Personal value systems and decision-making styles of public managers

Public Personnel Management

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 155-180

  Connor, Patrick E ^a   Becker, Boris W ^b  

^a WILLAMETTE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038118347     PISSN: 00910260     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009102600303200109     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Barry Z. Posner and Warren H. Schmidt. "The Values of Business and Federal Government Executives: More Different Than Alike," Public Personnel Management, 25 (3), (1996): 277.
2. K. Lewin. A Dynamic Theory of Personality. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935); G.W. Allport. Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. (New York: Henry Holt, 1937); H.A. Murray. Exploration in Personality. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938); C.L. Hull. Principles of Behavior. (New York: Appleton Century, 1943); J.S. Bruner and C.C. Goodman. "Values and Needs as Organizing Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, (1947): 33-44; J. Postman, J.S. Bruner, and E. McGinnes. "Personal Values as Selective Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, (1948): 142-154; C. Kluckhohn, and F.L. Strodtbeck. Variation in Value Orientations. (Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, 1961); R.N. McMurry. "Conflicts In Human Values," Harvard Business Review, 41, (1963): 130-145; W.D. Guth and R. Tagiuri. "Personal Values and Corporate Strategies," Harvard Business Review, 43, (1965): 123-132; R. Tagiuri. "Value Orientations and the Relationship of Managers and Scientists," Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, (1965): 39-51; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68.
3. K. Lewin. A Dynamic Theory of Personality. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935); G.W. Allport. Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. (New York: Henry Holt, 1937); H.A. Murray. Exploration in Personality. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938); C.L. Hull. Principles of Behavior. (New York: Appleton Century, 1943); J.S. Bruner and C.C. Goodman. "Values and Needs as Organizing Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, (1947): 33-44; J. Postman, J.S. Bruner, and E. McGinnes. "Personal Values as Selective Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, (1948): 142-154; C. Kluckhohn, and F.L. Strodtbeck. Variation in Value Orientations. (Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, 1961); R.N. McMurry. "Conflicts In Human Values," Harvard Business Review, 41, (1963): 130-145; W.D. Guth and R. Tagiuri. "Personal Values and Corporate Strategies," Harvard Business Review, 43, (1965): 123-132; R. Tagiuri. "Value Orientations and the Relationship of Managers and Scientists," Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, (1965): 39-51; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68.
4. K. Lewin. A Dynamic Theory of Personality. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935); G.W. Allport. Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. (New York: Henry Holt, 1937); H.A. Murray. Exploration in Personality. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938); C.L. Hull. Principles of Behavior. (New York: Appleton Century, 1943); J.S. Bruner and C.C. Goodman. "Values and Needs as Organizing Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, (1947): 33-44; J. Postman, J.S. Bruner, and E. McGinnes. "Personal Values as Selective Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, (1948): 142-154; C. Kluckhohn, and F.L. Strodtbeck. Variation in Value Orientations. (Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, 1961); R.N. McMurry. "Conflicts In Human Values," Harvard Business Review, 41, (1963): 130-145; W.D. Guth and R. Tagiuri. "Personal Values and Corporate Strategies," Harvard Business Review, 43, (1965): 123-132; R. Tagiuri. "Value Orientations and the Relationship of Managers and Scientists," Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, (1965): 39-51; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68.
5. K. Lewin. A Dynamic Theory of Personality. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935); G.W. Allport. Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. (New York: Henry Holt, 1937); H.A. Murray. Exploration in Personality. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938); C.L. Hull. Principles of Behavior. (New York: Appleton Century, 1943); J.S. Bruner and C.C. Goodman. "Values and Needs as Organizing Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, (1947): 33-44; J. Postman, J.S. Bruner, and E. McGinnes. "Personal Values as Selective Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, (1948): 142-154; C. Kluckhohn, and F.L. Strodtbeck. Variation in Value Orientations. (Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, 1961); R.N. McMurry. "Conflicts In Human Values," Harvard Business Review, 41, (1963): 130-145; W.D. Guth and R. Tagiuri. "Personal Values and Corporate Strategies," Harvard Business Review, 43, (1965): 123-132; R. Tagiuri. "Value Orientations and the Relationship of Managers and Scientists," Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, (1965): 39-51; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68.
6. K. Lewin. A Dynamic Theory of Personality. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935); G.W. Allport. Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. (New York: Henry Holt, 1937); H.A. Murray. Exploration in Personality. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938); C.L. Hull. Principles of Behavior. (New York: Appleton Century, 1943); J.S. Bruner and C.C. Goodman. "Values and Needs as Organizing Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, (1947): 33-44; J. Postman, J.S. Bruner, and E. McGinnes. "Personal Values as Selective Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, (1948): 142-154; C. Kluckhohn, and F.L. Strodtbeck. Variation in Value Orientations. (Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, 1961); R.N. McMurry. "Conflicts In Human Values," Harvard Business Review, 41, (1963): 130-145; W.D. Guth and R. Tagiuri. "Personal Values and Corporate Strategies," Harvard Business Review, 43, (1965): 123-132; R. Tagiuri. "Value Orientations and the Relationship of Managers and Scientists," Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, (1965): 39-51; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68.
7. K. Lewin. A Dynamic Theory of Personality. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935); G.W. Allport. Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. (New York: Henry Holt, 1937); H.A. Murray. Exploration in Personality. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938); C.L. Hull. Principles of Behavior. (New York: Appleton Century, 1943); J.S. Bruner and C.C. Goodman. "Values and Needs as Organizing Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, (1947): 33-44; J. Postman, J.S. Bruner, and E. McGinnes. "Personal Values as Selective Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, (1948): 142-154; C. Kluckhohn, and F.L. Strodtbeck. Variation in Value Orientations. (Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, 1961); R.N. McMurry. "Conflicts In Human Values," Harvard Business Review, 41, (1963): 130-145; W.D. Guth and R. Tagiuri. "Personal Values and Corporate Strategies," Harvard Business Review, 43, (1965): 123-132; R. Tagiuri. "Value Orientations and the Relationship of Managers and Scientists," Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, (1965): 39-51; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68.
8. K. Lewin. A Dynamic Theory of Personality. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935); G.W. Allport. Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. (New York: Henry Holt, 1937); H.A. Murray. Exploration in Personality. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938); C.L. Hull. Principles of Behavior. (New York: Appleton Century, 1943); J.S. Bruner and C.C. Goodman. "Values and Needs as Organizing Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, (1947): 33-44; J. Postman, J.S. Bruner, and E. McGinnes. "Personal Values as Selective Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, (1948): 142-154; C. Kluckhohn, and F.L. Strodtbeck. Variation in Value Orientations. (Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, 1961); R.N. McMurry. "Conflicts In Human Values," Harvard Business Review, 41, (1963): 130-145; W.D. Guth and R. Tagiuri. "Personal Values and Corporate Strategies," Harvard Business Review, 43, (1965): 123-132; R. Tagiuri. "Value Orientations and the Relationship of Managers and Scientists," Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, (1965): 39-51; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68.
9. K. Lewin. A Dynamic Theory of Personality. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935); G.W. Allport. Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. (New York: Henry Holt, 1937); H.A. Murray. Exploration in Personality. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938); C.L. Hull. Principles of Behavior. (New York: Appleton Century, 1943); J.S. Bruner and C.C. Goodman. "Values and Needs as Organizing Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, (1947): 33-44; J. Postman, J.S. Bruner, and E. McGinnes. "Personal Values as Selective Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, (1948): 142-154; C. Kluckhohn, and F.L. Strodtbeck. Variation in Value Orientations. (Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, 1961); R.N. McMurry. "Conflicts In Human Values," Harvard Business Review, 41, (1963): 130-145; W.D. Guth and R. Tagiuri. "Personal Values and Corporate Strategies," Harvard Business Review, 43, (1965): 123-132; R. Tagiuri. "Value Orientations and the Relationship of Managers and Scientists," Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, (1965): 39-51; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68.
10. K. Lewin. A Dynamic Theory of Personality. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935); G.W. Allport. Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. (New York: Henry Holt, 1937); H.A. Murray. Exploration in Personality. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938); C.L. Hull. Principles of Behavior. (New York: Appleton Century, 1943); J.S. Bruner and C.C. Goodman. "Values and Needs as Organizing Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, (1947): 33-44; J. Postman, J.S. Bruner, and E. McGinnes. "Personal Values as Selective Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, (1948): 142-154; C. Kluckhohn, and F.L. Strodtbeck. Variation in Value Orientations. (Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, 1961); R.N. McMurry. "Conflicts In Human Values," Harvard Business Review, 41, (1963): 130-145; W.D. Guth and R. Tagiuri. "Personal Values and Corporate Strategies," Harvard Business Review, 43, (1965): 123-132; R. Tagiuri. "Value Orientations and the Relationship of Managers and Scientists," Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, (1965): 39-51; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68.
11. K. Lewin. A Dynamic Theory of Personality. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935); G.W. Allport. Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. (New York: Henry Holt, 1937); H.A. Murray. Exploration in Personality. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938); C.L. Hull. Principles of Behavior. (New York: Appleton Century, 1943); J.S. Bruner and C.C. Goodman. "Values and Needs as Organizing Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, (1947): 33-44; J. Postman, J.S. Bruner, and E. McGinnes. "Personal Values as Selective Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, (1948): 142-154; C. Kluckhohn, and F.L. Strodtbeck. Variation in Value Orientations. (Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, 1961); R.N. McMurry. "Conflicts In Human Values," Harvard Business Review, 41, (1963): 130-145; W.D. Guth and R. Tagiuri. "Personal Values and Corporate Strategies," Harvard Business Review, 43, (1965): 123-132; R. Tagiuri. "Value Orientations and the Relationship of Managers and Scientists," Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, (1965): 39-51; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68.
12. K. Lewin. A Dynamic Theory of Personality. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935); G.W. Allport. Personality: A Psychological Interpretation. (New York: Henry Holt, 1937); H.A. Murray. Exploration in Personality. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938); C.L. Hull. Principles of Behavior. (New York: Appleton Century, 1943); J.S. Bruner and C.C. Goodman. "Values and Needs as Organizing Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, (1947): 33-44; J. Postman, J.S. Bruner, and E. McGinnes. "Personal Values as Selective Factors in Perception," Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 43, (1948): 142-154; C. Kluckhohn, and F.L. Strodtbeck. Variation in Value Orientations. (Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson, 1961); R.N. McMurry. "Conflicts In Human Values," Harvard Business Review, 41, (1963): 130-145; W.D. Guth and R. Tagiuri. "Personal Values and Corporate Strategies," Harvard Business Review, 43, (1965): 123-132; R. Tagiuri. "Value Orientations and the Relationship of Managers and Scientists," Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, (1965): 39-51; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68.
13. Rokeach, Milton. Beliefs, Attitudes and Values. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1968).
14. Reviews can be found in George W. England. "The Manager and His Values," (New York: Ballinger, 1975); Milton Rokeach (ed.). Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979); Steven M. Burgess. "Personal Values and Consumer Research: An Historical Perspective," Research in Marketing, 11, (1992): 35-79; Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know More?" Journal of Management Inquiry, 3 (1), (1994): 67-73; Bruce M. Meglino and Elizabeth C. Ravlin. "Individual Values In Organizations: Concepts, Controversies, and Research," Journal of Management, 24, (1998): 351-389; Richard W. Stackman, Craig C. Pinder, & Patrick E. Connor, "Values Lost: Redirecting Research on Values in the Workplace," Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (NeiShamansl Ashkanasy et al, eds.). (Sage Publications, (2000): 37-54.
15. Reviews can be found in George W. England. "The Manager and His Values," (New York: Ballinger, 1975); Milton Rokeach (ed.). Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979); Steven M. Burgess. "Personal Values and Consumer Research: An Historical Perspective," Research in Marketing, 11, (1992): 35-79; Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know More?" Journal of Management Inquiry, 3 (1), (1994): 67-73; Bruce M. Meglino and Elizabeth C. Ravlin. "Individual Values In Organizations: Concepts, Controversies, and Research," Journal of Management, 24, (1998): 351-389; Richard W. Stackman, Craig C. Pinder, & Patrick E. Connor, "Values Lost: Redirecting Research on Values in the Workplace," Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (NeiShamansl Ashkanasy et al, eds.). (Sage Publications, (2000): 37-54.
16. Reviews can be found in George W. England. "The Manager and His Values," (New York: Ballinger, 1975); Milton Rokeach (ed.). Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979); Steven M. Burgess. "Personal Values and Consumer Research: An Historical Perspective," Research in Marketing, 11, (1992): 35-79; Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know More?" Journal of Management Inquiry, 3 (1), (1994): 67-73; Bruce M. Meglino and Elizabeth C. Ravlin. "Individual Values In Organizations: Concepts, Controversies, and Research," Journal of Management, 24, (1998): 351-389; Richard W. Stackman, Craig C. Pinder, & Patrick E. Connor, "Values Lost: Redirecting Research on Values in the Workplace," Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (NeiShamansl Ashkanasy et al, eds.). (Sage Publications, (2000): 37-54.
17. Reviews can be found in George W. England. "The Manager and His Values," (New York: Ballinger, 1975); Milton Rokeach (ed.). Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979); Steven M. Burgess. "Personal Values and Consumer Research: An Historical Perspective," Research in Marketing, 11, (1992): 35-79; Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know More?" Journal of Management Inquiry, 3 (1), (1994): 67-73; Bruce M. Meglino and Elizabeth C. Ravlin. "Individual Values In Organizations: Concepts, Controversies, and Research," Journal of Management, 24, (1998): 351-389; Richard W. Stackman, Craig C. Pinder, & Patrick E. Connor, "Values Lost: Redirecting Research on Values in the Workplace," Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (NeiShamansl Ashkanasy et al, eds.). (Sage Publications, (2000): 37-54.
18. Reviews can be found in George W. England. "The Manager and His Values," (New York: Ballinger, 1975); Milton Rokeach (ed.). Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979); Steven M. Burgess. "Personal Values and Consumer Research: An Historical Perspective," Research in Marketing, 11, (1992): 35-79; Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know More?" Journal of Management Inquiry, 3 (1), (1994): 67-73; Bruce M. Meglino and Elizabeth C. Ravlin. "Individual Values In Organizations: Concepts, Controversies, and Research," Journal of Management, 24, (1998): 351-389; Richard W. Stackman, Craig C. Pinder, & Patrick E. Connor, "Values Lost: Redirecting Research on Values in the Workplace," Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (NeiShamansl Ashkanasy et al, eds.). (Sage Publications, (2000): 37-54.
19. Reviews can be found in George W. England. "The Manager and His Values," (New York: Ballinger, 1975); Milton Rokeach (ed.). Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979); Steven M. Burgess. "Personal Values and Consumer Research: An Historical Perspective," Research in Marketing, 11, (1992): 35-79; Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know More?" Journal of Management Inquiry, 3 (1), (1994): 67-73; Bruce M. Meglino and Elizabeth C. Ravlin. "Individual Values In Organizations: Concepts, Controversies, and Research," Journal of Management, 24, (1998): 351-389; Richard W. Stackman, Craig C. Pinder, & Patrick E. Connor, "Values Lost: Redirecting Research on Values in the Workplace," Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (NeiShamansl Ashkanasy et al, eds.). (Sage Publications, (2000): 37-54.
20. For example, Jonathan Gutman. "A Means-End Chain Model Based on Consumer Categorization Processes," Journal of Marketing, 46 (Spring), (1982): 60-72.
21. Geert Hofstede. Culture's Consequences, (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1984); Lynn R. Kahle. Social Values and Adaptation to Life in America. (New York: Praeger, 1984); Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "Values and the American Manager: An Update Updated," California Management Review, 34 (Spring), (1992): 80-94; Shalom H. Schwanz. "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries," Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 25, (1992): 1-65.
22. Geert Hofstede. Culture's Consequences, (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1984); Lynn R. Kahle. Social Values and Adaptation to Life in America. (New York: Praeger, 1984); Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "Values and the American Manager: An Update Updated," California Management Review, 34 (Spring), (1992): 80-94; Shalom H. Schwanz. "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries," Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 25, (1992): 1-65.
23. Geert Hofstede. Culture's Consequences, (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1984); Lynn R. Kahle. Social Values and Adaptation to Life in America. (New York: Praeger, 1984); Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "Values and the American Manager: An Update Updated," California Management Review, 34 (Spring), (1992): 80-94; Shalom H. Schwanz. "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries," Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 25, (1992): 1-65.
24. Geert Hofstede. Culture's Consequences, (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, 1984); Lynn R. Kahle. Social Values and Adaptation to Life in America. (New York: Praeger, 1984); Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "Values and the American Manager: An Update Updated," California Management Review, 34 (Spring), (1992): 80-94; Shalom H. Schwanz. "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries," Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 25, (1992): 1-65.
25. Andrew F. Sikula. "The Values and Value Systems of Governmental Executives," Public Personnel Management, January-February, (1973): 16-22; Barry Z. Posner and Warren H. Schmidt. "Determining Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector," Human Resource Management, 21, (1982): 35-43; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "An Updated Look at the Values and Expectations of Federal Government Executives," Public Administration Review, 54, (1994): 20-24; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "The Values of Business and Federal Government Executives: More Different Than Alike," Public Personnel Management, 25 (3), (1996): 277-289; J. Nalbandian & J. T. Edwards. "The Values of Public Administrators: A Comparison With Lawyers, Social Workers, and Business Administrators," Review of Public Personnel Administration, 4, (1983): 114-127; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of Federal Service Executives," Public Administration Review, 46, (1986): 447-454; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of City Managers in California," Public Administration Review, 47, (1987): 404-409; Michael McCarrey, Sahd Ahmed, Yvon Gasse, Gretchen Conrad, Sylvie Séguin, Marlene Major, & Pierre Mercier. "The Subjective Culture of Public Sector Women and Men Managers: A Common Instrumental/Expressive Value Orientation or, Two Different Worlds?" Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 6, (19839): 43-50; Janet P. Near, Melissa S. Baucus, & Marcia P. Miceli. "The Relationship Between Values and Practice," Administration & Society, 25, (1993): 204-226; Linda deLeon. "The Professional Values of Public Managers, Policy Analysts and Politicians," Public Personnel Management, 23, (1994): 135-152; Michael Lubatkin & Gary Powell. "Exploring the Influence of Gender on Managerial Work in a Transitional, Eastern European Nation," Human Relations, 51 (18), (1998): 1007-1031.
26. Andrew F. Sikula. "The Values and Value Systems of Governmental Executives," Public Personnel Management, January-February, (1973): 16-22; Barry Z. Posner and Warren H. Schmidt. "Determining Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector," Human Resource Management, 21, (1982): 35-43; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "An Updated Look at the Values and Expectations of Federal Government Executives," Public Administration Review, 54, (1994): 20-24; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "The Values of Business and Federal Government Executives: More Different Than Alike," Public Personnel Management, 25 (3), (1996): 277-289; J. Nalbandian & J. T. Edwards. "The Values of Public Administrators: A Comparison With Lawyers, Social Workers, and Business Administrators," Review of Public Personnel Administration, 4, (1983): 114-127; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of Federal Service Executives," Public Administration Review, 46, (1986): 447-454; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of City Managers in California," Public Administration Review, 47, (1987): 404-409; Michael McCarrey, Sahd Ahmed, Yvon Gasse, Gretchen Conrad, Sylvie Séguin, Marlene Major, & Pierre Mercier. "The Subjective Culture of Public Sector Women and Men Managers: A Common Instrumental/Expressive Value Orientation or, Two Different Worlds?" Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 6, (19839): 43-50; Janet P. Near, Melissa S. Baucus, & Marcia P. Miceli. "The Relationship Between Values and Practice," Administration & Society, 25, (1993): 204-226; Linda deLeon. "The Professional Values of Public Managers, Policy Analysts and Politicians," Public Personnel Management, 23, (1994): 135-152; Michael Lubatkin & Gary Powell. "Exploring the Influence of Gender on Managerial Work in a Transitional, Eastern European Nation," Human Relations, 51 (18), (1998): 1007-1031.
27. Andrew F. Sikula. "The Values and Value Systems of Governmental Executives," Public Personnel Management, January-February, (1973): 16-22; Barry Z. Posner and Warren H. Schmidt. "Determining Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector," Human Resource Management, 21, (1982): 35-43; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "An Updated Look at the Values and Expectations of Federal Government Executives," Public Administration Review, 54, (1994): 20-24; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "The Values of Business and Federal Government Executives: More Different Than Alike," Public Personnel Management, 25 (3), (1996): 277-289; J. Nalbandian & J. T. Edwards. "The Values of Public Administrators: A Comparison With Lawyers, Social Workers, and Business Administrators," Review of Public Personnel Administration, 4, (1983): 114-127; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of Federal Service Executives," Public Administration Review, 46, (1986): 447-454; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of City Managers in California," Public Administration Review, 47, (1987): 404-409; Michael McCarrey, Sahd Ahmed, Yvon Gasse, Gretchen Conrad, Sylvie Séguin, Marlene Major, & Pierre Mercier. "The Subjective Culture of Public Sector Women and Men Managers: A Common Instrumental/Expressive Value Orientation or, Two Different Worlds?" Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 6, (19839): 43-50; Janet P. Near, Melissa S. Baucus, & Marcia P. Miceli. "The Relationship Between Values and Practice," Administration & Society, 25, (1993): 204-226; Linda deLeon. "The Professional Values of Public Managers, Policy Analysts and Politicians," Public Personnel Management, 23, (1994): 135-152; Michael Lubatkin & Gary Powell. "Exploring the Influence of Gender on Managerial Work in a Transitional, Eastern European Nation," Human Relations, 51 (18), (1998): 1007-1031.
28. Andrew F. Sikula. "The Values and Value Systems of Governmental Executives," Public Personnel Management, January-February, (1973): 16-22; Barry Z. Posner and Warren H. Schmidt. "Determining Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector," Human Resource Management, 21, (1982): 35-43; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "An Updated Look at the Values and Expectations of Federal Government Executives," Public Administration Review, 54, (1994): 20-24; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "The Values of Business and Federal Government Executives: More Different Than Alike," Public Personnel Management, 25 (3), (1996): 277-289; J. Nalbandian & J. T. Edwards. "The Values of Public Administrators: A Comparison With Lawyers, Social Workers, and Business Administrators," Review of Public Personnel Administration, 4, (1983): 114-127; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of Federal Service Executives," Public Administration Review, 46, (1986): 447-454; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of City Managers in California," Public Administration Review, 47, (1987): 404-409; Michael McCarrey, Sahd Ahmed, Yvon Gasse, Gretchen Conrad, Sylvie Séguin, Marlene Major, & Pierre Mercier. "The Subjective Culture of Public Sector Women and Men Managers: A Common Instrumental/Expressive Value Orientation or, Two Different Worlds?" Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 6, (19839): 43-50; Janet P. Near, Melissa S. Baucus, & Marcia P. Miceli. "The Relationship Between Values and Practice," Administration & Society, 25, (1993): 204-226; Linda deLeon. "The Professional Values of Public Managers, Policy Analysts and Politicians," Public Personnel Management, 23, (1994): 135-152; Michael Lubatkin & Gary Powell. "Exploring the Influence of Gender on Managerial Work in a Transitional, Eastern European Nation," Human Relations, 51 (18), (1998): 1007-1031.
29. Andrew F. Sikula. "The Values and Value Systems of Governmental Executives," Public Personnel Management, January-February, (1973): 16-22; Barry Z. Posner and Warren H. Schmidt. "Determining Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector," Human Resource Management, 21, (1982): 35-43; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "An Updated Look at the Values and Expectations of Federal Government Executives," Public Administration Review, 54, (1994): 20-24; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "The Values of Business and Federal Government Executives: More Different Than Alike," Public Personnel Management, 25 (3), (1996): 277-289; J. Nalbandian & J. T. Edwards. "The Values of Public Administrators: A Comparison With Lawyers, Social Workers, and Business Administrators," Review of Public Personnel Administration, 4, (1983): 114-127; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of Federal Service Executives," Public Administration Review, 46, (1986): 447-454; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of City Managers in California," Public Administration Review, 47, (1987): 404-409; Michael McCarrey, Sahd Ahmed, Yvon Gasse, Gretchen Conrad, Sylvie Séguin, Marlene Major, & Pierre Mercier. "The Subjective Culture of Public Sector Women and Men Managers: A Common Instrumental/Expressive Value Orientation or, Two Different Worlds?" Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 6, (19839): 43-50; Janet P. Near, Melissa S. Baucus, & Marcia P. Miceli. "The Relationship Between Values and Practice," Administration & Society, 25, (1993): 204-226; Linda deLeon. "The Professional Values of Public Managers, Policy Analysts and Politicians," Public Personnel Management, 23, (1994): 135-152; Michael Lubatkin & Gary Powell. "Exploring the Influence of Gender on Managerial Work in a Transitional, Eastern European Nation," Human Relations, 51 (18), (1998): 1007-1031.
30. Andrew F. Sikula. "The Values and Value Systems of Governmental Executives," Public Personnel Management, January-February, (1973): 16-22; Barry Z. Posner and Warren H. Schmidt. "Determining Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector," Human Resource Management, 21, (1982): 35-43; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "An Updated Look at the Values and Expectations of Federal Government Executives," Public Administration Review, 54, (1994): 20-24; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "The Values of Business and Federal Government Executives: More Different Than Alike," Public Personnel Management, 25 (3), (1996): 277-289; J. Nalbandian & J. T. Edwards. "The Values of Public Administrators: A Comparison With Lawyers, Social Workers, and Business Administrators," Review of Public Personnel Administration, 4, (1983): 114-127; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of Federal Service Executives," Public Administration Review, 46, (1986): 447-454; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of City Managers in California," Public Administration Review, 47, (1987): 404-409; Michael McCarrey, Sahd Ahmed, Yvon Gasse, Gretchen Conrad, Sylvie Séguin, Marlene Major, & Pierre Mercier. "The Subjective Culture of Public Sector Women and Men Managers: A Common Instrumental/Expressive Value Orientation or, Two Different Worlds?" Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 6, (19839): 43-50; Janet P. Near, Melissa S. Baucus, & Marcia P. Miceli. "The Relationship Between Values and Practice," Administration & Society, 25, (1993): 204-226; Linda deLeon. "The Professional Values of Public Managers, Policy Analysts and Politicians," Public Personnel Management, 23, (1994): 135-152; Michael Lubatkin & Gary Powell. "Exploring the Influence of Gender on Managerial Work in a Transitional, Eastern European Nation," Human Relations, 51 (18), (1998): 1007-1031.
31. Andrew F. Sikula. "The Values and Value Systems of Governmental Executives," Public Personnel Management, January-February, (1973): 16-22; Barry Z. Posner and Warren H. Schmidt. "Determining Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector," Human Resource Management, 21, (1982): 35-43; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "An Updated Look at the Values and Expectations of Federal Government Executives," Public Administration Review, 54, (1994): 20-24; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "The Values of Business and Federal Government Executives: More Different Than Alike," Public Personnel Management, 25 (3), (1996): 277-289; J. Nalbandian & J. T. Edwards. "The Values of Public Administrators: A Comparison With Lawyers, Social Workers, and Business Administrators," Review of Public Personnel Administration, 4, (1983): 114-127; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of Federal Service Executives," Public Administration Review, 46, (1986): 447-454; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of City Managers in California," Public Administration Review, 47, (1987): 404-409; Michael McCarrey, Sahd Ahmed, Yvon Gasse, Gretchen Conrad, Sylvie Séguin, Marlene Major, & Pierre Mercier. "The Subjective Culture of Public Sector Women and Men Managers: A Common Instrumental/Expressive Value Orientation or, Two Different Worlds?" Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 6, (19839): 43-50; Janet P. Near, Melissa S. Baucus, & Marcia P. Miceli. "The Relationship Between Values and Practice," Administration & Society, 25, (1993): 204-226; Linda deLeon. "The Professional Values of Public Managers, Policy Analysts and Politicians," Public Personnel Management, 23, (1994): 135-152; Michael Lubatkin & Gary Powell. "Exploring the Influence of Gender on Managerial Work in a Transitional, Eastern European Nation," Human Relations, 51 (18), (1998): 1007-1031.
32. Andrew F. Sikula. "The Values and Value Systems of Governmental Executives," Public Personnel Management, January-February, (1973): 16-22; Barry Z. Posner and Warren H. Schmidt. "Determining Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector," Human Resource Management, 21, (1982): 35-43; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "An Updated Look at the Values and Expectations of Federal Government Executives," Public Administration Review, 54, (1994): 20-24; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "The Values of Business and Federal Government Executives: More Different Than Alike," Public Personnel Management, 25 (3), (1996): 277-289; J. Nalbandian & J. T. Edwards. "The Values of Public Administrators: A Comparison With Lawyers, Social Workers, and Business Administrators," Review of Public Personnel Administration, 4, (1983): 114-127; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of Federal Service Executives," Public Administration Review, 46, (1986): 447-454; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of City Managers in California," Public Administration Review, 47, (1987): 404-409; Michael McCarrey, Sahd Ahmed, Yvon Gasse, Gretchen Conrad, Sylvie Séguin, Marlene Major, & Pierre Mercier. "The Subjective Culture of Public Sector Women and Men Managers: A Common Instrumental/Expressive Value Orientation or, Two Different Worlds?" Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 6, (19839): 43-50; Janet P. Near, Melissa S. Baucus, & Marcia P. Miceli. "The Relationship Between Values and Practice," Administration & Society, 25, (1993): 204-226; Linda deLeon. "The Professional Values of Public Managers, Policy Analysts and Politicians," Public Personnel Management, 23, (1994): 135-152; Michael Lubatkin & Gary Powell. "Exploring the Influence of Gender on Managerial Work in a Transitional, Eastern European Nation," Human Relations, 51 (18), (1998): 1007-1031.
33. Andrew F. Sikula. "The Values and Value Systems of Governmental Executives," Public Personnel Management, January-February, (1973): 16-22; Barry Z. Posner and Warren H. Schmidt. "Determining Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector," Human Resource Management, 21, (1982): 35-43; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "An Updated Look at the Values and Expectations of Federal Government Executives," Public Administration Review, 54, (1994): 20-24; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "The Values of Business and Federal Government Executives: More Different Than Alike," Public Personnel Management, 25 (3), (1996): 277-289; J. Nalbandian & J. T. Edwards. "The Values of Public Administrators: A Comparison With Lawyers, Social Workers, and Business Administrators," Review of Public Personnel Administration, 4, (1983): 114-127; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of Federal Service Executives," Public Administration Review, 46, (1986): 447-454; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of City Managers in California," Public Administration Review, 47, (1987): 404-409; Michael McCarrey, Sahd Ahmed, Yvon Gasse, Gretchen Conrad, Sylvie Séguin, Marlene Major, & Pierre Mercier. "The Subjective Culture of Public Sector Women and Men Managers: A Common Instrumental/Expressive Value Orientation or, Two Different Worlds?" Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 6, (19839): 43-50; Janet P. Near, Melissa S. Baucus, & Marcia P. Miceli. "The Relationship Between Values and Practice," Administration & Society, 25, (1993): 204-226; Linda deLeon. "The Professional Values of Public Managers, Policy Analysts and Politicians," Public Personnel Management, 23, (1994): 135-152; Michael Lubatkin & Gary Powell. "Exploring the Influence of Gender on Managerial Work in a Transitional, Eastern European Nation," Human Relations, 51 (18), (1998): 1007-1031.
34. Andrew F. Sikula. "The Values and Value Systems of Governmental Executives," Public Personnel Management, January-February, (1973): 16-22; Barry Z. Posner and Warren H. Schmidt. "Determining Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector," Human Resource Management, 21, (1982): 35-43; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "An Updated Look at the Values and Expectations of Federal Government Executives," Public Administration Review, 54, (1994): 20-24; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "The Values of Business and Federal Government Executives: More Different Than Alike," Public Personnel Management, 25 (3), (1996): 277-289; J. Nalbandian & J. T. Edwards. "The Values of Public Administrators: A Comparison With Lawyers, Social Workers, and Business Administrators," Review of Public Personnel Administration, 4, (1983): 114-127; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of Federal Service Executives," Public Administration Review, 46, (1986): 447-454; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of City Managers in California," Public Administration Review, 47, (1987): 404-409; Michael McCarrey, Sahd Ahmed, Yvon Gasse, Gretchen Conrad, Sylvie Séguin, Marlene Major, & Pierre Mercier. "The Subjective Culture of Public Sector Women and Men Managers: A Common Instrumental/Expressive Value Orientation or, Two Different Worlds?" Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 6, (19839): 43-50; Janet P. Near, Melissa S. Baucus, & Marcia P. Miceli. "The Relationship Between Values and Practice," Administration & Society, 25, (1993): 204-226; Linda deLeon. "The Professional Values of Public Managers, Policy Analysts and Politicians," Public Personnel Management, 23, (1994): 135-152; Michael Lubatkin & Gary Powell. "Exploring the Influence of Gender on Managerial Work in a Transitional, Eastern European Nation," Human Relations, 51 (18), (1998): 1007-1031.
35. Andrew F. Sikula. "The Values and Value Systems of Governmental Executives," Public Personnel Management, January-February, (1973): 16-22; Barry Z. Posner and Warren H. Schmidt. "Determining Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector," Human Resource Management, 21, (1982): 35-43; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "An Updated Look at the Values and Expectations of Federal Government Executives," Public Administration Review, 54, (1994): 20-24; Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "The Values of Business and Federal Government Executives: More Different Than Alike," Public Personnel Management, 25 (3), (1996): 277-289; J. Nalbandian & J. T. Edwards. "The Values of Public Administrators: A Comparison With Lawyers, Social Workers, and Business Administrators," Review of Public Personnel Administration, 4, (1983): 114-127; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of Federal Service Executives," Public Administration Review, 46, (1986): 447-454; Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of City Managers in California," Public Administration Review, 47, (1987): 404-409; Michael McCarrey, Sahd Ahmed, Yvon Gasse, Gretchen Conrad, Sylvie Séguin, Marlene Major, & Pierre Mercier. "The Subjective Culture of Public Sector Women and Men Managers: A Common Instrumental/Expressive Value Orientation or, Two Different Worlds?" Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 6, (19839): 43-50; Janet P. Near, Melissa S. Baucus, & Marcia P. Miceli. "The Relationship Between Values and Practice," Administration & Society, 25, (1993): 204-226; Linda deLeon. "The Professional Values of Public Managers, Policy Analysts and Politicians," Public Personnel Management, 23, (1994): 135-152; Michael Lubatkin & Gary Powell. "Exploring the Influence of Gender on Managerial Work in a Transitional, Eastern European Nation," Human Relations, 51 (18), (1998): 1007-1031.
36. P.M. Homer & Lynn R. Kahle. "A Structural Equation Test of the Value-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, (1998): 638-646; L. Sagiv & Shalom H. Schwartz. "Value Priorities and Readiness for Out-Group Social Contact," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, (1995): 437-448; Shalom H. Schwartz. "Value Priorities and Behavior: Applying a Theory of Integrated Value Systems," In C. Seligman, J. M. Olson, and M. P. Zanna (eds.), The Psychology of Values: The Ontario Symposium, 8, (Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1996), 1-24; Shalom H. Schwartz. "Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values?" Journal of Social Issues, 50, (1994): 19-45.
37. P.M. Homer & Lynn R. Kahle. "A Structural Equation Test of the Value-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, (1998): 638-646; L. Sagiv & Shalom H. Schwartz. "Value Priorities and Readiness for Out-Group Social Contact," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, (1995): 437-448; Shalom H. Schwartz. "Value Priorities and Behavior: Applying a Theory of Integrated Value Systems," In C. Seligman, J. M. Olson, and M. P. Zanna (eds.), The Psychology of Values: The Ontario Symposium, 8, (Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1996), 1-24; Shalom H. Schwartz. "Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values?" Journal of Social Issues, 50, (1994): 19-45.
38. P.M. Homer & Lynn R. Kahle. "A Structural Equation Test of the Value-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, (1998): 638-646; L. Sagiv & Shalom H. Schwartz. "Value Priorities and Readiness for Out-Group Social Contact," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, (1995): 437-448; Shalom H. Schwartz. "Value Priorities and Behavior: Applying a Theory of Integrated Value Systems," In C. Seligman, J. M. Olson, and M. P. Zanna (eds.), The Psychology of Values: The Ontario Symposium, 8, (Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1996), 1-24; Shalom H. Schwartz. "Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values?" Journal of Social Issues, 50, (1994): 19-45.
39. P.M. Homer & Lynn R. Kahle. "A Structural Equation Test of the Value-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, (1998): 638-646; L. Sagiv & Shalom H. Schwartz. "Value Priorities and Readiness for Out-Group Social Contact," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, (1995): 437-448; Shalom H. Schwartz. "Value Priorities and Behavior: Applying a Theory of Integrated Value Systems," In C. Seligman, J. M. Olson, and M. P. Zanna (eds.), The Psychology of Values: The Ontario Symposium, 8, (Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1996), 1-24; Shalom H. Schwartz. "Are There Universal Aspects in the Structure and Contents of Human Values?" Journal of Social Issues, 50, (1994): 19-45.
40. Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know More?" Journal of Management Inquiry, 3 (1), (1994): 67-73; Richard W. Stackman, Craig C. Pinder, & Patrick E. Connor. "Values Lost: Redirecting Research on Values in the Workplace," Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (Neil Ashkanasy et al, eds.). Sage Publications, (2000): 37-54.
41. Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know More?" Journal of Management Inquiry, 3 (1), (1994): 67-73; Richard W. Stackman, Craig C. Pinder, & Patrick E. Connor. "Values Lost: Redirecting Research on Values in the Workplace," Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (Neil Ashkanasy et al, eds.). Sage Publications, (2000): 37-54.
42. The authors are grateful to Professor G. Frederick Thompson for his comments on an earlier draft of this paper.
43. C. Kluckhohn. "Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action," In Talcott Parsons and Edward A. Shils (Eds.) Toward a General Theory of Action. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951), 389; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 54, (1967); Robin M. Williams, Jr. "The Concept of Values," In D.L. Sills (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1968), 16; Robin M. Williams, Jr. "Change and Stability in Values and Value Systems: A Sociological Perspective," In Milton Rokeach (Ed.), Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979), 16; Milton Rokeach. Beliefs, Attitudes and Values. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1968): 124, 160.
44. C. Kluckhohn. "Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action," In Talcott Parsons and Edward A. Shils (Eds.) Toward a General Theory of Action. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951), 389; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 54, (1967); Robin M. Williams, Jr. "The Concept of Values," In D.L. Sills (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1968), 16; Robin M. Williams, Jr. "Change and Stability in Values and Value Systems: A Sociological Perspective," In Milton Rokeach (Ed.), Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979), 16; Milton Rokeach. Beliefs, Attitudes and Values. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1968): 124, 160.
45. C. Kluckhohn. "Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action," In Talcott Parsons and Edward A. Shils (Eds.) Toward a General Theory of Action. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951), 389; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 54, (1967); Robin M. Williams, Jr. "The Concept of Values," In D.L. Sills (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1968), 16; Robin M. Williams, Jr. "Change and Stability in Values and Value Systems: A Sociological Perspective," In Milton Rokeach (Ed.), Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979), 16; Milton Rokeach. Beliefs, Attitudes and Values. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1968): 124, 160.
46. C. Kluckhohn. "Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action," In Talcott Parsons and Edward A. Shils (Eds.) Toward a General Theory of Action. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951), 389; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 54, (1967); Robin M. Williams, Jr. "The Concept of Values," In D.L. Sills (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1968), 16; Robin M. Williams, Jr. "Change and Stability in Values and Value Systems: A Sociological Perspective," In Milton Rokeach (Ed.), Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979), 16; Milton Rokeach. Beliefs, Attitudes and Values. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1968): 124, 160.
47. C. Kluckhohn. "Values and Value Orientations in the Theory of Action," In Talcott Parsons and Edward A. Shils (Eds.) Toward a General Theory of Action. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951), 389; George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 54, (1967); Robin M. Williams, Jr. "The Concept of Values," In D.L. Sills (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, (New York: Macmillan and Free Press, 1968), 16; Robin M. Williams, Jr. "Change and Stability in Values and Value Systems: A Sociological Perspective," In Milton Rokeach (Ed.), Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979), 16; Milton Rokeach. Beliefs, Attitudes and Values. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1968): 124, 160.
48. George A. Theodorson & Achilles G. Theodorson. A Modern Dictionary of Sociology. (New York: Cromwell, 1969), 19.
49. I. Ajzen and M. Fishbein. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1980); R.H. Fazio. "How Do Attitudes Guide Behavior?" In Sorrentino, R.M. & Higgens, E.T. (Eds.), Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundation of Social Behavior. (New York: Guilford, 1986).
50. I. Ajzen and M. Fishbein. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior. (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1980); R.H. Fazio. "How Do Attitudes Guide Behavior?" In Sorrentino, R.M. & Higgens, E.T. (Eds.), Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundation of Social Behavior. (New York: Guilford, 1986).
51. George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68; George W. England & Robert Lee. "The Relationship Between Managerial Values and Managerial Success in the United States, Japan, India, and Australia," Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, (1974): 411-419.
52. George W. England. "Personal Values Systems of American Managers," Academy of Management Journal, 10, (1967): 53-68; George W. England & Robert Lee. "The Relationship Between Managerial Values and Managerial Success in the United States, Japan, India, and Australia," Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, (1974): 411-419.
53. P.M. Homer & Lynn R, Kahle. "A Structural Equation Test of the Value-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, (1988): 638-646; Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know More?" Journal of Management Inquiry, 3 (1), (1994): 67-73; Richard W. Stackman, Craig C. Pinder, & Patrick E. Connor. "Values Lost: Redirecting Research on Values in the Workplace," Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (Neil Ashkanasy et al, eds.). Sage Publications, (2000): 37-54. Indeed, Homer and Kahle (1988) demonstrated that values were more strongly associated with nutrition attitudes than directly with shopping behaviors. For their part, nutrition attitudes influenced natural food shopping, thus supporting the mediating role of attitudes. P.M. Homer & Lynn R. Kahle. "A Structural Equation Test of the Value-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy," Journal of 'Personality and Social Psychology, 54, (1988): 638-646.
54. P.M. Homer & Lynn R, Kahle. "A Structural Equation Test of the Value-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, (1988): 638-646; Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know More?" Journal of Management Inquiry, 3 (1), (1994): 67-73; Richard W. Stackman, Craig C. Pinder, & Patrick E. Connor. "Values Lost: Redirecting Research on Values in the Workplace," Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (Neil Ashkanasy et al, eds.). Sage Publications, (2000): 37-54. Indeed, Homer and Kahle (1988) demonstrated that values were more strongly associated with nutrition attitudes than directly with shopping behaviors. For their part, nutrition attitudes influenced natural food shopping, thus supporting the mediating role of attitudes. P.M. Homer & Lynn R. Kahle. "A Structural Equation Test of the Value-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy," Journal of 'Personality and Social Psychology, 54, (1988): 638-646.
55. P.M. Homer & Lynn R, Kahle. "A Structural Equation Test of the Value-Attitude-Behavior Hierarchy," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, (1988): 638-646; Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know
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98. Abbas J. Ali and Dietrich L. Schaupp. "Value Systems as Predictors of Managerial Decision Styles of Arab Executives," International Journal of Manpower, 13 (3), (1992): 19-26; Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know More?" Journal of Management Inquiry, 3 (1), (1994): 67-73; Richard W. Stackman, Craig C. Pinder, & Patrick E. Connor. "Values Lost: Redirecting Research on Values in the Workplace," Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (Neil Ashkanasy et al, eds.). Sage Publications, (2000): 37-54.
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100. Abbas J. Ali and Dietrich L. Schaupp. "Value Systems as Predictors of Managerial Decision Styles of Arab Executives," International Journal of Manpower, 13 (3), (1992): 19-26; Patrick E. Connor and Boris W. Becker. "Personal Values and Management: What Do We Know and Why Don't We Know More?" Journal of Management Inquiry, 3 (1), (1994): 67-73; Richard W. Stackman, Craig C. Pinder, & Patrick E. Connor. "Values Lost: Redirecting Research on Values in the Workplace," Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate (Neil Ashkanasy et al, eds.). Sage Publications, (2000): 37-54.
101. Walter A. Henry. "Cultural Values Do Correlate With Consumer Behavior," Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (May), (1976,): 121-127; Boris W. Becker and Patrick E. Connor. "Personal Values of the Heavy User of Mass Media," Journal of Advertising Research, 21 (October), (1981): 37-44; Andrew Duff & Stephen Cotgrove. "Social Values and the Choice of Careers in Industry," Journal of Occupational Psychology, 55, (1982): 97-107; Adrian Furnham. "Values and Vocational Choice: A Study of Values Differences in Medical, Nursing and Psychology Students," Social Science and Medicine, 26 (6), (1988): 613-618; T.A. Judge & R. D. Bretz. "Effects of Work Values on Job Choice Decisions," Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, (1992): 261-271.
102. Walter A. Henry. "Cultural Values Do Correlate With Consumer Behavior," Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (May), (1976,): 121-127; Boris W. Becker and Patrick E. Connor. "Personal Values of the Heavy User of Mass Media," Journal of Advertising Research, 21 (October), (1981): 37-44; Andrew Duff & Stephen Cotgrove. "Social Values and the Choice of Careers in Industry," Journal of Occupational Psychology, 55, (1982): 97-107; Adrian Furnham. "Values and Vocational Choice: A Study of Values Differences in Medical, Nursing and Psychology Students," Social Science and Medicine, 26 (6), (1988): 613-618; T.A. Judge & R. D. Bretz. "Effects of Work Values on Job Choice Decisions," Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, (1992): 261-271.
103. Walter A. Henry. "Cultural Values Do Correlate With Consumer Behavior," Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (May), (1976,): 121-127; Boris W. Becker and Patrick E. Connor. "Personal Values of the Heavy User of Mass Media," Journal of Advertising Research, 21 (October), (1981): 37-44; Andrew Duff & Stephen Cotgrove. "Social Values and the Choice of Careers in Industry," Journal of Occupational Psychology, 55, (1982): 97-107; Adrian Furnham. "Values and Vocational Choice: A Study of Values Differences in Medical, Nursing and Psychology Students," Social Science and Medicine, 26 (6), (1988): 613-618; T.A. Judge & R. D. Bretz. "Effects of Work Values on Job Choice Decisions," Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, (1992): 261-271.
104. Walter A. Henry. "Cultural Values Do Correlate With Consumer Behavior," Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (May), (1976,): 121-127; Boris W. Becker and Patrick E. Connor. "Personal Values of the Heavy User of Mass Media," Journal of Advertising Research, 21 (October), (1981): 37-44; Andrew Duff & Stephen Cotgrove. "Social Values and the Choice of Careers in Industry," Journal of Occupational Psychology, 55, (1982): 97-107; Adrian Furnham. "Values and Vocational Choice: A Study of Values Differences in Medical, Nursing and Psychology Students," Social Science and Medicine, 26 (6), (1988): 613-618; T.A. Judge & R. D. Bretz. "Effects of Work Values on Job Choice Decisions," Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, (1992): 261-271.
105. Walter A. Henry. "Cultural Values Do Correlate With Consumer Behavior," Journal of Marketing Research, 13 (May), (1976,): 121-127; Boris W. Becker and Patrick E. Connor. "Personal Values of the Heavy User of Mass Media," Journal of Advertising Research, 21 (October), (1981): 37-44; Andrew Duff & Stephen Cotgrove. "Social Values and the Choice of Careers in Industry," Journal of Occupational Psychology, 55, (1982): 97-107; Adrian Furnham. "Values and Vocational Choice: A Study of Values Differences in Medical, Nursing and Psychology Students," Social Science and Medicine, 26 (6), (1988): 613-618; T.A. Judge & R. D. Bretz. "Effects of Work Values on Job Choice Decisions," Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, (1992): 261-271.
106. Elizabeth C. Ravlin & Bruce M. Meglino. "Effect of Values on Perception and Decision Making: A Study of Alternative Work Values Measures," Journal of Applied Psychology, (1987), 672.
107. Henry A. Alker, Vithala R. Rao, and G. David Hughes. "Value Consistent and Expedient Decision-Making," American Psychological Association Proceedings, 7 part 1, (1972): 149-50; G. David Hughes, Vithala R. Rao, & Henry A. Alker. "The Influence of Values, Information and Decision Orders on a Public Policy Decision," Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 6, (1976): 145-48.
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109. Elizabeth C. Ravlin & Bruce M. Meglino. "Effect of Values on Perception and Decision Making: A Study of Alternative Work Values Measures," Journal of Applied Psychology, 72, (1987): 666-673.
110. Elizabeth C. Ravlin & Bruce M. Meglino. "Effect of Values on Perception and Decision Making: A Study of Alternative Work Values Measures," Journal of Applied Psychology, (1987): 672.
111. Milton Rokeach. The Nature of Human Values. (New York: The Free Press, 1973).
112. Alan J. Rowe & Boulgarides, James D. "Decision Styles - A Perspective," Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 4, (1983): 3-6; Alan J. Rowe & Richard O. Mason. Managing With Style. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987); Terrence F. Mech. "The Managerial Decision Styles of Academic Library Directors," College and Research Libraries, 54 (5), (1993): 375-386.
113. Alan J. Rowe & Boulgarides, James D. "Decision Styles - A Perspective," Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 4, (1983): 3-6; Alan J. Rowe & Richard O. Mason. Managing With Style. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987); Terrence F. Mech. "The Managerial Decision Styles of Academic Library Directors," College and Research Libraries, 54 (5), (1993): 375-386.
114. Alan J. Rowe & Boulgarides, James D. "Decision Styles - A Perspective," Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 4, (1983): 3-6; Alan J. Rowe & Richard O. Mason. Managing With Style. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987); Terrence F. Mech. "The Managerial Decision Styles of Academic Library Directors," College and Research Libraries, 54 (5), (1993): 375-386.
115. Milton Rokeach. The Nature of Human Values. (New York: The Free Press, 1973), 26-52.
116. Milton Rokeach & Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach. "Stability and Change in American Value Priorities 1968-1981," American Psychologist, 44 (May), (1989): 775.
117. Milton Rokeach. The Nature of Human Values. (New York: The Free Press, 1973); Milton Rokeach (ed.). Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979).
118. Milton Rokeach. The Nature of Human Values. (New York: The Free Press, 1973); Milton Rokeach (ed.). Understanding Human Values: Individual and Societal. (New York: The Free Press, 1979).
119. Milton Rokeach. The Nature of Human Values. (New York: The Free Press, 1973), 44-45, emphasis added.
120. We employed Rokeach's factor analysis owing to the superiority of his sample size (1,409 vs. 161) - see J. Kim & C. W. Mueller. Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues. (Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications, Inc., 1978), 53-55. We were encouraged by the fact that the analysis of McCarrey, et al. (1984) produced identical factors to Rokeach's. Note too that our labeling of the second factor, Competence vs. Conscience, follows that of McCarrey, et al. (1984) and Connor, et al. (1993); Rokeach (1973) labeled this factor Competence vs. Religious Morality. Michael W. McCarrey, Yvon Gasse, & Larry F. Moore. "Work Value Goals and Instrumentalities: A Comparison of Canadian West-Coast Anglophone and Quebec City Francophone Managers," International Review of Applied Psychology, 33, (1984): 291-303; Patrick E. Connor, Boris W. Becker, Takashi Kakuyama, and Larry F. Moore. "A ross-National Comparative Study of Managerial Values: U.S., Canada, and Japan," Advances in International Comparative Management, 8, (1993): 3-29; Milton Rokeach. The Nature of Human Values. (New York: The Free Press, 1973).
121. We employed Rokeach's factor analysis owing to the superiority of his sample size (1,409 vs. 161) - see J. Kim & C. W. Mueller. Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues. (Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications, Inc., 1978), 53-55. We were encouraged by the fact that the analysis of McCarrey, et al. (1984) produced identical factors to Rokeach's. Note too that our labeling of the second factor, Competence vs. Conscience, follows that of McCarrey, et al. (1984) and Connor, et al. (1993); Rokeach (1973) labeled this factor Competence vs. Religious Morality. Michael W. McCarrey, Yvon Gasse, & Larry F. Moore. "Work Value Goals and Instrumentalities: A Comparison of Canadian West-Coast Anglophone and Quebec City Francophone Managers," International Review of Applied Psychology, 33, (1984): 291-303; Patrick E. Connor, Boris W. Becker, Takashi Kakuyama, and Larry F. Moore. "A ross-National Comparative Study of Managerial Values: U.S., Canada, and Japan," Advances in International Comparative Management, 8, (1993): 3-29; Milton Rokeach. The Nature of Human Values. (New York: The Free Press, 1973).
122. We employed Rokeach's factor analysis owing to the superiority of his sample size (1,409 vs. 161) - see J. Kim & C. W. Mueller. Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues. (Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications, Inc., 1978), 53-55. We were encouraged by the fact that the analysis of McCarrey, et al. (1984) produced identical factors to Rokeach's. Note too that our labeling of the second factor, Competence vs. Conscience, follows that of McCarrey, et al. (1984) and Connor, et al. (1993); Rokeach (1973) labeled this factor Competence vs. Religious Morality. Michael W. McCarrey, Yvon Gasse, & Larry F. Moore. "Work Value Goals and Instrumentalities: A Comparison of Canadian West-Coast Anglophone and Quebec City Francophone Managers," International Review of Applied Psychology, 33, (1984): 291-303; Patrick E. Connor, Boris W. Becker, Takashi Kakuyama, and Larry F. Moore. "A ross-National Comparative Study of Managerial Values: U.S., Canada, and Japan," Advances in International Comparative Management, 8, (1993): 3-29; Milton Rokeach. The Nature of Human Values. (New York: The Free Press, 1973).
123. We employed Rokeach's factor analysis owing to the superiority of his sample size (1,409 vs. 161) - see J. Kim & C. W. Mueller. Factor Analysis: Statistical Methods and Practical Issues. (Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications, Inc., 1978), 53-55. We were encouraged by the fact that the analysis of McCarrey, et al. (1984) produced identical factors to Rokeach's. Note too that our labeling of the second factor, Competence vs. Conscience, follows that of McCarrey, et al. (1984) and Connor, et al. (1993); Rokeach (1973) labeled this factor Competence vs. Religious Morality. Michael W. McCarrey, Yvon Gasse, & Larry F. Moore. "Work Value Goals and Instrumentalities: A Comparison of Canadian West-Coast Anglophone and Quebec City Francophone Managers," International Review of Applied Psychology, 33, (1984): 291-303; Patrick E. Connor, Boris W. Becker, Takashi Kakuyama, and Larry F. Moore. "A ross-National Comparative Study of Managerial Values: U.S., Canada, and Japan," Advances in International Comparative Management, 8, (1993): 3-29; Milton Rokeach. The Nature of Human Values. (New York: The Free Press, 1973).
124. Michael W. McCarrey, Yvon Gasse, & Larry F. Moore. "Work Value Goals and Instrumentalities: A Comparison of Canadian West-Coast Anglophone and Quebec City Francophone Managers," International Review of Applied Psychology, 33, (1984): 291-303; William C. Frederick & James Weber. "The Values of Corporate Managers and Their Critics: An Empirical Description and Normative Implications," Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, 9, (1987), 131-152; L.A. Crosby, M.J. Bitner, & J.D. Gill. "Organizational Structure of Values," Journal of Business Research, 20, (1990): 123-134.
125. Michael W. McCarrey, Yvon Gasse, & Larry F. Moore. "Work Value Goals and Instrumentalities: A Comparison of Canadian West-Coast Anglophone and Quebec City Francophone Managers," International Review of Applied Psychology, 33, (1984): 291-303; William C. Frederick & James Weber. "The Values of Corporate Managers and Their Critics: An Empirical Description and Normative Implications," Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, 9, (1987), 131-152; L.A. Crosby, M.J. Bitner, & J.D. Gill. "Organizational Structure of Values," Journal of Business Research, 20, (1990): 123-134.
126. Michael W. McCarrey, Yvon Gasse, & Larry F. Moore. "Work Value Goals and Instrumentalities: A Comparison of Canadian West-Coast Anglophone and Quebec City Francophone Managers," International Review of Applied Psychology, 33, (1984): 291-303; William C. Frederick & James Weber. "The Values of Corporate Managers and Their Critics: An Empirical Description and Normative Implications," Research in Corporate Social Performance and Policy, 9, (1987), 131-152; L.A. Crosby, M.J. Bitner, & J.D. Gill. "Organizational Structure of Values," Journal of Business Research, 20, (1990): 123-134.
127. Alan J. Rowe & Richard O. Mason. Managing With Style. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987), 189-198.
128. Andrew F. Sikula. "The Values and Value Systems of Governmental Executives," Public Personnel Management, January-February, (1973), 16-22.
129. Warren H. Schmidt & Barry Z. Posner. "Values and Expectations of City Managers in California," Public Administration Review, Vol. 47, (1987): 404-409.
130. Linda deLeon. "The Professional Values of Public Managers, Policy Analysts and Politicians," Public Personnel Management, (1994): 138.
131. Patrick E. Connor, Boris W. Becker, Takashi Kakuyama, and Larry F. Moore. "A Cross-National Comparative Study of Managerial Values: U.S., Canada, and Japan," Advances in International Comparative Management, 8, (1993); 3-29.
132. Graham T. Allison, Jr. "Public and Private Management: Are They Fundamentally Alike in All Unimportant Respects?" In Frederick S, Lane (ed.), Current Issues in Public Administration (2nd. ed.). (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982), 23.
133. Barry Z. Posner & Warren H. Schmidt. "Determining Managerial Strategies in the Public Sector," Human Resource Management, Vol. 21, (1982): 40.
134. As defined and described by Alan J, Rowe & Richard O. Mason. Managing With Style. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987).
135. Graham T. Allison, Jr. "Public and Private Management: Are They Fundamentally Alike in All Unimportant Respects?" In Frederick S. Lane (ed.), Current Issues in Public Administration (2nd. ed.). (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982), 29-30.