Columbus to the Prensent (New York, 1978).
80. Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture (1934; reprint, Boston, 1989), 36. The single best source on Benedict's life and thought is Margaret M. Caffrey, Ruth Benedict: Stranger in This Land (Austin, 1989).
81. Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture (1934; reprint, Boston, 1989), 36. The single best source on Benedict's life and thought is Margaret M. Caffrey, Ruth Benedict: Stranger in This Land (Austin, 1989).
82. On salvage ethnography, see Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, 276-340; and Jacob W. Gruber, "Ethnographic Salvage and the Shaping of Anthropology," American Anthropologist, LXXII (1970), 1289-1299. Also relevant here is Brian W. Dippie, The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy (Middletown, Conn., 1982). On acculturation, see Robert Redfield, Ralph Linton, and Melville Hersokovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation," American Anthropologist, XXXVIII (1936), 149-152; and Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, 142-144, 228-229.
83. On salvage ethnography, see Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, 276-340; and Jacob W. Gruber, "Ethnographic Salvage and the Shaping of Anthropology," American Anthropologist, LXXII (1970), 1289-1299. Also relevant here is Brian W. Dippie, The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy (Middletown, Conn., 1982). On acculturation, see Robert Redfield, Ralph Linton, and Melville Hersokovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation," American Anthropologist, XXXVIII (1936), 149-152; and Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, 142-144, 228-229.
84. On salvage ethnography, see Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, 276-340; and Jacob W. Gruber, "Ethnographic Salvage and the Shaping of Anthropology," American Anthropologist, LXXII (1970), 1289-1299. Also relevant here is Brian W. Dippie, The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy (Middletown, Conn., 1982). On acculturation, see Robert Redfield, Ralph Linton, and Melville Hersokovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation," American Anthropologist, XXXVIII (1936), 149-152; and Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, 142-144, 228-229.
85. On salvage ethnography, see Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, 276-340; and Jacob W. Gruber, "Ethnographic Salvage and the Shaping of Anthropology," American Anthropologist, LXXII (1970), 1289-1299. Also relevant here is Brian W. Dippie, The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy (Middletown, Conn., 1982). On acculturation, see Robert Redfield, Ralph Linton, and Melville Hersokovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation," American Anthropologist, XXXVIII (1936), 149-152; and Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, 142-144, 228-229.
86. On salvage ethnography, see Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, 276-340; and Jacob W. Gruber, "Ethnographic Salvage and the Shaping of Anthropology," American Anthropologist, LXXII (1970), 1289-1299. Also relevant here is Brian W. Dippie, The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy (Middletown, Conn., 1982). On acculturation, see Robert Redfield, Ralph Linton, and Melville Hersokovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation," American Anthropologist, XXXVIII (1936), 149-152; and Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, 142-144, 228-229.
87. Redfield, Linton, and Hersokovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation." See also the Social Science Research Council Summer Seminar on Acculturation, "Acculturation: An Exploratory Formulation" American Anthropologist, LVI (1954), 974. According to the editor, Ralph Linton, this journal published its first article on acculturation in 1932, but the subject effectively began with the 1936 memorandum. As the editor put it, in the editorial comment to American Anthropologist in 1954, the 1936 and 1954 issues "mark off the whole history of a subject" (ibid., 972). The 1954 piece lists 117 items in its bibliography, virtually all of which were published after 1936. Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore, 1992), offers a good overview. Compare Russell A. Kazal, "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History," American Historical Review, C (1995), 437-471.
88. Redfield, Linton, and Hersokovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation." See also the Social Science Research Council Summer Seminar on Acculturation, "Acculturation: An Exploratory Formulation" American Anthropologist, LVI (1954), 974. According to the editor, Ralph Linton, this journal published its first article on acculturation in 1932, but the subject effectively began with the 1936 memorandum. As the editor put it, in the editorial comment to American Anthropologist in 1954, the 1936 and 1954 issues "mark off the whole history of a subject" (ibid., 972). The 1954 piece lists 117 items in its bibliography, virtually all of which were published after 1936. Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore, 1992), offers a good overview. Compare Russell A. Kazal, "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History," American Historical Review, C (1995), 437-471.
89. Redfield, Linton, and Hersokovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation." See also the Social Science Research Council Summer Seminar on Acculturation, "Acculturation: An Exploratory Formulation" American Anthropologist, LVI (1954), 974. According to the editor, Ralph Linton, this journal published its first article on acculturation in 1932, but the subject effectively began with the 1936 memorandum. As the editor put it, in the editorial comment to American Anthropologist in 1954, the 1936 and 1954 issues "mark off the whole history of a subject" (ibid., 972). The 1954 piece lists 117 items in its bibliography, virtually all of which were published after 1936. Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore, 1992), offers a good overview. Compare Russell A. Kazal, "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History," American Historical Review, C (1995), 437-471.
90. Redfield, Linton, and Hersokovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation." See also the Social Science Research Council Summer Seminar on Acculturation, "Acculturation: An Exploratory Formulation" American Anthropologist, LVI (1954), 974. According to the editor, Ralph Linton, this journal published its first article on acculturation in 1932, but the subject effectively began with the 1936 memorandum. As the editor put it, in the editorial comment to American Anthropologist in 1954, the 1936 and 1954 issues "mark off the whole history of a subject" (ibid., 972). The 1954 piece lists 117 items in its bibliography, virtually all of which were published after 1936. Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore, 1992), offers a good overview. Compare Russell A. Kazal, "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History," American Historical Review, C (1995), 437-471.
91. Redfield, Linton, and Hersokovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation." See also the Social Science Research Council Summer Seminar on Acculturation, "Acculturation: An Exploratory Formulation" American Anthropologist, LVI (1954), 974. According to the editor, Ralph Linton, this journal published its first article on acculturation in 1932, but the subject effectively began with the 1936 memorandum. As the editor put it, in the editorial comment to American Anthropologist in 1954, the 1936 and 1954 issues "mark off the whole history of a subject" (ibid., 972). The 1954 piece lists 117 items in its bibliography, virtually all of which were published after 1936. Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore, 1992), offers a good overview. Compare Russell A. Kazal, "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History," American Historical Review, C (1995), 437-471.
92. Redfield, Linton, and Hersokovits, "Memorandum on the Study of Acculturation." See also the Social Science Research Council Summer Seminar on Acculturation, "Acculturation: An Exploratory Formulation" American Anthropologist, LVI (1954), 974. According to the editor, Ralph Linton, this journal published its first article on acculturation in 1932, but the subject effectively began with the 1936 memorandum. As the editor put it, in the editorial comment to American Anthropologist in 1954, the 1936 and 1954 issues "mark off the whole history of a subject" (ibid., 972). The 1954 piece lists 117 items in its bibliography, virtually all of which were published after 1936. Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore, 1992), offers a good overview. Compare Russell A. Kazal, "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept in American Ethnic History," American Historical Review, C (1995), 437-471.
93. Ralph Linton, ed., Acculturation in Seven American Indian Tribes (1940; reprint, Gloucester, Mass., 1963), vii. Such appeals to the needs of government administrators quickly became a rhetorical convention for acculturation articles published in the American Anthropologist, the discipline's leading journal in the United States and edited by Linton. See, for instance, Laura Thompson, "Attitudes and Acculturation," American Anthropologist, L (1948), 200-225; Florence Hawley, "An Examination of Problems Basic to Acculturation in the Rio Grande Pueblos" ibid., 612-624; and Edward M. Bruner, "Primary Group Experience and the Processes of Acculturation," ibid., LVIII (1956), 602-623.
94. Ralph Linton, ed., Acculturation in Seven American Indian Tribes (1940; reprint, Gloucester, Mass., 1963), vii. Such appeals to the needs of government administrators quickly became a rhetorical convention for acculturation articles published in the American Anthropologist, the discipline's leading journal in the United States and edited by Linton. See, for instance, Laura Thompson, "Attitudes and Acculturation," American Anthropologist, L (1948), 200-225; Florence Hawley, "An Examination of Problems Basic to Acculturation in the Rio Grande Pueblos" ibid., 612-624; and Edward M. Bruner, "Primary Group Experience and the Processes of Acculturation," ibid., LVIII (1956), 602-623.
95. Ralph Linton, ed., Acculturation in Seven American Indian Tribes (1940; reprint, Gloucester, Mass., 1963), vii. Such appeals to the needs of government administrators quickly became a rhetorical convention for acculturation articles published in the American Anthropologist, the discipline's leading journal in the United States and edited by Linton. See, for instance, Laura Thompson, "Attitudes and Acculturation," American Anthropologist, L (1948), 200-225; Florence Hawley, "An Examination of Problems Basic to Acculturation in the Rio Grande Pueblos" ibid., 612-624; and Edward M. Bruner, "Primary Group Experience and the Processes of Acculturation," ibid., LVIII (1956), 602-623.
96. Ralph Linton, ed., Acculturation in Seven American Indian Tribes (1940; reprint, Gloucester, Mass., 1963), vii. Such appeals to the needs of government administrators quickly became a rhetorical convention for acculturation articles published in the American Anthropologist, the discipline's leading journal in the United States and edited by Linton. See, for instance, Laura Thompson, "Attitudes and Acculturation," American Anthropologist, L (1948), 200-225; Florence Hawley, "An Examination of Problems Basic to Acculturation in the Rio Grande Pueblos" ibid., 612-624; and Edward M. Bruner, "Primary Group Experience and the Processes of Acculturation," ibid., LVIII (1956), 602-623.
97. Ralph Linton, ed., Acculturation in Seven American Indian Tribes (1940; reprint, Gloucester, Mass., 1963), vii. Such appeals to the needs of government administrators quickly became a rhetorical convention for acculturation articles published in the American Anthropologist, the discipline's leading journal in the United States and edited by Linton. See, for instance, Laura Thompson, "Attitudes and Acculturation," American Anthropologist, L (1948), 200-225; Florence Hawley, "An Examination of Problems Basic to Acculturation in the Rio Grande Pueblos" ibid., 612-624; and Edward M. Bruner, "Primary Group Experience and the Processes of Acculturation," ibid., LVIII (1956), 602-623.
98. Linton, "Acculturation and the Process of Culture Change," Acculturation, 463-482; "The Processes of Culture Transfer," ibid., 483-500; and "The Distinctive Aspects of Acculturation," ibid., 501-520. On Linton, see Adelin Linton and Charles Wagley, Ralph Linton (New York, 1971), esp. 49-52.
99. Linton, "Acculturation and the Process of Culture Change," Acculturation, 463-482; "The Processes of Culture Transfer," ibid., 483-500; and "The Distinctive Aspects of Acculturation," ibid., 501-520. On Linton, see Adelin Linton and Charles Wagley, Ralph Linton (New York, 1971), esp. 49-52.
100. Linton, "Acculturation and the Process of Culture Change," Acculturation, 463-482; "The Processes of Culture Transfer," ibid., 483-500; and "The Distinctive Aspects of Acculturation," ibid., 501-520. On Linton, see Adelin Linton and Charles Wagley, Ralph Linton (New York, 1971), esp. 49-52.
101. Linton, "Acculturation and the Process of Culture Change," Acculturation, 463-482; "The Processes of Culture Transfer," ibid., 483-500; and "The Distinctive Aspects of Acculturation," ibid., 501-520. On Linton, see Adelin Linton and Charles Wagley, Ralph Linton (New York, 1971), esp. 49-52.
102. Natalie F. Joffe, "The Fox of Iowa," in Linton, ed., Acculturation, 259, 332. Joffe's article drew extensively from primary documents and quoted Louise Phelps Kellog's "The Fox Indians during the French Regime," Wisconsin State Historical Society Proceedings, 1907 (Madison, 1908), 142-188, a work completed under Turner's direction.
103. Natalie F. Joffe, "The Fox of Iowa," in Linton, ed., Acculturation, 259, 332. Joffe's article drew extensively from primary documents and quoted Louise Phelps Kellog's "The Fox Indians during the French Regime," Wisconsin State Historical Society Proceedings, 1907 (Madison, 1908), 142-188, a work completed under Turner's direction.
104. Anthony F. C. Wallace, "Handsome Lake and the Great Revival in the West," American Quarterly, IV (1952), 149-165; Wallace, "Revitalization Movements: Some Theoretical Considerations for Their Comparative Study," American Anthropologist, LVI (1956), 264-281; Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York, 1969); Hallowell, "The Backwash of the Frontier: The Impact of the Indian on American Culture" (1957), in Walker D. Wyman and Clifton B. Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, 1965), 229-258; Hallowell, "American Indians, White and Black: The Phenomenon of Transculturation," Current Anthropology, IV (1963), 519-531; Everett C. Hughes and Helen M. Hughes, Where Peoples Meet: Racial and Ethnic Frontiers (Glencoe, Ill., 1952); Edward W. Spicer, ed., Perspectives in American Indian Culture Change (Chicago, 1961); and Spicer, Cycles of Conquest; The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960 (Tucson, 1962).
105. Anthony F. C. Wallace, "Handsome Lake and the Great Revival in the West," American Quarterly, IV (1952), 149-165; Wallace, "Revitalization Movements: Some Theoretical Considerations for Their Comparative Study," American Anthropologist, LVI (1956), 264-281; Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York, 1969); Hallowell, "The Backwash of the Frontier: The Impact of the Indian on American Culture" (1957), in Walker D. Wyman and Clifton B. Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, 1965), 229-258; Hallowell, "American Indians, White and Black: The Phenomenon of Transculturation," Current Anthropology, IV (1963), 519-531; Everett C. Hughes and Helen M. Hughes, Where Peoples Meet: Racial and Ethnic Frontiers (Glencoe, Ill., 1952); Edward W. Spicer, ed., Perspectives in American Indian Culture Change (Chicago, 1961); and Spicer, Cycles of Conquest; The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960 (Tucson, 1962).
106. Anthony F. C. Wallace, "Handsome Lake and the Great Revival in the West," American Quarterly, IV (1952), 149-165; Wallace, "Revitalization Movements: Some Theoretical Considerations for Their Comparative Study," American Anthropologist, LVI (1956), 264-281; Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York, 1969); Hallowell, "The Backwash of the Frontier: The Impact of the Indian on American Culture" (1957), in Walker D. Wyman and Clifton B. Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, 1965), 229-258; Hallowell, "American Indians, White and Black: The Phenomenon of Transculturation," Current Anthropology, IV (1963), 519-531; Everett C. Hughes and Helen M. Hughes, Where Peoples Meet: Racial and Ethnic Frontiers (Glencoe, Ill., 1952); Edward W. Spicer, ed., Perspectives in American Indian Culture Change (Chicago, 1961); and Spicer, Cycles of Conquest; The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960 (Tucson, 1962).
107. Anthony F. C. Wallace, "Handsome Lake and the Great Revival in the West," American Quarterly, IV (1952), 149-165; Wallace, "Revitalization Movements: Some Theoretical Considerations for Their Comparative Study," American Anthropologist, LVI (1956), 264-281; Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York, 1969); Hallowell, "The Backwash of the Frontier: The Impact of the Indian on American Culture" (1957), in Walker D. Wyman and Clifton B. Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, 1965), 229-258; Hallowell, "American Indians, White and Black: The Phenomenon of Transculturation," Current Anthropology, IV (1963), 519-531; Everett C. Hughes and Helen M. Hughes, Where Peoples Meet: Racial and Ethnic Frontiers (Glencoe, Ill., 1952); Edward W. Spicer, ed., Perspectives in American Indian Culture Change (Chicago, 1961); and Spicer, Cycles of Conquest; The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960 (Tucson, 1962).
108. Anthony F. C. Wallace, "Handsome Lake and the Great Revival in the West," American Quarterly, IV (1952), 149-165; Wallace, "Revitalization Movements: Some Theoretical Considerations for Their Comparative Study," American Anthropologist, LVI (1956), 264-281; Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York, 1969); Hallowell, "The Backwash of the Frontier: The Impact of the Indian on American Culture" (1957), in Walker D. Wyman and Clifton B. Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, 1965), 229-258; Hallowell, "American Indians, White and Black: The Phenomenon of Transculturation," Current Anthropology, IV (1963), 519-531; Everett C. Hughes and Helen M. Hughes, Where Peoples Meet: Racial and Ethnic Frontiers (Glencoe, Ill., 1952); Edward W. Spicer, ed., Perspectives in American Indian Culture Change (Chicago, 1961); and Spicer, Cycles of Conquest; The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960 (Tucson, 1962).
109. Anthony F. C. Wallace, "Handsome Lake and the Great Revival in the West," American Quarterly, IV (1952), 149-165; Wallace, "Revitalization Movements: Some Theoretical Considerations for Their Comparative Study," American Anthropologist, LVI (1956), 264-281; Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York, 1969); Hallowell, "The Backwash of the Frontier: The Impact of the Indian on American Culture" (1957), in Walker D. Wyman and Clifton B. Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, 1965), 229-258; Hallowell, "American Indians, White and Black: The Phenomenon of Transculturation," Current Anthropology, IV (1963), 519-531; Everett C. Hughes and Helen M. Hughes, Where Peoples Meet: Racial and Ethnic Frontiers (Glencoe, Ill., 1952); Edward W. Spicer, ed., Perspectives in American Indian Culture Change (Chicago, 1961); and Spicer, Cycles of Conquest; The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960 (Tucson, 1962).
110. Anthony F. C. Wallace, "Handsome Lake and the Great Revival in the West," American Quarterly, IV (1952), 149-165; Wallace, "Revitalization Movements: Some Theoretical Considerations for Their Comparative Study," American Anthropologist, LVI (1956), 264-281; Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York, 1969); Hallowell, "The Backwash of the Frontier: The Impact of the Indian on American Culture" (1957), in Walker D. Wyman and Clifton B. Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, 1965), 229-258; Hallowell, "American Indians, White and Black: The Phenomenon of Transculturation," Current Anthropology, IV (1963), 519-531; Everett C. Hughes and Helen M. Hughes, Where Peoples Meet: Racial and Ethnic Frontiers (Glencoe, Ill., 1952); Edward W. Spicer, ed., Perspectives in American Indian Culture Change (Chicago, 1961); and Spicer, Cycles of Conquest; The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960 (Tucson, 1962).
111. Anthony F. C. Wallace, "Handsome Lake and the Great Revival in the West," American Quarterly, IV (1952), 149-165; Wallace, "Revitalization Movements: Some Theoretical Considerations for Their Comparative Study," American Anthropologist, LVI (1956), 264-281; Wallace, The Death and Rebirth of the Seneca (New York, 1969); Hallowell, "The Backwash of the Frontier: The Impact of the Indian on American Culture" (1957), in Walker D. Wyman and Clifton B. Kroeber, eds., The Frontier in Perspective (Madison, 1965), 229-258; Hallowell, "American Indians, White and Black: The Phenomenon of Transculturation," Current Anthropology, IV (1963), 519-531; Everett C. Hughes and Helen M. Hughes, Where Peoples Meet: Racial and Ethnic Frontiers (Glencoe, Ill., 1952); Edward W. Spicer, ed., Perspectives in American Indian Culture Change (Chicago, 1961); and Spicer, Cycles of Conquest; The Impact of Spain, Mexico, and the United States on the Indians of the Southwest, 1533-1960 (Tucson, 1962).
112. Spicer, Cycles of Conquest, I. Compare Spicer's double plot with that in James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 17; and Stephen Greenblatt, "Towards a Poetics of Culture" in Learning to Curse: Essays in Early Modern Culture (New York, 1990), 151. See also Kerwin Lee Klein, "In Search of Narrative Mastery: Postmodernism and the People without History," History and Theory, XXXIV (1995), 275-298.
113. Spicer, Cycles of Conquest, I. Compare Spicer's double plot with that in James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 17; and Stephen Greenblatt, "Towards a Poetics of Culture" in Learning to Curse: Essays in Early Modern Culture (New York, 1990), 151. See also Kerwin Lee Klein, "In Search of Narrative Mastery: Postmodernism and the People without History," History and Theory, XXXIV (1995), 275-298.
114. Spicer, Cycles of Conquest, I. Compare Spicer's double plot with that in James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 17; and Stephen Greenblatt, "Towards a Poetics of Culture" in Learning to Curse: Essays in Early Modern Culture (New York, 1990), 151. See also Kerwin Lee Klein, "In Search of Narrative Mastery: Postmodernism and the People without History," History and Theory, XXXIV (1995), 275-298.
115. Spicer, Cycles of Conquest, I. Compare Spicer's double plot with that in James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 17; and Stephen Greenblatt, "Towards a Poetics of Culture" in Learning to Curse: Essays in Early Modern Culture (New York, 1990), 151. See also Kerwin Lee Klein, "In Search of Narrative Mastery: Postmodernism and the People without History," History and Theory, XXXIV (1995), 275-298.
116. Jack D. Forbes, "The Indian in the West: A Challenge for Historians," Arizona and the West, I (1959), 210; Forbes, "Frontiers in American History," 64, 65; Forbes, "Frontiers in American History and the Role of the American Historian," Ethnohistory, XV (1968), 203-235.
117. Jack D. Forbes, "The Indian in the West: A Challenge for Historians," Arizona and the West, I (1959), 210; Forbes, "Frontiers in American History," 64, 65; Forbes, "Frontiers in American History and the Role of the American Historian," Ethnohistory, XV (1968), 203-235.
118. Jack D. Forbes, "The Indian in the West: A Challenge for Historians," Arizona and the West, I (1959), 210; Forbes, "Frontiers in American History," 64, 65; Forbes, "Frontiers in American History and the Role of the American Historian," Ethnohistory, XV (1968), 203-235.
119. Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, Berkhofer, While Man's Indian; James A. Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers," in Being and Becoming Indian: Biographical Studies of North American Frontiers (Chicago, 1989), 1-37. These are crucial issues in ethnographic criticism. See especially Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York, 1983); James Clifford and George E. Marcus, eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, 1986); Clifford, Predicament of Culture; and Marc Manganaro, ed., Modernist Anthropology: From Fteldwork to Text (Princeton, 1990).
120. Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, Berkhofer, While Man's Indian; James A. Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers," in Being and Becoming Indian: Biographical Studies of North American Frontiers (Chicago, 1989), 1-37. These are crucial issues in ethnographic criticism. See especially Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York, 1983); James Clifford and George E. Marcus, eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, 1986); Clifford, Predicament of Culture; and Marc Manganaro, ed., Modernist Anthropology: From Fteldwork to Text (Princeton, 1990).
121. Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, Berkhofer, While Man's Indian; James A. Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers," in Being and Becoming Indian: Biographical Studies of North American Frontiers (Chicago, 1989), 1-37. These are crucial issues in ethnographic criticism. See especially Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York, 1983); James Clifford and George E. Marcus, eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, 1986); Clifford, Predicament of Culture; and Marc Manganaro, ed., Modernist Anthropology: From Fteldwork to Text (Princeton, 1990).
122. Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, Berkhofer, While Man's Indian; James A. Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers," in Being and Becoming Indian: Biographical Studies of North American Frontiers (Chicago, 1989), 1-37. These are crucial issues in ethnographic criticism. See especially Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York, 1983); James Clifford and George E. Marcus, eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, 1986); Clifford, Predicament of Culture; and Marc Manganaro, ed., Modernist Anthropology: From Fteldwork to Text (Princeton, 1990).
123. Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, Berkhofer, While Man's Indian; James A. Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers," in Being and Becoming Indian: Biographical Studies of North American Frontiers (Chicago, 1989), 1-37. These are crucial issues in ethnographic criticism. See especially Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York, 1983); James Clifford and George E. Marcus, eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, 1986); Clifford, Predicament of Culture; and Marc Manganaro, ed., Modernist Anthropology: From Fteldwork to Text (Princeton, 1990).
124. Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, Berkhofer, While Man's Indian; James A. Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers," in Being and Becoming Indian: Biographical Studies of North American Frontiers (Chicago, 1989), 1-37. These are crucial issues in ethnographic criticism. See especially Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York, 1983); James Clifford and George E. Marcus, eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, 1986); Clifford, Predicament of Culture; and Marc Manganaro, ed., Modernist Anthropology: From Fteldwork to Text (Princeton, 1990).
125. Stocking, Ethnographer's Magic, Berkhofer, While Man's Indian; James A. Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers," in Being and Becoming Indian: Biographical Studies of North American Frontiers (Chicago, 1989), 1-37. These are crucial issues in ethnographic criticism. See especially Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York, 1983); James Clifford and George E. Marcus, eds., Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography (Berkeley, 1986); Clifford, Predicament of Culture; and Marc Manganaro, ed., Modernist Anthropology: From Fteldwork to Text (Princeton, 1990).
126. Fredrik Barth, "Introduction," in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston, 1969), 10, 14, 15. Barth gave a plenary address before the American Anthropological Association in 1966 ("On the Study of Social Change"). For samplings of the vast body of literature on "ethnicity," see G. Carter Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 1," Sage Race Relations Abstracts, VIII (May 1983), 1-53; Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 2," ibid. (Aug. 1983), 1-26; William Boelhower, Through a Glass Darkly: Ethnic Semiosis in American Literature (Oxford, 1984); Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in
127. Fredrik Barth, "Introduction," in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston, 1969), 10, 14, 15. Barth gave a plenary address before the American Anthropological Association in 1966 ("On the Study of Social Change"). For samplings of the vast body of literature on "ethnicity," see G. Carter Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 1," Sage Race Relations Abstracts, VIII (May 1983), 1-53; Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 2," ibid. (Aug. 1983), 1-26; William Boelhower, Through a Glass Darkly: Ethnic Semiosis in American Literature (Oxford, 1984); Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (Oxford, 1986); Sollors, ed., The Invention of Ethnicity (Oxford, 1989); Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford, 1986); William A. Douglass, "A Critique of Recent Trends in the Analysis of Ethnonationalism," Ethnic and Racial Studies, XII (1988), 192-206; David Hollinger, "Postethnic America," Contention, II (1992), 79-96; and Hollinger, "How Wide the Circle of the 'We'? American Intellectuals and the Problem of the Ethnos since World War II," American Historical Review, XCVIII (1993), 317-337.
128. Fredrik Barth, "Introduction," in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston, 1969), 10, 14, 15. Barth gave a plenary address before the American Anthropological Association in 1966 ("On the Study of Social Change"). For samplings of the vast body of literature on "ethnicity," see G. Carter Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 1," Sage Race Relations Abstracts, VIII (May 1983), 1-53; Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 2," ibid. (Aug. 1983), 1-26; William Boelhower, Through a Glass Darkly: Ethnic Semiosis in American Literature (Oxford, 1984); Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (Oxford, 1986); Sollors, ed., The Invention of Ethnicity (Oxford, 1989); Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford, 1986); William A. Douglass, "A Critique of Recent Trends in the Analysis of Ethnonationalism," Ethnic and Racial Studies, XII (1988), 192-206; David Hollinger, "Postethnic America," Contention, II (1992), 79-96; and Hollinger, "How Wide the Circle of the 'We'? American Intellectuals and the Problem of the Ethnos since World War II," American Historical Review, XCVIII (1993), 317-337.
129. Fredrik Barth, "Introduction," in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston, 1969), 10, 14, 15. Barth gave a plenary address before the American Anthropological Association in 1966 ("On the Study of Social Change"). For samplings of the vast body of literature on "ethnicity," see G. Carter Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 1," Sage Race Relations Abstracts, VIII (May 1983), 1-53; Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 2," ibid. (Aug. 1983), 1-26; William Boelhower, Through a Glass Darkly: Ethnic Semiosis in American Literature (Oxford, 1984); Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (Oxford, 1986); Sollors, ed., The Invention of Ethnicity (Oxford, 1989); Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford, 1986); William A. Douglass, "A Critique of Recent Trends in the Analysis of Ethnonationalism," Ethnic and Racial Studies, XII (1988), 192-206; David Hollinger, "Postethnic America," Contention, II (1992), 79-96; and Hollinger, "How Wide the Circle of the 'We'? American Intellectuals and the Problem of the Ethnos since World War II," American Historical Review, XCVIII (1993), 317-337.
130. Fredrik Barth, "Introduction," in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston, 1969), 10, 14, 15. Barth gave a plenary address before the American Anthropological Association in 1966 ("On the Study of Social Change"). For samplings of the vast body of literature on "ethnicity," see G. Carter Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 1," Sage Race Relations Abstracts, VIII (May 1983), 1-53; Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 2," ibid. (Aug. 1983), 1-26; William Boelhower, Through a Glass Darkly: Ethnic Semiosis in American Literature (Oxford, 1984); Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (Oxford, 1986); Sollors, ed., The Invention of Ethnicity (Oxford, 1989); Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford, 1986); William A. Douglass, "A Critique of Recent Trends in the Analysis of Ethnonationalism," Ethnic and Racial Studies, XII (1988), 192-206; David Hollinger, "Postethnic America," Contention, II (1992), 79-96; and Hollinger, "How Wide the Circle of the 'We'? American Intellectuals and the Problem of the Ethnos since World War II," American Historical Review, XCVIII (1993), 317-337.
131. Fredrik Barth, "Introduction," in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston, 1969), 10, 14, 15. Barth gave a plenary address before the American Anthropological Association in 1966 ("On the Study of Social Change"). For samplings of the vast body of literature on "ethnicity," see G. Carter Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 1," Sage Race Relations Abstracts, VIII (May 1983), 1-53; Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 2," ibid. (Aug. 1983), 1-26; William Boelhower, Through a Glass Darkly: Ethnic Semiosis in American Literature (Oxford, 1984); Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (Oxford, 1986); Sollors, ed., The Invention of Ethnicity (Oxford, 1989); Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford, 1986); William A. Douglass, "A Critique of Recent Trends in the Analysis of Ethnonationalism," Ethnic and Racial Studies, XII (1988), 192-206; David Hollinger, "Postethnic America," Contention, II (1992), 79-96; and Hollinger, "How Wide the Circle of the 'We'? American Intellectuals and the Problem of the Ethnos since World War II," American Historical Review, XCVIII (1993), 317-337.
132. Fredrik Barth, "Introduction," in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston, 1969), 10, 14, 15. Barth gave a plenary address before the American Anthropological Association in 1966 ("On the Study of Social Change"). For samplings of the vast body of literature on "ethnicity," see G. Carter Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 1," Sage Race Relations Abstracts, VIII (May 1983), 1-53; Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 2," ibid. (Aug. 1983), 1-26; William Boelhower, Through a Glass Darkly: Ethnic Semiosis in American Literature (Oxford, 1984); Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (Oxford, 1986); Sollors, ed., The Invention of Ethnicity (Oxford, 1989); Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford, 1986); William A. Douglass, "A Critique of Recent Trends in the Analysis of Ethnonationalism," Ethnic and Racial Studies, XII (1988), 192-206; David Hollinger, "Postethnic America," Contention, II (1992), 79-96; and Hollinger, "How Wide the Circle of the 'We'? American Intellectuals and the Problem of the Ethnos since World War II," American Historical Review, XCVIII (1993), 317-337.
133. Fredrik Barth, "Introduction," in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston, 1969), 10, 14, 15. Barth gave a plenary address before the American Anthropological Association in 1966 ("On the Study of Social Change"). For samplings of the vast body of literature on "ethnicity," see G. Carter Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 1," Sage Race Relations Abstracts, VIII (May 1983), 1-53; Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 2," ibid. (Aug. 1983), 1-26; William Boelhower, Through a Glass Darkly: Ethnic Semiosis in American Literature (Oxford, 1984); Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (Oxford, 1986); Sollors, ed., The Invention of Ethnicity (Oxford, 1989); Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford, 1986); William A. Douglass, "A Critique of Recent Trends in the Analysis of Ethnonationalism," Ethnic and Racial Studies, XII (1988), 192-206; David Hollinger, "Postethnic America," Contention, II (1992), 79-96; and Hollinger, "How Wide the Circle of the 'We'? American Intellectuals and the Problem of the Ethnos since World War II," American Historical Review, XCVIII (1993), 317-337.
134. Fredrik Barth, "Introduction," in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston, 1969), 10, 14, 15. Barth gave a plenary address before the American Anthropological Association in 1966 ("On the Study of Social Change"). For samplings of the vast body of literature on "ethnicity," see G. Carter Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 1," Sage Race Relations Abstracts, VIII (May 1983), 1-53; Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 2," ibid. (Aug. 1983), 1-26; William Boelhower, Through a Glass Darkly: Ethnic Semiosis in American Literature (Oxford, 1984); Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (Oxford, 1986); Sollors, ed., The Invention of Ethnicity (Oxford, 1989); Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford, 1986); William A. Douglass, "A Critique of Recent Trends in the Analysis of Ethnonationalism," Ethnic and Racial Studies, XII (1988), 192-206; David Hollinger, "Postethnic America," Contention, II (1992), 79-96; and Hollinger, "How Wide the Circle of the 'We'? American Intellectuals and the Problem of the Ethnos since World War II," American Historical Review, XCVIII (1993), 317-337.
135. Fredrik Barth, "Introduction," in Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference (Boston, 1969), 10, 14, 15. Barth gave a plenary address before the American Anthropological Association in 1966 ("On the Study of Social Change"). For samplings of the vast body of literature on "ethnicity," see G. Carter Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 1," Sage Race Relations Abstracts, VIII (May 1983), 1-53; Bentley, "Theoretical Perspectives on Ethnicity and Nationality, Part 2," ibid. (Aug. 1983), 1-26; William Boelhower, Through a Glass Darkly: Ethnic Semiosis in American Literature (Oxford, 1984); Werner Sollors, Beyond Ethnicity: Consent and Descent in American Culture (Oxford, 1986); Sollors, ed., The Invention of Ethnicity (Oxford, 1989); Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origin of Nations (Oxford, 1986); William A. Douglass, "A Critique of Recent Trends in the Analysis of Ethnonationalism," Ethnic and Racial Studies, XII (1988), 192-206; David Hollinger, "Postethnic America," Contention, II (1992), 79-96; and Hollinger, "How Wide the Circle of the 'We'? American Intellectuals and the Problem of the Ethnos since World War II," American Historical Review, XCVIII (1993), 317-337.
136. Edward H. Spicer and Raymond H. Thompson, Plural Society in the Southwest (New York, 1972). See Spicer's "Introduction," 1-20, and "Plural Society in the Southwest," 21-75. For the discussion of Barth, see esp. 54-64. For the connection to Spicer's earlier frontier studies, see esp. 10-11. Miguel León-Portilla, "The Norteño Variety of Mexican Culture: An Ethnohistorical Approach," 77-114, strongly complemented Spicer's account and usage, but John H. Parry, "Plural Society in the Southwest: A Historical Comment," 299-320, at times verged on the older assimilationist tale that Spicer and most of his coauthors were criticizing. Paul Bohannon, "Introduction," in Bohannon and Fred Plog, eds., Beyond the Frontier: Social Process and Cultural Change (Garden City, N. Y., 1967), xi.
137. Edward H. Spicer and Raymond H. Thompson, Plural Society in the Southwest (New York, 1972). See Spicer's "Introduction," 1-20, and "Plural Society in the Southwest," 21-75. For the discussion of Barth, see esp. 54-64. For the connection to Spicer's earlier frontier studies, see esp. 10-11. Miguel León-Portilla, "The Norteño Variety of Mexican Culture: An Ethnohistorical Approach," 77-114, strongly complemented Spicer's account and usage, but John H. Parry, "Plural Society in the Southwest: A Historical Comment," 299-320, at times verged on the older assimilationist tale that Spicer and most of his coauthors were criticizing. Paul Bohannon, "Introduction," in Bohannon and Fred Plog, eds., Beyond the Frontier: Social Process and Cultural Change (Garden City, N. Y., 1967), xi.
138. Edward H. Spicer and Raymond H. Thompson, Plural Society in the Southwest (New York, 1972). See Spicer's "Introduction," 1-20, and "Plural Society in the Southwest," 21-75. For the discussion of Barth, see esp. 54-64. For the connection to Spicer's earlier frontier studies, see esp. 10-11. Miguel León-Portilla, "The Norteño Variety of Mexican Culture: An Ethnohistorical Approach," 77-114, strongly complemented Spicer's account and usage, but John H. Parry, "Plural Society in the Southwest: A Historical Comment," 299-320, at times verged on the older assimilationist tale that Spicer and most of his coauthors were criticizing. Paul Bohannon, "Introduction," in Bohannon and Fred Plog, eds., Beyond the Frontier: Social Process and Cultural Change (Garden City, N. Y., 1967), xi.
139. Edward H. Spicer and Raymond H. Thompson, Plural Society in the Southwest (New York, 1972). See Spicer's "Introduction," 1-20, and "Plural Society in the Southwest," 21-75. For the discussion of Barth, see esp. 54-64. For the connection to Spicer's earlier frontier studies, see esp. 10-11. Miguel León-Portilla, "The Norteño Variety of Mexican Culture: An Ethnohistorical Approach," 77-114, strongly complemented Spicer's account and usage, but John H. Parry, "Plural Society in the Southwest: A Historical Comment," 299-320, at times verged on the older assimilationist tale that Spicer and most of his coauthors were criticizing. Paul Bohannon, "Introduction," in Bohannon and Fred Plog, eds., Beyond the Frontier: Social Process and Cultural Change (Garden City, N. Y., 1967), xi.
140. Edward H. Spicer and Raymond H. Thompson, Plural Society in the Southwest (New York, 1972). See Spicer's "Introduction," 1-20, and "Plural Society in the Southwest," 21-75. For the discussion of Barth, see esp. 54-64. For the connection to Spicer's earlier frontier studies, see esp. 10-11. Miguel León-Portilla, "The Norteño Variety of Mexican Culture: An Ethnohistorical Approach," 77-114, strongly complemented Spicer's account and usage, but John H. Parry, "Plural Society in the Southwest: A Historical Comment," 299-320, at times verged on the older assimilationist tale that Spicer and most of his coauthors were criticizing. Paul Bohannon, "Introduction," in Bohannon and Fred Plog, eds., Beyond the Frontier: Social Process and Cultural Change (Garden City, N. Y., 1967), xi.
141. Edward H. Spicer and Raymond H. Thompson, Plural Society in the Southwest (New York, 1972). See Spicer's "Introduction," 1-20, and "Plural Society in the Southwest," 21-75. For the discussion of Barth, see esp. 54-64. For the connection to Spicer's earlier frontier studies, see esp. 10-11. Miguel León-Portilla, "The Norteño Variety of Mexican Culture: An Ethnohistorical Approach," 77-114, strongly complemented Spicer's account and usage, but John H. Parry, "Plural Society in the Southwest: A Historical Comment," 299-320, at times verged on the older assimilationist tale that Spicer and most of his coauthors were criticizing. Paul Bohannon, "Introduction," in Bohannon and Fred Plog, eds., Beyond the Frontier: Social Process and Cultural Change (Garden City, N. Y., 1967), xi.
142. The literature is vast, but for a sampling, see Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (New York, 1962); James Westphal Thompson, An Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 300-1300 (New York, 1928); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America"; Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston, 1952); Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (San Diego, 1974), esp. 15-79; and William H. McNeill, The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, 1983).
143. The literature is vast, but for a sampling, see Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (New York, 1962); James Westphal Thompson, An Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 300-1300 (New York, 1928); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America"; Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston, 1952); Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (San Diego, 1974), esp. 15-79; and William H. McNeill, The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, 1983).
144. The literature is vast, but for a sampling, see Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (New York, 1962); James Westphal Thompson, An Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 300-1300 (New York, 1928); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America"; Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston, 1952); Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (San Diego, 1974), esp. 15-79; and William H. McNeill, The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, 1983).
145. The literature is vast, but for a sampling, see Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (New York, 1962); James Westphal Thompson, An Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 300-1300 (New York, 1928); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America"; Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston, 1952); Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (San Diego, 1974), esp. 15-79; and William H. McNeill, The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, 1983).
146. The literature is vast, but for a sampling, see Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (New York, 1962); James Westphal Thompson, An Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 300-1300 (New York, 1928); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America"; Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston, 1952); Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (San Diego, 1974), esp. 15-79; and William H. McNeill, The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, 1983).
147. The literature is vast, but for a sampling, see Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (New York, 1962); James Westphal Thompson, An Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 300-1300 (New York, 1928); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America"; Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston, 1952); Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (San Diego, 1974), esp. 15-79; and William H. McNeill, The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, 1983).
148. The literature is vast, but for a sampling, see Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (New York, 1962); James Westphal Thompson, An Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 300-1300 (New York, 1928); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America"; Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston, 1952); Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (San Diego, 1974), esp. 15-79; and William H. McNeill, The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, 1983).
149. The literature is vast, but for a sampling, see Owen Lattimore, Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers, 1928-1958 (New York, 1962); James Westphal Thompson, An Economic and Social History of the Middle Ages, 300-1300 (New York, 1928); Bolton, "The Epic of Greater America"; Walter Prescott Webb, The Great Frontier (Boston, 1952); Dietrich Gerhard, "The Frontier in Comparative View," Comparative Studies in Society and History, I (1959), 205-229; Marvin Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, L (1960), 62-74; Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (San Diego, 1974), esp. 15-79; and William H. McNeill, The Great Frontier: Freedom and Hierarchy in Modern Times (Princeton, 1983).
150. I mean by "cultural studies" something broader than the neo-Marxist texts and scholars associated with the British program and writers like Raymond Williams and Stuart Hall. See José David Saldívar, "The Limits of Cultural Studies," American Literary History, II (1990), 251-266.
151. Compare Edward M. Bruner, "Ethnography as Narrative," in Victor W. Turner and Bruner, eds., The Anthropology of Experience (Urbana, 1986), 139-153; and Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers." I have treated this topic at greater length in Frontiers of Historical Imagination: Narrating the European Occupation of Native America, 1890-1990 (Berkeley, forthcoming).
152. Compare Edward M. Bruner, "Ethnography as Narrative," in Victor W. Turner and Bruner, eds., The Anthropology of Experience (Urbana, 1986), 139-153; and Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers." I have treated this topic at greater length in Frontiers of Historical Imagination: Narrating the European Occupation of Native America, 1890-1990 (Berkeley, forthcoming).
153. Compare Edward M. Bruner, "Ethnography as Narrative," in Victor W. Turner and Bruner, eds., The Anthropology of Experience (Urbana, 1986), 139-153; and Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers." I have treated this topic at greater length in Frontiers of Historical Imagination: Narrating the European Occupation of Native America, 1890-1990 (Berkeley, forthcoming).
154. I do not mean to suggest that only these three (and internally variegated) ethnicities, Anglo, Native, and Mexican, exemplify frontier issues and history. But the genealogy running from Spanish Borderlands history to Chicana/o studies illuminates broader patterns in historical imagination.
155. George I. Sánchez, Forgotten People: A Study of New Mexicans (Albuquerque, 1940); Carey McWilliams, North from Mexico (New York, 1947); Robert Redfield, Tepoztlán, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life (Chicago, 1930); Redfield, The Little Community, and Peasant Society and Culture (1955, 1956; reprint, Chicago, 1961); Oscar Lewis, Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlán Restudied (Urbana, 1951).
156. George I. Sánchez, Forgotten People: A Study of New Mexicans (Albuquerque, 1940); Carey McWilliams, North from Mexico (New York, 1947); Robert Redfield, Tepoztlán, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life (Chicago, 1930); Redfield, The Little Community, and Peasant Society and Culture (1955, 1956; reprint, Chicago, 1961); Oscar Lewis, Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlán Restudied (Urbana, 1951).
157. George I. Sánchez, Forgotten People: A Study of New Mexicans (Albuquerque, 1940); Carey McWilliams, North from Mexico (New York, 1947); Robert Redfield, Tepoztlán, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life (Chicago, 1930); Redfield, The Little Community, and Peasant Society and Culture (1955, 1956; reprint, Chicago, 1961); Oscar Lewis, Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlán Restudied (Urbana, 1951).
158. George I. Sánchez, Forgotten People: A Study of New Mexicans (Albuquerque, 1940); Carey McWilliams, North from Mexico (New York, 1947); Robert Redfield, Tepoztlán, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life (Chicago, 1930); Redfield, The Little Community, and Peasant Society and Culture (1955, 1956; reprint, Chicago, 1961); Oscar Lewis, Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlán Restudied (Urbana, 1951).
159. George I. Sánchez, Forgotten People: A Study of New Mexicans (Albuquerque, 1940); Carey McWilliams, North from Mexico (New York, 1947); Robert Redfield, Tepoztlán, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life (Chicago, 1930); Redfield, The Little Community, and Peasant Society and Culture (1955, 1956; reprint, Chicago, 1961); Oscar Lewis, Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlán Restudied (Urbana, 1951).
160. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," Aztlán: Chicano Journal for the Social Sciences and the Arts, I (1970), iv, v; Jesús Chavarría, "A Précis and a Tentative Bibliography on Chicano History," ibid., 133-141; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Toward a Perspective on Chicano History," Aztlán, II (1971), 1-50; idem and Luis L. Arroyo, "On the State of Chicano History: Observations on Its Development, Interpretations, and Theory, 1970-1974," Western Historical Quarterly, VII (1976), 155-185; Carlos E. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," in Ellwyn R. Stoddard et al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, 1983), 60-63; Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands"; Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the Southwest, XXIX (1987), 331-363; Renato Rosaldo, "Chicano Studies, 1970-1984," Annual Review of Anthropology, XIV (1985), 405-427; Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Conflicts and Cohesiveness: The Elusive Quest for a Chicano History," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 45-58; Alex Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography: An Interpretive Essay," Aztlán, XIX (1988-1990), 1-77; David G. Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom? Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 519-539; and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy and Individualism: The Politics of Chicano History and the Dream of Equality," American Quarterly, XLV (1993), 44-72. Of these various works, Chavarría, Gómez-Quiñones, Cortes, and Weber all adopt Spanish Borderlands history (or even Hubert Howe Bancroft, in the case of Gómez-Quiñones), as a starting point for their historiographies. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," points to yet another development, the creation of a scholarly community devoted to transnational, international, or comparative studies of the United-States-Mexico border regions.
161. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," Aztlán: Chicano Journal for the Social Sciences and the Arts, I (1970), iv, v; Jesús Chavarría, "A Précis and a Tentative Bibliography on Chicano History," ibid., 133-141; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Toward a Perspective on Chicano History," Aztlán, II (1971), 1-50; idem and Luis L. Arroyo, "On the State of Chicano History: Observations on Its Development, Interpretations, and Theory, 1970-1974," Western Historical Quarterly, VII (1976), 155-185; Carlos E. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," in Ellwyn R. Stoddard et al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, 1983), 60-63; Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands"; Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the Southwest, XXIX (1987), 331-363; Renato Rosaldo, "Chicano Studies, 1970-1984," Annual Review of Anthropology, XIV (1985), 405-427; Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Conflicts and Cohesiveness: The Elusive Quest for a Chicano History," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 45-58; Alex Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography: An Interpretive Essay," Aztlán, XIX (1988-1990), 1-77; David G. Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom? Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 519-539; and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy and Individualism: The Politics of Chicano History and the Dream of Equality," American Quarterly, XLV (1993), 44-72. Of these various works, Chavarría, Gómez-Quiñones, Cortes, and Weber all adopt Spanish Borderlands history (or even Hubert Howe Bancroft, in the case of Gómez-Quiñones), as a starting point for their historiographies. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," points to yet another development, the creation of a scholarly community devoted to transnational, international, or comparative studies of the United-States-Mexico border regions.
162. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," Aztlán: Chicano Journal for the Social Sciences and the Arts, I (1970), iv, v; Jesús Chavarría, "A Précis and a Tentative Bibliography on Chicano History," ibid., 133-141; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Toward a Perspective on Chicano History," Aztlán, II (1971), 1-50; idem and Luis L. Arroyo, "On the State of Chicano History: Observations on Its Development, Interpretations, and Theory, 1970-1974," Western Historical Quarterly, VII (1976), 155-185; Carlos E. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," in Ellwyn R. Stoddard et al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, 1983), 60-63; Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands"; Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the Southwest, XXIX (1987), 331-363; Renato Rosaldo, "Chicano Studies, 1970-1984," Annual Review of Anthropology, XIV (1985), 405-427; Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Conflicts and Cohesiveness: The Elusive Quest for a Chicano History," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 45-58; Alex Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography: An Interpretive Essay," Aztlán, XIX (1988-1990), 1-77; David G. Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom? Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 519-539; and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy and Individualism: The Politics of Chicano History and the Dream of Equality," American Quarterly, XLV (1993), 44-72. Of these various works, Chavarría, Gómez-Quiñones, Cortes, and Weber all adopt Spanish Borderlands history (or even Hubert Howe Bancroft, in the case of Gómez-Quiñones), as a starting point for their historiographies. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," points to yet another development, the creation of a scholarly community devoted to transnational, international, or comparative studies of the United-States-Mexico border regions.
163. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," Aztlán: Chicano Journal for the Social Sciences and the Arts, I (1970), iv, v; Jesús Chavarría, "A Précis and a Tentative Bibliography on Chicano History," ibid., 133-141; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Toward a Perspective on Chicano History," Aztlán, II (1971), 1-50; idem and Luis L. Arroyo, "On the State of Chicano History: Observations on Its Development, Interpretations, and Theory, 1970-1974," Western Historical Quarterly, VII (1976), 155-185; Carlos E. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," in Ellwyn R. Stoddard et al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, 1983), 60-63; Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands"; Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the Southwest, XXIX (1987), 331-363; Renato Rosaldo, "Chicano Studies, 1970-1984," Annual Review of Anthropology, XIV (1985), 405-427; Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Conflicts and Cohesiveness: The Elusive Quest for a Chicano History," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 45-58; Alex Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography: An Interpretive Essay," Aztlán, XIX (1988-1990), 1-77; David G. Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom? Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 519-539; and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy and Individualism: The Politics of Chicano History and the Dream of Equality," American Quarterly, XLV (1993), 44-72. Of these various works, Chavarría, Gómez-Quiñones, Cortes, and Weber all adopt Spanish Borderlands history (or even Hubert Howe Bancroft, in the case of Gómez-Quiñones), as a starting point for their historiographies. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," points to yet another development, the creation of a scholarly community devoted to transnational, international, or comparative studies of the United-States-Mexico border regions.
164. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," Aztlán: Chicano Journal for the Social Sciences and the Arts, I (1970), iv, v; Jesús Chavarría, "A Précis and a Tentative Bibliography on Chicano History," ibid., 133-141; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Toward a Perspective on Chicano History," Aztlán, II (1971), 1-50; idem and Luis L. Arroyo, "On the State of Chicano History: Observations on Its Development, Interpretations, and Theory, 1970-1974," Western Historical Quarterly, VII (1976), 155-185; Carlos E. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," in Ellwyn R. Stoddard et al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, 1983), 60-63; Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands"; Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the Southwest, XXIX (1987), 331-363; Renato Rosaldo, "Chicano Studies, 1970-1984," Annual Review of Anthropology, XIV (1985), 405-427; Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Conflicts and Cohesiveness: The Elusive Quest for a Chicano History," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 45-58; Alex Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography: An Interpretive Essay," Aztlán, XIX (1988-1990), 1-77; David G. Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom? Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 519-539; and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy and Individualism: The Politics of Chicano History and the Dream of Equality," American Quarterly, XLV (1993), 44-72. Of these various works, Chavarría, Gómez-Quiñones, Cortes, and Weber all adopt Spanish Borderlands history (or even Hubert Howe Bancroft, in the case of Gómez-Quiñones), as a starting point for their historiographies. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," points to yet another development, the creation of a scholarly community devoted to transnational, international, or comparative studies of the United-States-Mexico border regions.
165. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," Aztlán: Chicano Journal for the Social Sciences and the Arts, I (1970), iv, v; Jesús Chavarría, "A Précis and a Tentative Bibliography on Chicano History," ibid., 133-141; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Toward a Perspective on Chicano History," Aztlán, II (1971), 1-50; idem and Luis L. Arroyo, "On the State of Chicano History: Observations on Its Development, Interpretations, and Theory, 1970-1974," Western Historical Quarterly, VII (1976), 155-185; Carlos E. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," in Ellwyn R. Stoddard et al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, 1983), 60-63; Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands"; Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the Southwest, XXIX (1987), 331-363; Renato Rosaldo, "Chicano Studies, 1970-1984," Annual Review of Anthropology, XIV (1985), 405-427; Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Conflicts and Cohesiveness: The Elusive Quest for a Chicano History," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 45-58; Alex Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography: An Interpretive Essay," Aztlán, XIX (1988-1990), 1-77; David G. Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom? Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 519-539; and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy and Individualism: The Politics of Chicano History and the Dream of Equality," American Quarterly, XLV (1993), 44-72. Of these various works, Chavarría, Gómez-Quiñones, Cortes, and Weber all adopt Spanish Borderlands history (or even Hubert Howe Bancroft, in the case of Gómez-Quiñones), as a starting point for their historiographies. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," points to yet another development, the creation of a scholarly community devoted to transnational, international, or comparative studies of the United-States-Mexico border regions.
166. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," Aztlán: Chicano Journal for the Social Sciences and the Arts, I (1970), iv, v; Jesús Chavarría, "A Précis and a Tentative Bibliography on Chicano History," ibid., 133-141; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Toward a Perspective on Chicano History," Aztlán, II (1971), 1-50; idem and Luis L. Arroyo, "On the State of Chicano History: Observations on Its Development, Interpretations, and Theory, 1970-1974," Western Historical Quarterly, VII (1976), 155-185; Carlos E. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," in Ellwyn R. Stoddard et al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, 1983), 60-63; Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands"; Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the Southwest, XXIX (1987), 331-363; Renato Rosaldo, "Chicano Studies, 1970-1984," Annual Review of Anthropology, XIV (1985), 405-427; Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Conflicts and Cohesiveness: The Elusive Quest for a Chicano History," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 45-58; Alex Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography: An Interpretive Essay," Aztlán, XIX (1988-1990), 1-77; David G. Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom? Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 519-539; and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy and Individualism: The Politics of Chicano History and the Dream of Equality," American Quarterly, XLV (1993), 44-72. Of these various works, Chavarría, Gómez-Quiñones, Cortes, and Weber all adopt Spanish Borderlands history (or even Hubert Howe Bancroft, in the case of Gómez-Quiñones), as a starting point for their historiographies. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," points to yet another development, the creation of a scholarly community devoted to transnational, international, or comparative studies of the United-States-Mexico border regions.
167. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," Aztlán: Chicano Journal for the Social Sciences and the Arts, I (1970), iv, v; Jesús Chavarría, "A Précis and a Tentative Bibliography on Chicano History," ibid., 133-141; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Toward a Perspective on Chicano History," Aztlán, II (1971), 1-50; idem and Luis L. Arroyo, "On the State of Chicano History: Observations on Its Development, Interpretations, and Theory, 1970-1974," Western Historical Quarterly, VII (1976), 155-185; Carlos E. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," in Ellwyn R. Stoddard et al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, 1983), 60-63; Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands"; Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the Southwest, XXIX (1987), 331-363; Renato Rosaldo, "Chicano Studies, 1970-1984," Annual Review of Anthropology, XIV (1985), 405-427; Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Conflicts and Cohesiveness: The Elusive Quest for a Chicano History," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 45-58; Alex Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography: An Interpretive Essay," Aztlán, XIX (1988-1990), 1-77; David G. Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom? Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 519-539; and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy and Individualism: The Politics of Chicano History and the Dream of Equality," American Quarterly, XLV (1993), 44-72. Of these various works, Chavarría, Gómez-Quiñones, Cortes, and Weber all adopt Spanish Borderlands history (or even Hubert Howe Bancroft, in the case of Gómez-Quiñones), as a starting point for their historiographies. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," points to yet another development, the creation of a scholarly community devoted to transnational, international, or comparative studies of the United-States-Mexico border regions.
168. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," Aztlán: Chicano Journal for the Social Sciences and the Arts, I (1970), iv, v; Jesús Chavarría, "A Précis and a Tentative Bibliography on Chicano History," ibid., 133-141; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Toward a Perspective on Chicano History," Aztlán, II (1971), 1-50; idem and Luis L. Arroyo, "On the State of Chicano History: Observations on Its Development, Interpretations, and Theory, 1970-1974," Western Historical Quarterly, VII (1976), 155-185; Carlos E. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," in Ellwyn R. Stoddard et al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, 1983), 60-63; Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands"; Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the Southwest, XXIX (1987), 331-363; Renato Rosaldo, "Chicano Studies, 1970-1984," Annual Review of Anthropology, XIV (1985), 405-427; Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Conflicts and Cohesiveness: The Elusive Quest for a Chicano History," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 45-58; Alex Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography: An Interpretive Essay," Aztlán, XIX (1988-1990), 1-77; David G. Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom? Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 519-539; and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy and Individualism: The Politics of Chicano History and the Dream of Equality," American Quarterly, XLV (1993), 44-72. Of these various works, Chavarría, Gómez-Quiñones, Cortes, and Weber all adopt Spanish Borderlands history (or even Hubert Howe Bancroft, in the case of Gómez-Quiñones), as a starting point for their historiographies. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," points to yet another development, the creation of a scholarly community devoted to transnational, international, or comparative studies of the United-States-Mexico border regions.
169. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," Aztlán: Chicano Journal for the Social Sciences and the Arts, I (1970), iv, v; Jesús Chavarría, "A Précis and a Tentative Bibliography on Chicano History," ibid., 133-141; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Toward a Perspective on Chicano History," Aztlán, II (1971), 1-50; idem and Luis L. Arroyo, "On the State of Chicano History: Observations on Its Development, Interpretations, and Theory, 1970-1974," Western Historical Quarterly, VII (1976), 155-185; Carlos E. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," in Ellwyn R. Stoddard et al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, 1983), 60-63; Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands"; Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the Southwest, XXIX (1987), 331-363; Renato Rosaldo, "Chicano Studies, 1970-1984," Annual Review of Anthropology, XIV (1985), 405-427; Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Conflicts and Cohesiveness: The Elusive Quest for a Chicano History," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 45-58; Alex Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography: An Interpretive Essay," Aztlán, XIX (1988-1990), 1-77; David G. Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom? Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 519-539; and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy and Individualism: The Politics of Chicano History and the Dream of Equality," American Quarterly, XLV (1993), 44-72. Of these various works, Chavarría, Gómez-Quiñones, Cortes, and Weber all adopt Spanish Borderlands history (or even Hubert Howe Bancroft, in the case of Gómez-Quiñones), as a starting point for their historiographies. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," points to yet another development, the creation of a scholarly community devoted to transnational, international, or comparative studies of the United-States-Mexico border regions.
170. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," Aztlán: Chicano Journal for the Social Sciences and the Arts, I (1970), iv, v; Jesús Chavarría, "A Précis and a Tentative Bibliography on Chicano History," ibid., 133-141; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Toward a Perspective on Chicano History," Aztlán, II (1971), 1-50; idem and Luis L. Arroyo, "On the State of Chicano History: Observations on Its Development, Interpretations, and Theory, 1970-1974," Western Historical Quarterly, VII (1976), 155-185; Carlos E. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," in Ellwyn R. Stoddard et al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, 1983), 60-63; Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands"; Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the Southwest, XXIX (1987), 331-363; Renato Rosaldo, "Chicano Studies, 1970-1984," Annual Review of Anthropology, XIV (1985), 405-427; Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Conflicts and Cohesiveness: The Elusive Quest for a Chicano History," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 45-58; Alex Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography: An Interpretive Essay," Aztlán, XIX (1988-1990), 1-77; David G. Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom? Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 519-539; and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy and Individualism: The Politics of Chicano History and the Dream of Equality," American Quarterly, XLV (1993), 44-72. Of these various works, Chavarría, Gómez-Quiñones, Cortes, and Weber all adopt Spanish Borderlands history (or even Hubert Howe Bancroft, in the case of Gómez-Quiñones), as a starting point for their historiographies. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," points to yet another development, the creation of a scholarly community devoted to transnational, international, or comparative studies of the United-States-Mexico border regions.
171. "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," Aztlán: Chicano Journal for the Social Sciences and the Arts, I (1970), iv, v; Jesús Chavarría, "A Précis and a Tentative Bibliography on Chicano History," ibid., 133-141; Juan Gómez-Quiñones, "Toward a Perspective on Chicano History," Aztlán, II (1971), 1-50; idem and Luis L. Arroyo, "On the State of Chicano History: Observations on Its Development, Interpretations, and Theory, 1970-1974," Western Historical Quarterly, VII (1976), 155-185; Carlos E. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," in Ellwyn R. Stoddard et al., eds., Borderlands Sourcebook: A Guide to Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest (Norman, 1983), 60-63; Weber, "Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands"; Weber, "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect," Journal of the Southwest, XXIX (1987), 331-363; Renato Rosaldo, "Chicano Studies, 1970-1984," Annual Review of Anthropology, XIV (1985), 405-427; Yves-Charles Grandjeat, "Conflicts and Cohesiveness: The Elusive Quest for a Chicano History," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 45-58; Alex Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography: An Interpretive Essay," Aztlán, XIX (1988-1990), 1-77; David G. Gutiérrez, "Significant to Whom? Mexican Americans and the History of the American West," Western Historical Quarterly, XXIV (1993), 519-539; and Ramón A. Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy and Individualism: The Politics of Chicano History and the Dream of Equality," American Quarterly, XLV (1993), 44-72. Of these various works, Chavarría, Gómez-Quiñones, Cortes, and Weber all adopt Spanish Borderlands history (or even Hubert Howe Bancroft, in the case of Gómez-Quiñones), as a starting point for their historiographies. Cortes, "New Chicano Historiography," points to yet another development, the creation of a scholarly community devoted to transnational, international, or comparative studies of the United-States-Mexico border regions.
172. See, for instance, John R. Chávez, The Lost Land: Chicano Images of the Southwest (Albuquerque, 1984); Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography." Compare the frontier regionalism of Chavez with that in Richard Nostrand, "A Changing Culture Region," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 6-15; and Oscar J. Martinez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988).
173. See, for instance, John R. Chávez, The Lost Land: Chicano Images of the Southwest (Albuquerque, 1984); Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography." Compare the frontier regionalism of Chavez with that in Richard Nostrand, "A Changing Culture Region," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 6-15; and Oscar J. Martinez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988).
174. See, for instance, John R. Chávez, The Lost Land: Chicano Images of the Southwest (Albuquerque, 1984); Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography." Compare the frontier regionalism of Chavez with that in Richard Nostrand, "A Changing Culture Region," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 6-15; and Oscar J. Martinez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988).
175. See, for instance, John R. Chávez, The Lost Land: Chicano Images of the Southwest (Albuquerque, 1984); Saragoza, "Recent Chicano Historiography." Compare the frontier regionalism of Chavez with that in Richard Nostrand, "A Changing Culture Region," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 6-15; and Oscar J. Martinez, Troublesome Border (Tucson, 1988).
176. Rodolfo Acuña, Occupied America: A History of Chicanes (New York, 1974).
177. Octavio Paz, The Labyrinth of Solitude (1950, 1959; Eng. lang, ed., New York, 1985); Paz, "Return to the Labyrinth of Solitude," in ibid., 327-354; Américo Parades, "With His Pistol in His Hand": A Border Ballad and Its Hero (Austin, 1958). The gendering rested partly on grammatic structure. Where English had long used "man" as a universal figure subsuming both male and female, the masculine "-o" ending of Spanish meant that "Chicano," "Hispano," and "mestizo" were gender coded in much the same way. For Chicanas, as for other women hidden under masculine labels, the figures handed down painful traditions of patriarchy along with a politicized ethnic consciousness, and the emergence of "Chicana/o" as a discursive form partly represents the desire to make linguistic structure more gender balanced; it also reflects a self-consciousness about the fluidity of subjectivity and culture.
178. Octavio Paz, The Labyrinth of Solitude (1950, 1959; Eng. lang, ed., New York, 1985); Paz, "Return to the Labyrinth of Solitude," in ibid., 327-354; Américo Parades, "With His Pistol in His Hand": A Border Ballad and Its Hero (Austin, 1958). The gendering rested partly on grammatic structure. Where English had long used "man" as a universal figure subsuming both male and female, the masculine "-o" ending of Spanish meant that "Chicano," "Hispano," and "mestizo" were gender coded in much the same way. For Chicanas, as for other women hidden under masculine labels, the figures handed down painful traditions of patriarchy along with a politicized ethnic consciousness, and the emergence of "Chicana/o" as a discursive form partly represents the desire to make linguistic structure more gender balanced; it also reflects a self-consciousness about the fluidity of subjectivity and culture.
179. Octavio Paz, The Labyrinth of Solitude (1950, 1959; Eng. lang, ed., New York, 1985); Paz, "Return to the Labyrinth of Solitude," in ibid., 327-354; Américo Parades, "With His Pistol in His Hand": A Border Ballad and Its Hero (Austin, 1958). The gendering rested partly on grammatic structure. Where English had long used "man" as a universal figure subsuming both male and female, the masculine "-o" ending of Spanish meant that "Chicano," "Hispano," and "mestizo" were gender coded in much the same way. For Chicanas, as for other women hidden under masculine labels, the figures handed down painful traditions of patriarchy along with a politicized ethnic consciousness, and the emergence of "Chicana/o" as a discursive form partly represents the desire to make linguistic structure more gender balanced; it also reflects a self-consciousness about the fluidity of subjectivity and culture.
180. Norma Alarcón, "Chicana's Feminist Literature: A Re-Vision through Malintzin/or Malintzin: Putting Flesh Back on the Object," in Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, eds., This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (1981; 2nd ed., New York, 1983), 182-190; Audre Lorde, "An Open Letter to Mary Daly," in This Bridge, 96. On the book itself, see Norma Alarcón, "The Theoretical Subject(s) of This Bridge Called My Back and Anglo-American Feminism," in Hector Calderón and José David Saldivar, eds., Criticism in the Borderlands: Studies in Chicane Literature, Culture, and Ideology (Durham, N. C., 1991), 28-39; and Sonia SaldívarHull, "Feminism on the Border," in ibid., 203-219. Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes this work in his survey of Chicano history. See also Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy, and Individualism"; Norma Alarcón, "Traddutura, Traditora: A Paradigmatic Figure of Chicana Feminism," in Donna Przybylowicz et al., eds., "The Construction of Gender and Modes of Social Division," a special issue of Cultural Critique, XIII (Fall 1989), 57-87; and Alarcón, "Chicana Feminism: In the Tracks of 'the' Native Woman," in Rosa Linda Fregoso and Angle Chabram, eds., "Chicana/o Cultural Representations: Reframing Alternative Critical Discourse," a special issue of Cultural Studies, IV (Oct. 1990), 248-256.
181. Norma Alarcón, "Chicana's Feminist Literature: A Re-Vision through Malintzin/or Malintzin: Putting Flesh Back on the Object," in Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, eds., This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (1981; 2nd ed., New York, 1983), 182-190; Audre Lorde, "An Open Letter to Mary Daly," in This Bridge, 96. On the book itself, see Norma Alarcón, "The Theoretical Subject(s) of This Bridge Called My Back and Anglo-American Feminism," in Hector Calderón and José David Saldivar, eds., Criticism in the Borderlands: Studies in Chicane Literature, Culture, and Ideology (Durham, N. C., 1991), 28-39; and Sonia SaldívarHull, "Feminism on the Border," in ibid., 203-219. Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes this work in his survey of Chicano history. See also Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy, and Individualism"; Norma Alarcón, "Traddutura, Traditora: A Paradigmatic Figure of Chicana Feminism," in Donna Przybylowicz et al., eds., "The Construction of Gender and Modes of Social Division," a special issue of Cultural Critique, XIII (Fall 1989), 57-87; and Alarcón, "Chicana Feminism: In the Tracks of 'the' Native Woman," in Rosa Linda Fregoso and Angle Chabram, eds., "Chicana/o Cultural Representations: Reframing Alternative Critical Discourse," a special issue of Cultural Studies, IV (Oct. 1990), 248-256.
182. Norma Alarcón, "Chicana's Feminist Literature: A Re-Vision through Malintzin/or Malintzin: Putting Flesh Back on the Object," in Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, eds., This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (1981; 2nd ed., New York, 1983), 182-190; Audre Lorde, "An Open Letter to Mary Daly," in This Bridge, 96. On the book itself, see Norma Alarcón, "The Theoretical Subject(s) of This Bridge Called My Back and Anglo-American Feminism," in Hector Calderón and José David Saldivar, eds., Criticism in the Borderlands: Studies in Chicane Literature, Culture, and Ideology (Durham, N. C., 1991), 28-39; and Sonia SaldívarHull, "Feminism on the Border," in ibid., 203-219. Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes this work in his survey of Chicano history. See also Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy, and Individualism"; Norma Alarcón, "Traddutura, Traditora: A Paradigmatic Figure of Chicana Feminism," in Donna Przybylowicz et al., eds., "The Construction of Gender and Modes of Social Division," a special issue of Cultural Critique, XIII (Fall 1989), 57-87; and Alarcón, "Chicana Feminism: In the Tracks of 'the' Native Woman," in Rosa Linda Fregoso and Angle Chabram, eds., "Chicana/o Cultural Representations: Reframing Alternative Critical Discourse," a special issue of Cultural Studies, IV (Oct. 1990), 248-256.
183. Norma Alarcón, "Chicana's Feminist Literature: A Re-Vision through Malintzin/or Malintzin: Putting Flesh Back on the Object," in Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, eds., This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (1981; 2nd ed., New York, 1983), 182-190; Audre Lorde, "An Open Letter to Mary Daly," in This Bridge, 96. On the book itself, see Norma Alarcón, "The Theoretical Subject(s) of This Bridge Called My Back and Anglo-American Feminism," in Hector Calderón and José David Saldivar, eds., Criticism in the Borderlands: Studies in Chicane Literature, Culture, and Ideology (Durham, N. C., 1991), 28-39; and Sonia SaldívarHull, "Feminism on the Border," in ibid., 203-219. Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes this work in his survey of Chicano history. See also Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy, and Individualism"; Norma Alarcón, "Traddutura, Traditora: A Paradigmatic Figure of Chicana Feminism," in Donna Przybylowicz et al., eds., "The Construction of Gender and Modes of Social Division," a special issue of Cultural Critique, XIII (Fall 1989), 57-87; and Alarcón, "Chicana Feminism: In the Tracks of 'the' Native Woman," in Rosa Linda Fregoso and Angle Chabram, eds., "Chicana/o Cultural Representations: Reframing Alternative Critical Discourse," a special issue of Cultural Studies, IV (Oct. 1990), 248-256.
184. Norma Alarcón, "Chicana's Feminist Literature: A Re-Vision through Malintzin/or Malintzin: Putting Flesh Back on the Object," in Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, eds., This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (1981; 2nd ed., New York, 1983), 182-190; Audre Lorde, "An Open Letter to Mary Daly," in This Bridge, 96. On the book itself, see Norma Alarcón, "The Theoretical Subject(s) of This Bridge Called My Back and Anglo-American Feminism," in Hector Calderón and José David Saldivar, eds., Criticism in the Borderlands: Studies in Chicane Literature, Culture, and Ideology (Durham, N. C., 1991), 28-39; and Sonia SaldívarHull, "Feminism on the Border," in ibid., 203-219. Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes this work in his survey of Chicano history. See also Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy, and Individualism"; Norma Alarcón, "Traddutura, Traditora: A Paradigmatic Figure of Chicana Feminism," in Donna Przybylowicz et al., eds., "The Construction of Gender and Modes of Social Division," a special issue of Cultural Critique, XIII (Fall 1989), 57-87; and Alarcón, "Chicana Feminism: In the Tracks of 'the' Native Woman," in Rosa Linda Fregoso and Angle Chabram, eds., "Chicana/o Cultural Representations: Reframing Alternative Critical Discourse," a special issue of Cultural Studies, IV (Oct. 1990), 248-256.
185. Norma Alarcón, "Chicana's Feminist Literature: A Re-Vision through Malintzin/or Malintzin: Putting Flesh Back on the Object," in Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, eds., This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (1981; 2nd ed., New York, 1983), 182-190; Audre Lorde, "An Open Letter to Mary Daly," in This Bridge, 96. On the book itself, see Norma Alarcón, "The Theoretical Subject(s) of This Bridge Called My Back and Anglo-American Feminism," in Hector Calderón and José David Saldivar, eds., Criticism in the Borderlands: Studies in Chicane Literature, Culture, and Ideology (Durham, N. C., 1991), 28-39; and Sonia SaldívarHull, "Feminism on the Border," in ibid., 203-219. Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes this work in his survey of Chicano history. See also Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy, and Individualism"; Norma Alarcón, "Traddutura, Traditora: A Paradigmatic Figure of Chicana Feminism," in Donna Przybylowicz et al., eds., "The Construction of Gender and Modes of Social Division," a special issue of Cultural Critique, XIII (Fall 1989), 57-87; and Alarcón, "Chicana Feminism: In the Tracks of 'the' Native Woman," in Rosa Linda Fregoso and Angle Chabram, eds., "Chicana/o Cultural Representations: Reframing Alternative Critical Discourse," a special issue of Cultural Studies, IV (Oct. 1990), 248-256.
186. Norma Alarcón, "Chicana's Feminist Literature: A Re-Vision through Malintzin/or Malintzin: Putting Flesh Back on the Object," in Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, eds., This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (1981; 2nd ed., New York, 1983), 182-190; Audre Lorde, "An Open Letter to Mary Daly," in This Bridge, 96. On the book itself, see Norma Alarcón, "The Theoretical Subject(s) of This Bridge Called My Back and Anglo-American Feminism," in Hector Calderón and José David Saldivar, eds., Criticism in the Borderlands: Studies in Chicane Literature, Culture, and Ideology (Durham, N. C., 1991), 28-39; and Sonia SaldívarHull, "Feminism on the Border," in ibid., 203-219. Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes this work in his survey of Chicano history. See also Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy, and Individualism"; Norma Alarcón, "Traddutura, Traditora: A Paradigmatic Figure of Chicana Feminism," in Donna Przybylowicz et al., eds., "The Construction of Gender and Modes of Social Division," a special issue of Cultural Critique, XIII (Fall 1989), 57-87; and Alarcón, "Chicana Feminism: In the Tracks of 'the' Native Woman," in Rosa Linda Fregoso and Angle Chabram, eds., "Chicana/o Cultural Representations: Reframing Alternative Critical Discourse," a special issue of Cultural Studies, IV (Oct. 1990), 248-256.
187. Norma Alarcón, "Chicana's Feminist Literature: A Re-Vision through Malintzin/or Malintzin: Putting Flesh Back on the Object," in Cherrie Moraga and Gloria Anzaldúa, eds., This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color (1981; 2nd ed., New York, 1983), 182-190; Audre Lorde, "An Open Letter to Mary Daly," in This Bridge, 96. On the book itself, see Norma Alarcón, "The Theoretical Subject(s) of This Bridge Called My Back and Anglo-American Feminism," in Hector Calderón and José David Saldivar, eds., Criticism in the Borderlands: Studies in Chicane Literature, Culture, and Ideology (Durham, N. C., 1991), 28-39; and Sonia SaldívarHull, "Feminism on the Border," in ibid., 203-219. Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes this work in his survey of Chicano history. See also Gutiérrez, "Community, Patriarchy, and Individualism"; Norma Alarcón, "Traddutura, Traditora: A Paradigmatic Figure of Chicana Feminism," in Donna Przybylowicz et al., eds., "The Construction of Gender and Modes of Social Division," a special issue of Cultural Critique, XIII (Fall 1989), 57-87; and Alarcón, "Chicana Feminism: In the Tracks of 'the' Native Woman," in Rosa Linda Fregoso and Angle Chabram, eds., "Chicana/o Cultural Representations: Reframing Alternative Critical Discourse," a special issue of Cultural Studies, IV (Oct. 1990), 248-256.
188. See, for instance, Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies; boundary 2; Maria Herrera-Sobek and Helena Maria Viramontes, eds., Chicana Creativity and Criticism: Charting New Frontiers in American Literature (Houston, 1988); and Annette Kolodny, "Letting Go Our Grand Obsessions: Notes Towards a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," American Literature, LXIV (1992), 1-18.
189. See, for instance, Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies; boundary 2; Maria Herrera-Sobek and Helena Maria Viramontes, eds., Chicana Creativity and Criticism: Charting New Frontiers in American Literature (Houston, 1988); and Annette Kolodny, "Letting Go Our Grand Obsessions: Notes Towards a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," American Literature, LXIV (1992), 1-18.
190. See, for instance, Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies; boundary 2; Maria Herrera-Sobek and Helena Maria Viramontes, eds., Chicana Creativity and Criticism: Charting New Frontiers in American Literature (Houston, 1988); and Annette Kolodny, "Letting Go Our Grand Obsessions: Notes Towards a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," American Literature, LXIV (1992), 1-18.
191. Gloria Anzaldua, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestizo (San Francisco, 1987). See the discussions in Saldivar-Hull, "Feminism on the Border"; Ramón Saldívar, Chicano Narrative: The Dialectics of Difference (Madison, 1990), 218; and Saldívar, "The Limits of Cultural Studies." Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes This Bridge in the canon of Chicano history but leaves Borderlands/La Frontera in the footnotes.
192. Gloria Anzaldua, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestizo (San Francisco, 1987). See the discussions in Saldivar-Hull, "Feminism on the Border"; Ramón Saldívar, Chicano Narrative: The Dialectics of Difference (Madison, 1990), 218; and Saldívar, "The Limits of Cultural Studies." Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes This Bridge in the canon of Chicano history but leaves Borderlands/La Frontera in the footnotes.
193. Gloria Anzaldua, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestizo (San Francisco, 1987). See the discussions in Saldivar-Hull, "Feminism on the Border"; Ramón Saldívar, Chicano Narrative: The Dialectics of Difference (Madison, 1990), 218; and Saldívar, "The Limits of Cultural Studies." Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes This Bridge in the canon of Chicano history but leaves Borderlands/La Frontera in the footnotes.
194. Gloria Anzaldua, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestizo (San Francisco, 1987). See the discussions in Saldivar-Hull, "Feminism on the Border"; Ramón Saldívar, Chicano Narrative: The Dialectics of Difference (Madison, 1990), 218; and Saldívar, "The Limits of Cultural Studies." Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes This Bridge in the canon of Chicano history but leaves Borderlands/La Frontera in the footnotes.
195. Gloria Anzaldua, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestizo (San Francisco, 1987). See the discussions in Saldivar-Hull, "Feminism on the Border"; Ramón Saldívar, Chicano Narrative: The Dialectics of Difference (Madison, 1990), 218; and Saldívar, "The Limits of Cultural Studies." Gutiérrez, "Significant for Whom?," includes This Bridge in the canon of Chicano history but leaves Borderlands/La Frontera in the footnotes.
196. Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera, 3, 11. See also Marcienne Rocard, "The Mexican-American Frontier: The Border in Mexican-American Folklore and Élitelore," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 83-94.
197. Anzaldúa, Borderlands/La Frontera, 3, 11. See also Marcienne Rocard, "The Mexican-American Frontier: The Border in Mexican-American Folklore and Élitelore," Aztlán, XVIII (1987), 83-94.
198. Roget's Thesaurus of Synonyms and Antonyms (London, 1978), n.p. To underscore the point, in 1975 a group of Women's Studies scholars centered at the University of Colorado, Boulder, began a new periodical, Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies. Frontiers has become known in recent years for publishing multicultural studies, but the "Letter to Our Readers" (in the first issue), placed the journal firmly on the frontier between academic and nonacademic feminists as a way of dissolving those "barriers" which "seem unnecessarily to divide women." Frontiers meant to transcend difference and incorporate all women in the circle of sisterhood. Just twelve years later Anzaldúa could employ the same language to legitimize division and difference.
199. Roget's Thesaurus of Synonyms and Antonyms (London, 1978), n.p. To underscore the point, in 1975 a group of Women's Studies scholars centered at the University of Colorado, Boulder, began a new periodical, Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies. Frontiers has become known in recent years for publishing multicultural studies, but the "Letter to Our Readers" (in the first issue), placed the journal firmly on the frontier between academic and nonacademic feminists as a way of dissolving those "barriers" which "seem unnecessarily to divide women." Frontiers meant to transcend difference and incorporate all women in the circle of sisterhood. Just twelve years later Anzaldúa could employ the same language to legitimize division and difference.
200. Roget's Thesaurus of Synonyms and Antonyms (London, 1978), n.p. To underscore the point, in 1975 a group of Women's Studies scholars centered at the University of Colorado, Boulder, began a new periodical, Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies. Frontiers has become known in recent years for publishing multicultural studies, but the "Letter to Our Readers" (in the first issue), placed the journal firmly on the frontier between academic and nonacademic feminists as a way of dissolving those "barriers" which "seem unnecessarily to divide women." Frontiers meant to transcend difference and incorporate all women in the circle of sisterhood. Just twelve years later Anzaldúa could employ the same language to legitimize division and difference.
201. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
202. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
203. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
204. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
205. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
206. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
207. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
208. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
209. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
210. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
211. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
212. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
213. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
214. Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson, "Comparative Frontier History," in The Frontier in History: North American and Southern Africa Compared (New Haven, 1981), 3-13; Paul Kutsche, "Borders and Frontiers," in Borderlands Sourcebook, 16-19; William Cronon, George Miles, and Jay Gitlin, "Becoming West: Toward a New Meaning for Western History," in Under an Open Sky: Rethinking America's Western Past (New York, 1993), 3-27; "Frontier," in Charlotte Seymour-Smith, ed., Dictionary of Anthropology (Boston, 1986), 125; William Cronon, "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner," Western Historical Quarterly, XVIII (1987), 157-176; Kolodny, "Notes Toward a New Literary History of the American Frontiers," 9. See also Clifton, "Alternate Identities and Cultural Frontiers"; Robert F. Berkhofer, Jr., "The North American Frontier as Process and Context," in The Frontier in History, 43-75; Peggy Pascoe, "Western Women at the Cultural Crossroads," in Trails, 40-58; David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, eds., When Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History (Wilmington, Del., 1994), xiii-xli; and Kathleen M. Brown, "The Anglo-Algonquian Gender Frontier," in Nancy Shoemaker, ed., Negotiators of Change: Historical Persepdives on Native American Women (New York, 1995), 26-48. And while Lamar and Thompson's definition fairly demands that at least half of a frontier equation be European or EuroAmerican, that usage is hardly universal. Forbes, Kutsche, and Kolodny all employ the word for any interethnic or intercultural collision. See, among others, Igor Kopytoff, ed., The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies (Bloomington, 1987); Alice Schlegel, "African Political Models in the American Southwest: Hopi as an Internal Frontier Society" American Anthropologist, XCIV (1992), 376-397; and A. Endre Nyerges, "The Ecology of Wealth-in-People: Agriculture, Settlement, and Society on the Perpetual Frontier," ibid., 860-881.
215. Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 31.
216. The linguistic turn is legion, and historians often use the phrase to refer to poststructuralism or postmodernism (as in John Toews, "Intellectual History after the Linguistic Turn: The Autonomy of Meaning and the Irreduciblity of Experience," American Historical Review, XCII (1987), 879-907). But the acceptance of these vocabularies was facilitated by earlier analytic turns, from logical positivism and ordinary language philosophy to New Criticism. And the phrase was popularized by Richard Rorty, ed., The Linguistic Turn: Recent Essays in Philosophical Method (Chicago, 1967), to describe the revolution in philosophy leading to "the view that philosophical problems are problems which may be solved (or dissolved) either by reforming language, or by understanding more about the language we presently use." See Rorty, "Introduction," 3 and throughout.
217. The linguistic turn is legion, and historians often use the phrase to refer to poststructuralism or postmodernism (as in John Toews, "Intellectual History after the Linguistic Turn: The Autonomy of Meaning and the Irreduciblity of Experience," American Historical Review, XCII (1987), 879-907). But the acceptance of these vocabularies was facilitated by earlier analytic turns, from logical positivism and ordinary language philosophy to New Criticism. And the phrase was popularized by Richard Rorty, ed., The Linguistic Turn: Recent Essays in Philosophical Method (Chicago, 1967), to describe the revolution in philosophy leading to "the view that philosophical problems are problems which may be solved (or dissolved) either by reforming language, or by understanding more about the language we presently use." See Rorty, "Introduction," 3 and throughout.
218. The linguistic turn is legion, and historians often use the phrase to refer to poststructuralism or postmodernism (as in John Toews, "Intellectual History after the Linguistic Turn: The Autonomy of Meaning and the Irreduciblity of Experience," American Historical Review, XCII (1987), 879-907). But the acceptance of these vocabularies was facilitated by earlier analytic turns, from logical positivism and ordinary language philosophy to New Criticism. And the phrase was popularized by Richard Rorty, ed., The Linguistic Turn: Recent Essays in Philosophical Method (Chicago, 1967), to describe the revolution in philosophy leading to "the view that philosophical problems are problems which may be solved (or dissolved) either by reforming language, or by understanding more about the language we presently use." See Rorty, "Introduction," 3 and throughout.
219. George W. Pierson, "The Frontier and Frontiersmen of Turner's Essays," Pennsylvania Magazine of Biography and History, LXIV (1940), 465; Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Myth and Symbol (1950; reprint, Cambridge, Mass., 1970), esp. 237, 249; Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (1975; reprint, New York, 1976). The first chapter, 3-14, was delivered as the presidential address to the American Society for Ethnohistory in October 1973 "under the title "Legacy of Conquest"; Jennings, "Virgin Land and Savage People," American Quarterly, XXIII (1971), 519-541; Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 23-25. See also Limerick, "Persistent Traits and the Persistent Historian: The American Frontier and Ray Allen Billington," in Writing Western History, 277-310; and Limerick, "Making the Most of Words: Verbal Activity and Western America," in Under an Open Sky, 167-184.
220. George W. Pierson, "The Frontier and Frontiersmen of Turner's Essays," Pennsylvania Magazine of Biography and History, LXIV (1940), 465; Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Myth and Symbol (1950; reprint, Cambridge, Mass., 1970), esp. 237, 249; Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (1975; reprint, New York, 1976). The first chapter, 3-14, was delivered as the presidential address to the American Society for Ethnohistory in October 1973 "under the title "Legacy of Conquest"; Jennings, "Virgin Land and Savage People," American Quarterly, XXIII (1971), 519-541; Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 23-25. See also Limerick, "Persistent Traits and the Persistent Historian: The American Frontier and Ray Allen Billington," in Writing Western History, 277-310; and Limerick, "Making the Most of Words: Verbal Activity and Western America," in Under an Open Sky, 167-184.
221. George W. Pierson, "The Frontier and Frontiersmen of Turner's Essays," Pennsylvania Magazine of Biography and History, LXIV (1940), 465; Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Myth and Symbol (1950; reprint, Cambridge, Mass., 1970), esp. 237, 249; Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (1975; reprint, New York, 1976). The first chapter, 3-14, was delivered as the presidential address to the American Society for Ethnohistory in October 1973 "under the title "Legacy of Conquest"; Jennings, "Virgin Land and Savage People," American Quarterly, XXIII (1971), 519-541; Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 23-25. See also Limerick, "Persistent Traits and the Persistent Historian: The American Frontier and Ray Allen Billington," in Writing Western History, 277-310; and Limerick, "Making the Most of Words: Verbal Activity and Western America," in Under an Open Sky, 167-184.
222. George W. Pierson, "The Frontier and Frontiersmen of Turner's Essays," Pennsylvania Magazine of Biography and History, LXIV (1940), 465; Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Myth and Symbol (1950; reprint, Cambridge, Mass., 1970), esp. 237, 249; Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (1975; reprint, New York, 1976). The first chapter, 3-14, was delivered as the presidential address to the American Society for Ethnohistory in October 1973 "under the title "Legacy of Conquest"; Jennings, "Virgin Land and Savage People," American Quarterly, XXIII (1971), 519-541; Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 23-25. See also Limerick, "Persistent Traits and the Persistent Historian: The American Frontier and Ray Allen Billington," in Writing Western History, 277-310; and Limerick, "Making the Most of Words: Verbal Activity and Western America," in Under an Open Sky, 167-184.
223. George W. Pierson, "The Frontier and Frontiersmen of Turner's Essays," Pennsylvania Magazine of Biography and History, LXIV (1940), 465; Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Myth and Symbol (1950; reprint, Cambridge, Mass., 1970), esp. 237, 249; Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (1975; reprint, New York, 1976). The first chapter, 3-14, was delivered as the presidential address to the American Society for Ethnohistory in October 1973 "under the title "Legacy of Conquest"; Jennings, "Virgin Land and Savage People," American Quarterly, XXIII (1971), 519-541; Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 23-25. See also Limerick, "Persistent Traits and the Persistent Historian: The American Frontier and Ray Allen Billington," in Writing Western History, 277-310; and Limerick, "Making the Most of Words: Verbal Activity and Western America," in Under an Open Sky, 167-184.
224. George W. Pierson, "The Frontier and Frontiersmen of Turner's Essays," Pennsylvania Magazine of Biography and History, LXIV (1940), 465; Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Myth and Symbol (1950; reprint, Cambridge, Mass., 1970), esp. 237, 249; Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (1975; reprint, New York, 1976). The first chapter, 3-14, was delivered as the presidential address to the American Society for Ethnohistory in October 1973 "under the title "Legacy of Conquest"; Jennings, "Virgin Land and Savage People," American Quarterly, XXIII (1971), 519-541; Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 23-25. See also Limerick, "Persistent Traits and the Persistent Historian: The American Frontier and Ray Allen Billington," in Writing Western History, 277-310; and Limerick, "Making the Most of Words: Verbal Activity and Western America," in Under an Open Sky, 167-184.
225. George W. Pierson, "The Frontier and Frontiersmen of Turner's Essays," Pennsylvania Magazine of Biography and History, LXIV (1940), 465; Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Myth and Symbol (1950; reprint, Cambridge, Mass., 1970), esp. 237, 249; Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (1975; reprint, New York, 1976). The first chapter, 3-14, was delivered as the presidential address to the American Society for Ethnohistory in October 1973 "under the title "Legacy of Conquest"; Jennings, "Virgin Land and Savage People," American Quarterly, XXIII (1971), 519-541; Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 23-25. See also Limerick, "Persistent Traits and the Persistent Historian: The American Frontier and Ray Allen Billington," in Writing Western History, 277-310; and Limerick, "Making the Most of Words: Verbal Activity and Western America," in Under an Open Sky, 167-184.
226. George W. Pierson, "The Frontier and Frontiersmen of Turner's Essays," Pennsylvania Magazine of Biography and History, LXIV (1940), 465; Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Myth and Symbol (1950; reprint, Cambridge, Mass., 1970), esp. 237, 249; Francis Jennings, The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest (1975; reprint, New York, 1976). The first chapter, 3-14, was delivered as the presidential address to the American Society for Ethnohistory in October 1973 "under the title "Legacy of Conquest"; Jennings, "Virgin Land and Savage People," American Quarterly, XXIII (1971), 519-541; Limerick, Legacy of Conquest, 23-25. See also Limerick, "Persistent Traits and the Persistent Historian: The American Frontier and Ray Allen Billington," in Writing Western History, 277-310; and Limerick, "Making the Most of Words: Verbal Activity and Western America," in Under an Open Sky, 167-184.
227. Loren Baritz, "The Idea of the West," American Historical Review, LXVI (1961), 618-640; Edward Said, Orientalism (1978; reprint, New York, 1979).
228. Loren Baritz, "The Idea of the West," American Historical Review, LXVI (1961), 618-640; Edward Said, Orientalism (1978; reprint, New York, 1979).
229. Worster, Rivers of Empire, passim; Worster, "New West, True West," 148.
230. Worster, Rivers of Empire, passim; Worster, "New West, True West," 148.
231. In what seems a fairly representative construction, Richard White, in "Race Relations in the American West," American Quarterly, XXXVIII (1986), 396, 397, said that "As long as Turner's frontier thesis dominated the study of the West, minorities could not seem significant because the importance of the West was contained on the frontier - the place where whites met the 'wilderness.'" But compare with Antonia Castaneda's essay, "Gender, Race, and Culture: Spanish-Mexican Women in the Historiography of Frontier California," Frontiers, XI (Nov. 1990), 8-20.
232. In what seems a fairly representative construction, Richard White, in "Race Relations in the American West," American Quarterly, XXXVIII (1986), 396, 397, said that "As long as Turner's frontier thesis dominated the study of the West, minorities could not seem significant because the importance of the West was contained on the frontier - the place where whites
233. Webb, The Great Plains, 126. For Nash's views, see his Creating the West, but also Faragher's criticisms in "Frontier Trail." On maps and meaning, see Gregory H. Nobles, "Straight Lines and Stability: Mapping the Political Order of the Anglo-American Frontier," Journal of American History, LXXX (1993), 9-35.
234. Webb, The Great Plains, 126. For Nash's views, see his Creating the West, but also Faragher's criticisms in "Frontier Trail." On maps and meaning, see Gregory H. Nobles, "Straight Lines and Stability: Mapping the Political Order of the Anglo-American Frontier," Journal of American History, LXXX (1993), 9-35.
235. Webb, The Great Plains, 126. For Nash's views, see his Creating the West, but also Faragher's criticisms in "Frontier Trail." On maps and meaning, see Gregory H. Nobles, "Straight Lines and Stability: Mapping the Political Order of the Anglo-American Frontier," Journal of American History, LXXX (1993), 9-35.
236. Webb, The Great Plains, 126. For Nash's views, see his Creating the West, but also Faragher's criticisms in "Frontier Trail." On maps and meaning, see Gregory H. Nobles, "Straight Lines and Stability: Mapping the Political Order of the Anglo-American Frontier," Journal of American History, LXXX (1993), 9-35.
237. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991); White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, 1983); White, Land Use, Environment, and Social Change: The Shaping of Island County, Washington (Seattle, 1980).
238. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991); White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, 1983); White, Land Use, Environment, and Social Change: The Shaping of Island County, Washington (Seattle, 1980).
239. Richard White, The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650-1815 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991); White, The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos (Lincoln, 1983); White, Land Use, Environment, and Social Change: The Shaping of Island County, Washington (Seattle, 1980).
240. Virginia Scharff, "Getting Out: What Does Mobility Mean for Women?," 19. Paper presented at the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library Symposium, "American Dreams, Western Images: Mapping the Contours of Western Experience," January 1994.
241. Virginia Scharff, "Getting Out: What Does Mobility Mean for Women?," 19. Paper presented at the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library Symposium, "American Dreams, Western Images: Mapping the Contours of Western Experience," January 1994.
242. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of History" (1891), reprinted in Early Writings, 53. The quotation comes from J. G. Droysen's Grundriss der Historik (1858-1882), reprinted in Peter Leyh, ed., Historik: Historisch-kritische Ausgabe von Peter Leyh (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1977), 442, 443, 444. Turner later acquired the English-language edition. See Droysen, Outline of the Principles of History (Boston, 1897), 44, 45, 46, 47, 48.
243. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of History" (1891), reprinted in Early Writings, 53. The quotation comes from J. G. Droysen's Grundriss der Historik (1858-1882), reprinted in Peter Leyh, ed., Historik: Historisch-kritische Ausgabe von Peter Leyh (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1977), 442, 443, 444. Turner later acquired the English-language edition. See Droysen, Outline of the Principles of History (Boston, 1897), 44, 45, 46, 47, 48.
244. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of History" (1891), reprinted in Early Writings, 53. The quotation comes from J. G. Droysen's Grundriss der Historik (1858-1882), reprinted in Peter Leyh, ed., Historik: Historisch-kritische Ausgabe von Peter Leyh (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1977), 442, 443, 444. Turner later acquired the English-language edition. See Droysen, Outline of the Principles of History (Boston, 1897), 44, 45, 46, 47, 48.
245. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of History" (1891), reprinted in Early Writings, 53. The quotation comes from J. G. Droysen's Grundriss der Historik (1858-1882), reprinted in Peter Leyh, ed., Historik: Historisch-kritische Ausgabe von Peter Leyh (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1977), 442, 443, 444. Turner later acquired the English-language edition. See Droysen, Outline of the Principles of History (Boston, 1897), 44, 45, 46, 47, 48.
246. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of History" (1891), reprinted in Early Writings, 53. The quotation comes from J. G. Droysen's Grundriss der Historik (1858-1882), reprinted in Peter Leyh, ed., Historik: Historisch-kritische Ausgabe von Peter Leyh (Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, 1977), 442, 443, 444. Turner later acquired the English-language edition. See Droysen, Outline of the Principles of History (Boston, 1897), 44, 45, 46, 47, 48.
247. See William D. Aeschbacher's obituary, "The Mississippi Valley Historical Association, 1907-1965," Journal of American History, LIV (1967), 339-353.
248. See Carl Abbott, "United States Regional History as an Institutional Field: The Practice of College and University History Departments," Western Historical Quarterly, XXI (1990), 197-217.
249. Josiah Royce, Race Questions, Provincialism, and Other American Problems (1908; reprint, Freeport, 1967).