Interactions between estrogen and insulin-like growth factor signaling pathways in human breast tumor cells

Endocrine-Related Cancer

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 331-345

  Hamelers, I H L ^a   Steenbergh, P H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE 1; MITOGENIC AGENT; PROLACTIN; PROTEIN P53; SOMATOMEDIN; SOMATOMEDIN B; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; SOMATOMEDIN RECEPTOR; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BREAST TUMOR; CELL CYCLE S PHASE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ESTROGEN DEFICIENCY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; MITOGENICITY; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; TUMOR CELL;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; CELL DIVISION; ESTRADIOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOMATOMEDINS; TUMOR CELLS, CULTURED;

EID: 0037937417     PISSN: 13510088     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1677/erc.0.0100331     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Adashi EY, Resnick CE, D'Ercole AJ, Svoboda ME & Van Wyk JJ 1985 Insulin-like growth factors as intraovarian regulators of granulosa cell growth and function. Endocrine Reviews 6 400-420.
2. Adler S, Waterman ML, He X & Rosenfeld MG 1988 Steroid receptor-mediated inhibition of rat prolactin gene expression does not require the receptor DNA-binding domain. Cell 52 685-695.
3. Ahmad S, Singh N & Glazer RI 1999 Role of AKT1 in 17β-estradiol- and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-dependent proliferation and prevention of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. Biochemical Pharmacology 58 425-430.
4. 1-arrested human breast cancer. Oncogene 12 2315-2324.
5. Arteaga CL 1992 Interference of the IGF system as a strategy to inhibit breast cancer growth, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 22 101-106.
6. Barni S, Lissoni P, Brivio F, Fumagalli L, Merlini D, Cataldo M, Rovelli F & Tancini G 1994 Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I in operable breast cancer in relation to the main prognostic variables and their perioperative changes in relation to those of prolactin. Tumori 80 212-215.
7. Bartucci M, Morelli C, Mauro L, Ando' S & Surmacz E 2001 Differential insulin-like growth factor I receptor signaling and function in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF-7 and ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Cancer Research 61 6747-6754.
8. Beato M & Klug J 2000 Steroid hormone receptors: an update. Human Reproduction Update 6 225-236.
9. Beato M, Herrlich P & Schutz G 1995 Steroid hormone receptors: many actors in search of a plot. Cell 83 851-857.
10. Beckmann MW, Niederacher D, Schnurch HG, Gusterson BA & Bender HG 1997 Multistep carcinogenesis of breast cancer and tumour heterogeneity. Journal of Molecular Medicine 75 429-439.
11. Berns EM, Klijn JG, van Staveren IL, Portengen H & Foekens JA 1992 Sporadic amplification of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene in human breast tumors. Cancer Research 52 1036-1039.
12. Bhatavdekar JM, Patel DD, Karelia NH, Vora HH, Ghosh N, Shah NG, Balar DB & Trivedi SN 1994 Tumor markers in patients with advanced breast cancer as prognosticators: a preliminary study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 30 293-297.
13. Biscardi JS, Ishizawar RC, Silva CM & Parsons SJ 2000 Tyrosine kinase signalling in breast cancer: epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Src interactions in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research 2 203-210.
14. Blackburn AC & Jerry DJ 2002 Knockout and transgenic mice of Trp53: what have we learned about p53 in breast cancer? Breast Cancer Research 4 101-111.
15. Borellini F & Oka T 1989 Growth control and differentiation in mammary epithelial cells. Environmental Health Perspectives 80 85-99.
16. Brunner N, Yee D, Kern FG, Spang-Thomsen M, Lippman ME & Cullen KJ 1993 Effect of endocrine therapy on growth of T61 human breast cancer xenografts is directly correlated to a specific down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II). European Journal of Cancer 29A 562-569.
17. Campbell RA, Bhat-Nakshatri P, Patel NM, Constantinidou D, Ali S & Nakshatri H 2001 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT-mediated activation of estrogen receptor alpha: a new model for anti-estrogen resistance. Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 9817-9824.
18. Cardona-Gomez GP, Mendez P, DonCarlos LL, Azcoitia I & Garcia-Segura LM 2001 Interactions of estrogens and insulin-like growth factor-I in the brain: implications for neuroprotection. Brain Research Reviews 37 320-334.
19. Caristi S, Galera JL, Matarese F, Imai M, Caporali S, Cancemi M, Altucci L, Cicatiello L, Teti D, Bresciani F & Weisz A 2001 Estrogens do not modify MAP kinase-dependent nuclear signaling during stimulation of early G(1) progression in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Research 61 6360-6366.
20. Castoria G, Barone MV, Di Domenico M, Bilancio A, Ametrano D, Migliaccio A & Auricchio F 1999 Non-transcriptional action of oestradiol and progestin triggers DNA synthesis. EMBO Journal 18 2500-2510.
21. Castoria G, Migliaccio A, Bilancio A, Di Domenico M, de Falco A, Lombardi M, Fiorentino R, Varricchio L, Barone MV & Auricchio F 2001 PI3-kinase in concert with Src promotes the S-phase entry of oestradiol-stimulated MCF-7 cells. EMBO Journal 20 6050-6059.
22. Clarke R, Brunner N, Katzenellenbogen BS, Thompson EW, Norman MJ, Koppi C, Paik S, Lippman ME & Dickson RB 1989 Progression of human breast cancer cells from hormone-dependent to hormone-independent growth both in vitro and in vivo. PNAS 86 3649-3653.
23. Clemmons DR 1997 Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and their role in controlling IGF actions. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews 8 45-62.
24. Cohen FJ, Manni A, Glikman P, Bartholomew M & Demers L 1990 Interactions between growth factor secretion and polyamines in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. European Journal of Cancer 26 603-608.
25. Couse JF & Korach KS 1999 Estrogen receptor null mice: what have we learned and where will they lead us? Endocrine Reviews 20 358-417.
26. Cowley SM & Parker MG 1999 A comparison of transcriptional activation by ER alpha and ER beta. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 69 165-175.
27. Daniel CW, Silberstein GB & Strickland P 1987 Direct action of 17 beta-estradiol on mouse mammary ducts analyzed by sustained release implants and steroid autoradiography. Cancer Research 47 6052-6057.
28. D'Ercole AJ, Stiles AD & Underwood LE 1984 Tissue concentrations of somatomedin C: further evidence for multiple sites of synthesis and paracrine or autocrine mechanisms of action. PNAS 81 935-939.
29. Dufourny B, Alblas J, Van Teeffelen HAAM, Van Schaik FMA, Van der Burg B, Steenbergh PH & Sussenbach JS 1997 Mitogenic signaling of insulin-like growth factor I in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and is independent of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 31163-31171.
30. Dufourny B, Van Teeffelen HAAM, Hamelers IHL, Sussenbach JS & Steenbergh PH 2000 Stabilization of cyclin D1 mRNA via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Journal of Endocrinology 166 329-338.
31. Dupont J, Karas M & Leroith D 2000 The potentiation of estrogen on insulin-like growth factor I action in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells includes cell cycle components. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 35893-35901.
32. Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group 1992 Systemic treatment of early breast cancer by hormonal, cytotoxic, or immune therapy. 133 randomised trials involving 31,000 recurrences and 24,000 deaths among 75,000 women. Lancet 339 71-85.
33. Ellis MJC, Leav BA, Yang ZJ, Rasmussen A, Pearce A, Zweibel JA, Lippman ME & Cullen KJ 1996 Affinity for the insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) receptor inhibits autocrine IGF-II activity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Molecular Endocrinology 10 286-297.
34. Endoh H, Maruyama K, Masuhiro Y, Kobayashi Y, Goto M, Tai H, Yanagisawa J, Metzger D, Hashimoto S & Kato S 1999 Purification and identification of p68 RNA helicase acting as a transcriptional coactivator specific for the activation function 1 of human estrogen receptor alpha. Molecular and Cellular Biology 19 5363-5372.
35. Fearon ER & Vogelstein B 1990 A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61 759-767.
36. Ferguson AT & Davidson NE 1997 Regulation of estrogen receptor alpha function in breast cancer. Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis 8 29-46.
37. Figueroa JA, Sharma J, Jackson JG, McDermott MJ, Hilsenbeck SG & Yee D 1993 Recombinant insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 inhibits IGF-I, serum, and estrogen-dependent growth of MCF-7 human breast Cancer cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology 157 229-236.
38. Foster JS, Henley DC, Ahamed S & Wimalasena J 2001 Estrogens and cell-cycle regulation in breast cancer. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 12 320-327.
39. Garfinkel L, Boring CC & Heath CW Jr 1994 Changing trends. An overview of breast cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer 74 222-227.
40. Gebauer G, Jäger W & Lang N 1998 mRNA expression of components of the insulin-like growth factor system in breast cancer cell lines, tissues, and metastatic breast cancer cells. Anticancer Research 18 1191-1195.
41. Green S, Walter P, Kumar V, Krust A, Bornert JM, Argos P & Chambon P 1986 Human oestrogen receptor cDNA: sequence, expression and homology to v-erb-A. Nature 320 134-139.
42. Gronemeyer H 1991 Transcription activation by estrogen and progesterone receptors. Annual Review of Genetics 25 89-123.
43. Hamelers IHL, van Schaik RFMA, van Teeffelen HAAM, Sussenbach JS & Steenbergh PH 2002a Synergistic proliferative action of insulin-like growth factor I and 17 beta-estradiol in MCF-7S breast tumor cells. Experimental Cell Research 273 107-117.
44. Hamelers IHL, van Schaik RFMA, Sipkema J, Sussenbach JS & Steenbergh PH 2002b Insulin-like growth factor I triggers nuclear accumulation of cyclin D1 in MCF-7S breast cancer cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277 47645-47652.
45. Han VK, D'Ercole AJ & Lund PK 1987 Cellular localization of somatomedin (insulin-like growth factor) messenger RNA in the human fetus. Science 236 193-197.
46. Hankinson SE, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Michaud DS, Deroo B, Rosner B, Speizer FE & Pollak M 1998 Circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I and risk of breast cancer. Lancet 351 1393-1396.
47. Harris JR, Lippman ME, Veronesi U & Willett W 1992 Breast cancer (3). New England Journal of Medicine 327 473-480.
48. Henderson IC 1993 Risk factors for breast cancer development. Cancer 71 2127-2140.
49. Henson DE & Tarone RE 1994 Involution and the etiology of breast cancer. Cancer 74 424-429.
50. Huff KK, Kaufman D, Gabbay KH, Spencer EM, Lippman ME & Dickson RB 1986 Secretion of an insulin-like growth factor-I-related protein by human breast cancer cells. Cancer Research 46 4613-4619.
51. Huynh H, Nickerson T, Pollak M & Yang X 1996 Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I receptor expression by the pure antiestrogen ICI 182780. Clinical Cancer Research 2 2037-2042.
52. Hwa V, Oh Y & Rosenfeld RG 1999 The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) superfamily. Endocrine Reviews 20 761-787.
53. Improta-Brears T, Whorton AR, Codazzi F, York JD, Meyer T & McDonnell DP 1999 Estrogen-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase requires mobilization of intracellular calcium. PNAS 96 4686-4691.
54. Iwao K, Miyoshi Y, Egawa C, Ikeda N & Noguchi S 2000 Quantitative analysis of estrogen receptor-beta mRNA and its variants in human breast cancers. International Journal of Cancer 88 733-736.
55. Kahlert S, Nuedling S, van Eickels M, Vetter H, Meyer R & Grohe C 2000 Estrogen receptor alpha rapidly activates the IGF-1 receptor pathway. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 18447-18453.
56. Kato S, Endoh H, Masuhiro Y, Kitamoto T, Uchiyama S, Sasaki H, Masushige S, Gotoh Y, Nishida E, Kawashima H, Metzger D & Chambon P 1995 Activation of the estrogen receptor through phosphorylation by mitogen-activated protein kinase. Science 270 1491-1494.
57. Kelley ST & Thackray VG 1999 Phylogenetic analyses reveal ancient duplication of estrogen receptor isoforms. Journal of Molecular Evolution 49 609-614.
58. Kinsinger LS, Harris R, Woolf SH, Sox HC & Lohr KN 2002 Chemoprevention of breast cancer: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine 137 59-69.
59. Korach KS 1994 Insights from the study of animals lacking functional estrogen receptor. Science 266 1524-1527.
60. Krege JH, Hodgin JB, Couse JF, Enmark E, Warner M, Mahler JF, Sar M, Korach KS, Gustafsson JA & Smithies O 1998 Generation and reproductive phenotypes of mice lacking estrogen receptor beta. PNAS 95 15677-15682.
61. Kuiper GG, Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Nilsson S & Gustafsson JA 1996 Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. PNAS 93 5925-5930.
62. Lai A, Sarcevic B, Prall OW & Sutherland RL 2001 Insulin/insulin-like growth factor-I and estrogen cooperate to stimulate cyclin E-Cdk2 activation and cell cycle progression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells through differential regulation of cyclin E and p21(WAF1/Cip1). Journal of Biological Chemistry 276 25823-25833.
63. Lapidus RG, Nass SJ & Davidson NE 1998 The loss of estrogen and progesterone receptor gene expression in human breast cancer. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 3 85-94.
64. Lazennec G, Bresson D, Lucas A, Chauveau C & Vignon F 2001 ER beta inhibits proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 142 4120-4130.
65. Lee AV, Weng CN, Jackson JG & Yee D 1997 Activation of estrogen receptor-mediated gene transcription by IGF-I in human breast cancer cells. Journal of Endocrinology 152 39-47.
66. Lee AV, Hilsenbeck SG & Yee D 1998 IGF system components as prognostic markers in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 47 295-302.
67. Lee AV, Jackson JG, Gooch JL, Hilsenbeck SG, Coronado-Heinsohn E, Osbome CK & Yee D 1999 Enhancement of insulin-like growth factor signaling in human breast cancer: estrogen regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 expression in vitro and in vivo. Molecular Endocrinology 13 787-796.
68. Leroith D, Wemer H, Beitner-Johnson D & Roberts CT Jr 1995 Molecular and cellular aspects of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Endocrine Reviews 16 143-163.
69. Lobenhofer EK, Huper G, Iglehart JD & Marks JR 2000 Inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity in MCF-7 cells prevents estrogen-induced mitogenesis. Cell Growth and Differentiation 11 99-110.
70. Loose-Mitchell DS, Chiappetta C & Stancel GM 1988 Estrogen regulation of c-fos messenger ribonucleic acid. Molecular Endocrinology 2 946-951.
71. Lupulescu A 1993 Estrogen use and cancer risk: a review. Experimental Clinical Endocrinology 101 204-214.
72. McGuire WL 1978 Hormone receptors: their role in predicting prognosis and response to endocrine therapy. Seminars in Oncology 5 428-433.
73. McInerney EM, Weis KE, Sun J, Mosselman S & Katzenellenbogen BS 1998 Transcription activation by the human estrogen receptor subtype beta (ER beta) studied with ER beta and ER alpha receptor chimeras. Endocrinology 139 4513-4522.
74. MacMahon B, Cole P, Lin TM, Lowe CR, Mirra AP, Ravnihar B, Salber EJ, Valaoras VG & Yuasa S 1970 Age at first birth and breast cancer risk. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 43 209-221.
75. May FEB & Westley BR 1995 Estrogen regulated messenger RNAs in human breast cancer cells. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 49 400-414.
76. ras/MAP-kinase pathway activation by estradiol-receptor complex in MCF-7 cells. EMBO Journal 15 1292-1300.
77. Migliaccio A, Piccolo D, Castoria G, Di Domenico M, Bilancio A, Lombardi M, Gong W, Beato M & Auricchio F 1998 Activation of the Src/p21ras/Erk pathway by progesterone receptor via cross-talk with estrogen receptor. EMBO Journal 17 2008-2018.
78. Molloy CA, May FE & Westley BR 2000 Insulin receptor substrate-1 expression is regulated by estrogen in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. Journal of Biological Chemistry 275 12565-12571.
79. Montano MM, Muller V, Trobaugh A & Katzenellenbogen BS 1995 The carboxy-terminal F domain of the human estrogen receptor: role in the transcriptional activity of the receptor and the effectiveness of antiestrogens as estrogen antagonists. Molecular Endocrinology 9 814-825.
80. Mosselman S, Polman J & Dijkema R 1996 ER beta: identification and characterization of a novel human estrogen receptor. FEBS Letters 392 49-53.
81. Murphy LC & Watson P 2002 Steroid receptors in human breast tumorigenesis and breast cancer progression. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy 56 65-77.
82. Musgrove EA & Sutherland RL 1993 Acute effects of growth factors on T-47D breast cancer cell cycle progression. European Journal of Cancer 29A 2273-2279.
83. Oh Y, Gucev Z, Ng L, Muller HL & Rosenfeld RG 1995 Antiproliferative actions of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 in human breast cancer cells. Progress in Growth Factor Research 6 503-512.
84. Osborne CK, Coronado EB, Kitten LJ, Arteaga CI, Fuqua SA, Ramasharma K, Marshall M & Li CH 1989 Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II): a potential autocrine/paracrine growth factor for human breast cancer acting via the IGF-I receptor. Molecular Endocrinology 3 1701-1709.
85. Osborne CK, Clemmons DR & Arteaga CL 1990 Regulation of breast cancer growth by insulin-like growth factors. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 37 805-809.
86. Paik S 1992 Expression of IGF-I and IGF-II mRNA in breast tissue. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 22 31-38.
87. Papa V, Gliozzo B, Clark GM, McGuire WL, Moore D, Fujita-Yamaguchi Y, Vigneri R, Goldfine ID & Pezzino V 1993 Insulin-like growth factor-I receptors are overexpressed and predict a low risk in human breast cancer. Cancer Research 53 3736-3740.
88. Perks CM & Holly JM 2000 Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) in breast cancer. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 5 75-84.
89. Pertzelan A, Yalon L, Kauli R & Laron Z 1982 A comparative study of the effect of oestrogen substitution therapy on breast development in girls with hypo- and hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism. Clinical Endocrinology 16 359-368.
90. Peyrat JP, Bonneterre J, Hecquet B, Vennin P, Louchez MM, Fournier C, Lefebvre J & Demaille A 1993 Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in human breast cancer. European Journal of Cancer 29A 492-497.
91. Pollak MN, Huynh HT & Lefebvre SP 1992 Tamoxifen reduces serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 22 91-100.
92. Portier CJ 2002 Endocrine dismodulation and cancer. Neuroendocrinology Letters 23 (Suppl 2) 43-47.
93. Ram PT, Kiefer T, Silverman M, Song Y, Brown GM & Hill SM 1998 Estrogen receptor transactivation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by melatonin and growth factors. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 141 53-64.
94. Rinderknecht E & Humbel RE 1976a Amino-terminal sequences of two polypeptides from human serum with nonsuppressible insulin-like and cell-growth-promoting activities: evidence for structural homology with insulin B chain. PNAS 73 4379-4381.
95. Rinderknecht E & Humbel RE 1976b Polypeptides with nonsuppressible insulin-like and cell-growth promoting activities in human serum: isolation, chemical characterization, and some biological properties of forms I and II. PNAS 73 2365-2369.
96. Rinderknecht E & Humbel RE 1978a Primary structure of human insulin-like growth factor II. FEBS Letters 89 283-286.
97. Rinderknecht E & Humbel RE 1978b The amino acid sequence of human insulin-like growth factor I and its structural homology with proinsulin. Journal of Biological Chemistry 253 2769-2776.
98. Rocha RL, Hilsenbeck SG, Jackson JG, Lee AV, Figueroa JA & Yee D 1996 Correlation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 messenger RNA with protein expression in primary breast cancer tissues: detection of higher levels in tumors with poor prognostic features. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 88 601-606.
99. Rocha RL, Hilsenbeck SG, Jackson JG, VanDenBerg CL, Weng C, Lee AV & Yee D 1997 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and insulin receptor substrate-1 in breast cancer: correlation with clinical parameters and disease-free survival. Clinical Cancer Research 3 103-109.
100. Roger P, Sahla ME, Makela S, Gustafsson JA, Baldet P & Rochefort H 2001 Decreased expression of estrogen receptor beta protein in proliferative preinvasive mammary tumors. Cancer Research 61 2537-25411.
101. Sachdev D & Yee D 2001 The IGF system and breast cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer 8 197-209.
102. Salmon WD & Daughaday WH 1957 A hormonally controlled serum factor which stimulates sulfate incorporation by cartilage in vitro. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 49 825.
103. Shafie SM 1980 Estrogen and the growth of breast cancer: new evidence suggests indirect action. Science 209 701-702.
104. Silberstein GB, Van Horn K, Shyamala G & Daniel CW 1994 Essential role of endogenous estrogen in directly stimulating mammary growth demonstrated by implants containing pure antiestrogens. Endocrinology 134 84-90.
105. Steenbergh PH, Holthuizen PE & Sussenbach JS 1997 Molecular aspects of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) genes. Advances in Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 1 83-121.
106. Stoica A, Saceda M, Fakhro A, Joyner M & Martin MB 2000 Role of insulin-like growth factor-I in regulating estrogen receptor-alpha gene expression. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 76 605-614.
107. Sun M, Paciga JE, Feldman RI, Yuan Z, Coppola D, Lu YY, Shelley SA, Nicosia SV & Cheng JQ 2001 Phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K)/AKT2, activated in breast cancer, regulates and is induced by estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) via interaction between ERalpha and PI3K. Cancer Research 61 5985-5991.
108. Surmacz E 2000 Function of the IGF-I receptor in breast cancer. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 5 95-105.
109. Surmacz E & Burgaud JL 1995 Overexpression of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 induces loss of estrogen requirements for growth and transformation. Clinical Cancer Research 1 1429-1436.
110. Surmacz E, Guvakova MA, Nolan MK, Nicosia RF & Sciacca L 1998 Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor function in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 47 255-267.
111. Tora L, White J, Brou C, Tasset D, Webster N, Scheer E & Chambon P 1989 The human estrogen receptor has two independent nonacidic transcriptional activation functions. Cell 59 477-487.
112. Toropainen E, Lipponen P & Syrjanen K 1995a Expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in female breast cancer as related to established prognostic factors and long-term prognosis. European Journal of Cancer 31A 1443-1448.
113. Toropainen EM, Lipponen PK & Syrjanen KJ 1995b Expression of insulin-like growth factor II in female breast cancer as related to established prognostic factors and long-term prognosis. Anticancer Research 15 2669-2674.
114. Trichopoulos D, MacMahon B & Cole P 1972 Menopause and breast cancer risk. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 48 605-613.
115. Tsai MJ & O'Malley BW 1994 Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. Annual Review of Biochemistry 63 451-486.
116. Ullrich A, Gray A, Tam AW, Yang-Feng T, Tsubokawa M, Collins C, Henzel W, Le Bon T, Kathuria S & Chen E 1986 Insulin-like growth factor I receptor primary structure: comparison with insulin receptor suggests structural determinants that define functional specificity. EMBO Journal 5 2503-2512.
117. Van der Burg B, Rutteman GR, Blankenstein MA, De Laat SW & Van Zoelen EJJ 1988 Mitogenic stimulation of human breast cancer cells in a growth factor-defined medium: synergistic action of insulin and estrogen. Journal of Cellular Physiology 134 101-108.
118. Van der Burg B, Isbrucker L, Selm-Miltenburg AJ, De Laat SW & Van Zoelen EJJ 1990 Role of estrogen-induced insulin-like growth factors in the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. Cancer Research 50 7770-7774.
119. Venkitaraman AR 2002 Cancer susceptibility and the functions of BRCA1 and BRCA2. Cell 108 171-182.
120. Wakefield LM, Piek E & Bottinger EP 2001 TGF-beta signaling in mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia 6 67-82.
121. Weisz A & Bresciani F 1993 Estrogen regulation of proto-oncogenes coding for nuclear proteins. Critical Reviews in Oncogenesis 4 361-388.
122. Yee D, Cullen KJ, Paik S, Perdue JF, Hampton B, Schwartz A, Lippman ME & Rosen N 1988 Insulin-like growth factor II mRNA expression in human breast cancer. Cancer Research 48 6691-6696.
123. Yee D, Paik S, Lebovic GS, Marcus RR, Favoni RE, Cullen KJ, Lippman ME & Rosen N 1989 Analysis of insulin-like growth factor I gene expression in malignancy: evidence for a paracrine role in human breast cancer. Molecular Endocrinology 3 509-517.
124. Yu H, Levesque MA, Khosravi MJ, Papanastasiou-Diamandi A, Clark GM & Diamandis EP 1996 Associations between insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins and other prognostic indicators in breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer 74 1242-1247.
125. Zwijsen RML, Wientjens E, Klompmaker R, Van der Sman J, Bernards R & Michalides RJAM 1997 CDK-independent activation of estrogen receptor by cyclin D1. Cell 88 405-415.
126. Zwijsen RML, Buckle RS, Hijmans EM, Loomans CJM & Bernards R 1998 Ligand-independent recruitment of steroid receptor coactivators to estrogen receptor by cyclin D1. Genes and Development 12 3488-3498.