The built environment and community crime risk interpretation

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 322-345

  Wilcox, Pamela ^a   Quisenberry, Neil ^b   Jones, Shayne ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b MCKENDREE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c Department of Psychiatry   (United States)

Author keywords

Community; Fear; Risk

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CRIME; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEAR; PERCEPTION; RISK; STATISTICAL MODEL;

EID: 0037824378     PISSN: 00224278     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0022427803253801     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Angel, Shlomo. 1968. Discouraging Crime through City Planning. Berkeley: University of California, Center for Planning and Development Research.
2. Astor, Ron Avi and Heather Ann Meyer. 1999. "Where Girls and Women Won't Go: Female Students', Teachers', and Social Workers' Views of School Safety." Social Work in Education 21:201-19.
3. Astor, Ron Avi, Heather Ann Meyer, and William J. Behre. 1999. "Unowned Places and Times: Maps and Interviews about Violence in High Schools." American Educational Research Journal 36:3-42.
4. Baumer, Terry L. 1979. "Research on Fear of Crime in the United States." Victimology 3:254-64.
5. Bellair, Paul E. 2000. "Informal Surveillance and Street Crime: A Complex Relationship." Criminology 38:137-70.
6. Brantingham, Patricia L. and Paul Brantingham J. 1982. "Mobility, Notoriety, and Crime: A Study of Crime Patterns in Urban Nodal Points." Journal of Environmental Systems 11:89-99.
7. -. 1994. "Surveying Campus Crime: What Can Be Done to Reduce Crime and Fear?" Security Journal 5:160-71.
8. Braungart, Margaret M., Richard G. Braungart, and William J. Hoyer. 1980. "Age, Sex, and Social Factors in Fear of Crime." Sociological Focus 13:55-56.
9. Bryk, Anthony S. and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 1992. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
10. Chiricos, Ted, Michael Hogan, and Marc Gertz. 1997. "Racial Composition of Neighborhood and Fear of Crime." Criminology 35:107-31.
11. Clemente, Frank and Michael Kleiman. 1977. "Fear of Crime in the United States: A Multivariate Analysis." Social Forces 56:519-31.
12. Cohen, Lawrence E., James R. Kluegel, and Kenneth C. Land. 1981. "Social Inequality and Predatory Criminal Victimization: An Exposition and Test of a Formal Theory." American Sociological Review 46:505-24.
13. Covington, Jeanette and Ralph B. Taylor. 1991. "Fear of Crime in Urban Residential Neighborhoods: Implications of between and within-Neighborhood Sources for Current Models." The Sociological Quarterly 32:231-49.
14. Ferraro, Kenneth F. 1995. Fear of Crime: Interpreting Victimization Risk. Albany: State University of New York Press.
15. Ferraro, Kenneth F. and Randy LaGrange. 1987. "The Measurement of Fear of Crime." Sociological Inquiry 57:70-101.
16. Fisher, Bonnie and Jack L. Nasar. 1992. "Fear of Crime in Relation to Three Exterior Site Features: Prospect, Refuge, and Escape." Environment and Behavior 24:35-65.
17. -. 1995. "Fear Spots in Relation to Microlevel Physical Cues: Exploring the Overlooked." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 32:214-39.
18. Garofalo, James. 1979. "Victimization and the Fear of Crime." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 16:80-97.
19. Goldstein, Harvey, Jon Rasbash, Ian Plewis, David Draper, William Browne, Min Yang, Geoff Woodhouse, and Michael Healy. 1998. A User's Guide to MLwiN. London: The Multilevel Models Project.
20. Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of the American City. New York: Vintage.
21. -. 1968. "Community on the City Streets." In The Search for Community in Modern America, edited by D. Baltzell. New York: Harper & Row.
22. Kirk, Nana L. 1988. "Factors Affecting Perceptions of Safety in a Campus Environment." In People Needs/Planet Management Paths to Coexistence, edited by Lawrence R. Habe and D. Sherrod. Washington, DC: Environmental Design Research Association.
23. Kreft, Ita and Jan deLeeuw. 1998. Introducing Multilevel Modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
24. Kurtz, Ellen, Barbara Koons, and Ralph Taylor. 1998. "Land Use, Physical Deterioration, Resident-Based Control, and Calls for Service on Urban Streetblocks." Justice Quarterly 15:211-49.
25. LaGrange, Randy L. and Kenneth F. Ferraro. 1989. "Assessing Age and Gender Differences in Perceived Risk and Fear of Crime." Criminology 27:697-719.
26. LaGrange, Randy L., Kenneth F. Ferraro, and Michael Supancic. 1992. "Perceived Risk and Fear of Crime: Role of Social and Physical Incivilities." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 29:311-34.
27. Lee, Min Sik and Jeffery T. Ulmer. 2000. "Fear of Crime among Korean Americans in Chicago Communities." Criminology 38:1173-1206.
28. Lewis, Dan A. and Michael G. Maxfield. 1980. "Fear in the Neighborhoods: An Investigation of the Impact of Crime." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 17:160-89.
29. Lewis, Dan A. and Greta Salem. 1986. Fear of Crime: Incivility and the Production of a Social Problem. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
30. Ley, David and Roman Cybriwsky. 1974. "The Spatial Ecology of Stripped Cars." Environment and Behavior 6:53-68.
31. Liska, Allen E. and William Baccaglini. 1990. "Feeling Safe by Comparison: Crime in the Newspapers." Social Problems 37:360-74.
32. Liska, Allen E., Joseph Lawrence, and Andrew Sanchirico. 1982. "Fear of Crime as a Social Fact." Social Forces 60:760-70.
33. Liska, Allen E., Andrew Sanchirico, and Mark D. Reed. 1988. "Fear of Crime and Constrained Behavior: Specifying and Estimating a Reciprocal Effects Model." Social Forces 66:827-37.
34. Maxfield, Michael G. 1984. "The Limits of Vulnerability in Explaining Fear of Crime: A Comparative Neighborhood Analysis." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 21:233-50.
35. Merry, Sally E. 1981. "Defensible Space Undefended: Social Factors in Crime Control through Environmental Design." Urban Affairs Quarterly 16:397-422.
36. Miethe, Terance D. 1992. Testing Theories of Criminality and Victimization in Seattle, 1960-1990. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research.
37. Miethe, Terance D. and David McDowall. 1993. "Contextual Effects in Models of Criminal Victimization." Social Forces 71:741-59.
38. Morenoff, Jeffrey D., Robert J. Sampson, and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 2001. "Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence." Criminology 39:517-59.
39. Newman, Oscar. 1972/1973. Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design. New York: Macmillan.
40. -. 1996. Creating Defensible Space. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
41. Perkins, Douglas D. and Ralph B. Taylor. 1996. "Ecological Assessments of Community Disorder: Their Relationship to Fear of Crime and Theoretical Implications." American Journal of Community Psychology 24:63-107.
42. Roncek, Dennis and Donald Faggiani. 1985. "High Schools and Crime: A Replication." Sociological Quarterly 26:491-505.
43. Roncek, Dennis and Antoinette LoBosco. 1983. "The Effect of High Schools on Crime in Their Neighborhood." Social Science Quarterly 64:598-613.
44. Roncek, Dennis and Pamela Maier. 1991. "Bars, Blocks and Crimes Revisited: Linking the Theory of Routine Activities to the Empiricism of 'Hot Spots.'" Criminology 29:725-53.
45. Roncek, Dennis W. and Mitchell A. Pravatiner. 1989. "Additional Evidence That Taverns Enhance Nearby Crime." Sociology and Social Research 73:185-88.
46. Schneider, Mark, Melissa Marschall, Christine Roch, and Paul Teske. 1999. "Heuristics, Low Information Rationality, and Choosing Public Goods: Broken Windows as Shortcuts to Information about School Performance." Urban Affairs Review 34:729-41.
47. Skogan, Wesley. 1990. Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Communities. New York: Free Press.
48. Skogan, Wesley G. 1987. "The Impact of Victimization on Fear." Crime and Delinquency 33:135-54.
49. Skogan, Wesley and Michael G. Maxfield. 1981. Coping with Crime. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
50. Speer, Paul W., D. M. Gorman, Erich W. Labouvie, and Mark Ontkush. 1998. "Violent Crime and Alcohol Availability: Relationships in an Urban Community." Journal of Public Health Policy 19:303-38.
51. Taub, Richard, D. Garth Taylor, and Jan D. Dunham. 1981. "Neighborhoods and Safety." In Reactions to Crime, edited by Dan A. Lewis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
52. Taylor, Ralph B. 1987. "Toward an Environmental Psychology of Disorder." In Handbook of Environmental Psychology, edited by D. Stokols and I. Altman. New York: John Wiley.
53. -. 2001. Breaking Away from Broken Windows: Baltimore Neighborhoods and the Nationwide Fight against Crime, Grime, Fear, and Decline. Boulder, CO: Westview.
54. Taylor, Ralph B. and Jeanette Covington. 1993. "Community Structural Change and Fear of Crime." Social Problems 40:374-95.
55. Taylor, Ralph B. and Stephen Gottfredson. 1986. "Environmental Design, Crime, and Prevention: An Examination of Community Dynamics." In Communities and Crime, edited by A. Reiss and M. Tonry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
56. Taylor, Ralph B. and Margaret Hale. 1986. "Testing Alternative Models of Fear of Crime." The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 77:151-89.
57. Taylor, Ralph B. and Adele V. Harrell. 1996. Physical Environment and Crime: A Final Summary Report Presented to the National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
58. Taylor, Ralph B., S. A. Schumaker, and S. D. Gottfredson. 1985. "Neighborhood-Level Link between Physical Features and Local Sentiments: Deterioration, Fear of Crime, and Confidence." Journal of Architectural Planning and Research 2:261-75.
59. Warner, Barbara D. and Pamela Wilcox Rountree. 1997. "Local Social Ties in a Community and Crime Model: Questioning the Systemic Nature of Informal Social Control." Social Problems 44:423-39.
60. Warr, Mark. 1990. "Dangerous Situations: Social Context and Fear of Victimization." Social Forces 68:891-907.
61. Wilcox Rountree, Pamela. 1998. "A Reexamination of the Crime-Fear Linkage." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35:341-72.
62. Wilcox Rountree, Pamela and Kenneth C. Land. 1996a. "Burglary Victimization, Perceptions of Crime Risk, and Routine Activities: A Multilevel Analysis across Seattle Neighborhoods and Census Tracts." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 37:147-80.
63. -. 1996b. "Perceived Risk versus Fear of Crime: Empirical Evidence of Conceptually Distinct Reactions in Survey Data." Social Forces 74:1353-76.
64. Wilson, James and George Kelling. 1982. "Broken Windows." The Atlantic Monthly March:29-38.
65. Wood, Elizabeth. 1961. Housing Design: A Social Theory. New York: Citizens' Housing and Planning Council of New York.