Person Perception Comes of Age: The Salience and Significance of Age in Social Judgments

Advances in Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 30, Issue C, 1998, Pages 93-161

  Montepare, Joann M ^a   Zebrowitz, Leslie A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001806676     PISSN: 00652601     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60383-4     Document Type: Article

References (267)

1. Abeles R. Life-span perspectives and social psychology. (1987), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
2. Alley T. Growth-producing changes in body shape and size as determinants of perceived age and caregiving. Child Development 54 (1983) 241-248
3. Alley T. Infantile head shape as an elicitor of adult protection. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 29 (1983) 411-427
4. Allport G.W., and Cantril H. Judging personality from voice. Journal of Social Psychology 5 (1934) 37-55
5. Allport G.W., and Vernon P.E. Studies in expressive movement. (1967), MacMillan, New York
6. Andreoletti C., and Zebrowitz L.A. Does physical appearance influence criminal behavior?. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Washington, DC. (1997) April
7. Barak B., and Stern B. Subjective age correlates: A research note. The Gerontologist 26 (1986) 571-578
8. Bem S.L. Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review 88 (1981) 354-364
9. Berg M.B., Montgomery E.C., and Thomsen C. The stability of social categorization. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Arlington, VA. (1993) April
10. Berry, D. S. (1987). Perceiving faces: The contribution of dynamic information. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Brandeis University.
11. Berry D.S. What can a moving face tell us?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58 (1990) 1004-1014
12. Berry D.S. Vocal attractiveness and vocal babyishness: Effects on stranger, self, and friend impressions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 14 (1990) 141-153
13. Berry D.S. Taking people at face value: Evidence for the kernel of truth hypothesis. Social Cognition 8 (1990) 343-361
14. Berry D.S. Attractive faces are not all created equal: Joint effect of facial babyishness and attractiveness on social perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 17 (1991) 523-531
15. Berry D.S. Accuracy in social perception: Contributions of facial and vocal information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (1991) 298-307
16. Berry D.S. Vocal types and stereotypes: Joint effects of vocal attractiveness and vocal maturity on person perception. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 16 (1992) 41-54
17. Berry D.S., and Brownlow S. Were the physiognomists right? Personality correlates of facial babyishness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 15 (1989) 266-279
18. Berry D.S., Hansen J., Landry-Pester J.C., and Meier J.A. Vocal determinants of first impressions of young children. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 18 (1994) 187-197
19. Berry D.S., and Landry J.C. Facial maturity and daily social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72 (1997) 570-580
20. Berry D.S., and McArthur L.Z. Some components and consequences of a babyface. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48 (1985) 312-323
21. Berry D.S., and Zebrowitz-McArthur L. Perceiving character in faces: The impact of age-related craniofacial changes on social perception. Psychological Bulletin 100 (1986) 3-18
22. Berry D.S., and Zebrowitz-McArthur L. What's in a face? Facial maturity and the attribution of legal responsibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 14 (1988) 23-33
23. Blau Z.S. Changes in status and age-identification. American Sociological Review 21 (1956) 198-203
24. Bond M.H. Effect of an impression set on subsequent behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 24 (1972) 301-305
25. Borkenau P., and Liebler A. Consensus and self-other agreement for trait inferences from minimal information. Journal of Personality 61 (1993) 477-496
26. Bornstein R. The number, identity, meaning, and salience of descriptive attributes in adult person perception. International Journal of Aging and Adult Development 23 (1986) 127-140
27. Brewer M. A dual processing model of impression formation. In: Srull T.K., and Wyer R.S. (Eds). Advances in social cognition (1988), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1-36
28. Brewer M.B., Dull V., and Lui L. Perceptions of the elderly: stereotypes as prototypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 41 (1981) 656-670
29. Brewer M.B., and Lui L.N. The primacy of age and sex in the structure of person categories. Social Cognition 7 (1989) 262-274
30. Breytspraak L.M. The development of self in later life. (1984), Little-Brown, Boston, MA
31. Britton J.O., and Britton J.H. Discrimination of age by preschool children. Journal of Gerontology 24 (1969) 457-460
32. Brooks J., and Lewis M. Infant's responses to strangers: Midget, adult, and child. Child Development 45 (1976) 323-332
33. Broverman I., Vogel S., Broverman D., Clarkson F., and Rosenkrantz P. Sex-role stereotypes: A current appraisal. Journal of Social Issues 28 (1972) 59-78
34. Brown C. Reactions of infants to their parents' voices. Infant Behavior and Development 2 (1979) 295-300
35. Brownlow S. Seeing is believing: Facial appearance, credibility, and attitude change. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 16 (1992) 101-115
36. Brownlow S., and Zebrowitz L.A. Facial appearance, gender, and credibility in television commercials. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 14 (1990) 51-60
37. Burke J.L. Young children's attitudes and perceptions of older adults. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 14 (1982) 205-222
38. Burton L.M., and Bengston V.L. Black grandmothers: Issues of timing and continuity of roles. In: Bengston V.L., and Robertson J.F. (Eds). Grandparenthood (1985), Sage, Beverly Hills, CA 61-78
39. Caporeal L.R. The paralanguage of caregiving: Baby talk to institutionalized age. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40 (1981) 876-884
40. Caporeal L.R., and Culbertson G. Verbal response modes of baby talk and other speech at institutions for the aged. Language and Communication 6 (1983) 99-112
41. Caporeal L.R., Lukaszewski M., and Culbertson G. Secondary baby talk: Judgments by institutionalized elderly and their caregivers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44 (1983) 746-754
42. Carlson N.R. Physiology of behavior. (1986), Allyn & Bacon, Boston
43. Cavanaugh J. Adult development and aging. (1990), Wadsworth Publishing, Belmot, CA
44. Chaiken S. Physical appearance and social influence. In: Herman C.P., Zanna M.P., and Higgins E.T. (Eds). Physical appearance, stigma, and social behavior: The Ontario symposium 3 (1986), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 143-177
45. Cherulnik P.D., Turns L.C., and Wilderman S.K. Physical appearance and leadership: Exploring the role of appearance-based attribution of leader emergence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20 (1990) 1530-1539
46. Chudacoff H.P. How old are you? Age consciousness in American society. (1989), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
47. Clements A., and Montepare J.M. A schematic processing approach to subjective age. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Washington, DC. (1997) April
48. Collins M.A., and Zebrowitz L.A. The contributions of appearance to occupational outcomes in civilian and military settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 25 (1995) 129-163
49. Collins M.A., and Zebrowitz L.A. Appearance and intelligence: An investigation of the prevalence and causes of stereotype accuracy. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, MA. (1995)
50. Connor F.P., Williamson G.G., and Siepp J.M. Program guide for infants and toddlers with neuromotor and other developmental disabilities. (1978), Teachers College Press, New York
51. Cooper R.P., and Aslin R.N. Preference for infant-directed speech in the first month after birth. Child Development 61 (1990) 1584-1595
52. Copley J.E., and Brownlow S. The interactive effects of facial maturity and name warmth on perceptions of job candidates. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 16 (1995) 251-265
53. Crockett W.H., and Hummert M.L. Perceptions of aging and the elderly. In: Eisdorfer C. (Ed). Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics 7 (1987), Springer, New York 217-241
54. Cross S., and Markus H. Possible selves across the life span. Human Development 34 (1991) 230-255
55. Day B., and Hunt G.H. Multiage classrooms: An analysis of verbal communication. Elementary School Journal 75 (1975) 458-466
56. Deaux K., and Lewis L.L. The structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationships among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984) 991-1005
57. Deaux K., Reid A., Mizrahi K., and Ethier K.A. Parameters of social identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (1995) 280-291
58. DePaulo B., and Coleman L. Talking to children, foreigners, and retarded adults. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 945-959
59. Eagly A. Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. (1987), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
60. Eagly A., Ashmore R.D., Makhijani M.G., and Lango L.C. What is beautiful is good, but: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin 110 (1991) 109-128
61. Edwards C.P. The age group labels and categories of preschool children. Child Development 55 (1984) 440-452
62. Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. Ethology: The biology of behavior. (1970), Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, New York
63. Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. Human ethology (1989), Aldine, New York
64. Eisenberg N., Roth K., Bryniarski K.A., and Murray E. Sex differences in the relationship of height to children's actual and attributed social and cognitive competencies. Sex Roles 11 (1984) 719-734
65. Ekman P., and Freisen W.V. Head and body cues in the judgment of emotion: A reformulation. Perceptual and Motor Skills 24 (1967) 711-724
66. Ekman P., Freisen W.V., O'Sullivan M., and Scherer K.R. Relative importance of face, body, and speech in judgments of personality and affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38 (1980) 270-277
67. Ellis S., Rogoff B., and Cramer C.C. Age segregation in children's social interactions. Developmental Psychology 17 (1981) 399-407
68. Enlow D.H. Handbook of facial growth. 2nd Ed. (1982), Saunders, Philadelphia
69. Etcoff N.L., Freeman R., and Cave K.R. Can we lose memories of faces? Content specificity and awareness in a prosopagnosic. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3 (1991) 25-41
70. Fagan J.F. Infants' recognition memory for faces. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 14 (1972) 453-476
71. Feingold A. Good looking people are not what we think. Psychological Bulletin 111 (1992) 304-341
72. Fiske S., and Neuberg S.L. A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In: Zanna M. (Ed). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 23 (1990), Academic Press, New York 1-74
73. Freidman H., and Zebrowitz L. The contribution of typical sex differences in facial maturity to sex role stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18 (1992) 430-438
74. Fridlund A.J., Ekman P., and Oster H. Facial expression and emotion. In: Siegman A.W., and Feldstein S. (Eds). Nonverbal behavior and communication (1987), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 143-224
75. Frodi A.M., Lamb M.E., Leavitt L.A., Donovan W.L., Neff C., and Sherry D. Fathers' and mothers' responses to the faces and cries of normal and premature infants. Developmental Psychology 5 (1978) 490-498
76. Giles H., Fox S., Harwood J., and Williams A. Talking age and aging talk: Communication through the life span. In: Hummert M.L., Weimann J.M., and Nussbaum J.F. (Eds). Interpersonal communication in older adulthood (1994), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 130-161
77. Goldman J. The social participation of preschool children in same age versus mixed-age groupings. Child Development 52 (1981) 644-650
78. Goldman-Eisler F. Psycholinguistics: Experiments in spontaneous speech. (1968), Academic Press, New York
79. Goldsmith R.E., and Heiens R.A. Subjective age: A test of five hypotheses. The Gerontologist 32 (1992) 312-317
80. Gould S.J. Mickey Mouse meets Konrad Lorenz. Natural History 88 (1979) 30-36
81. Gray H. Anatomy of the human body. 20th Ed. (1973), Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA
82. Greenberg D.J., Hillman D., and Grice D. Infant and stranger variables related to stranger anxiety in the first year. Developmental Psychology 9 (1973) 207-212
83. Greene M., Adelman R., Charon R., and Friedman E. Concordance between physicians and their older and younger patients in the primary care medical encounter. The Gerontologist 29 (1989) 808-813
84. Greene M., Adelman R., Charon R., and Hoffman S. Ageism in the medical encounter: An exploratory study of doctor-elderly patient relationship. Language and Communication 6 (1986) 113-124
85. Hadden S.B., and Brownlow S. The impact of facial structure and assertiveness on dating choice. Paper presented at the meeting of the Southeastern Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA. (1991) March
86. Hagestad G.O. Dimensions of time and the family. American Behavioral Scientist 29 (1986) 679-694
87. Hansen J.S., and Berry D.S. Facial maturity and nonverbal behavior in same-sex dyads. (1995), Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX Manuscript in preparation
88. Heckhausen J., Dixon R., and Baltes P.B. Gains and losses in development throughout adulthood as perceived by different adult age groups. Developmental Psychology 25 (1989) 109-121
89. Heilman M. Sex bias in work settings: The lack of fit model. Research in Organizational Behavior 5 (1983) 269-298
90. Helfrich H. Age markers in speech. In: Scherer K.R., and Giles H. (Eds). Social markers in speech (1979), Cambridge University Press, New York 63-108
91. Henss R. Perceiving age and attractiveness in facial photographs. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21 (1991) 933-946
92. Hess E.H. Ethology and developmental psychology. In: Mussen P. (Ed). Carmichael's manual of child psychology 1 (1970), Wiley, New York 1-35
93. Hildebrandt K., and Fitzgerald H.E. The infant's physical attractiveness: Its effect on bonding and attachment. Infant Mental Health Journal 4 (1983) 3-12
94. Hummert M.L. Multiple stereotypes of elderly and young adults: A comparison of structure and evaluations. Psychology and Aging 5 (1990) 182-193
95. Hummert M.L. Stereotypes of the elderly and patronizing speech. In: Hummert M.L., Weimann J.M., and Nussbaum J.F. (Eds). Interpersonal communication in older adulthood (1994), Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA 162-184
96. Hummert M.L. Physiognomic cues and activation of stereotypes of the elderly in interaction. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 39 (1994) 5-20
97. Hummert M.L., Garstka T.A., Shaner J.L., and Strahm S. Stereotypes of the elderly held by young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences 49 (1994) P240-P249
98. Hurwicz S., Duryam C.C., Boyd-Davis S.L., Gatz M., and Bengston V.L. Salient life events in three generation families. Journals of Gerontology 47 (1992) P11-P13
99. Jay P.C. Aspects of maternal behavior among langurs. Annuals of the New York Academy of Science 102 (1962) 468-476
100. Johansson G. Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perception and Psychophysics 14 (1973) 201-211
101. Jones G., and Smith P.K. The eyes have it: Young children's discrimination of age in masked and unmasked facial photographs. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 38 (1984) 328-337
102. Kandel D.B. Similarity in real-life adolescent friendship pairs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978) 306-312
103. Kastenbaum R., Derbin V., Sabatini P., and Artt S. The ages of me: Toward personal and interpersonal definitions of functional aging. Aging and Human Development 3 (1972) 197-211
104. Keating C.F. Gender and the physiognomy of dominance and attractiveness. Social Psychology Quarterly 48 (1985) 61-70
105. Keating C.F., and Bai D.L. Children's attributions of social dominance from facial cues. Child Development 57 (1986) 1269-1276
106. Keith J. Old people as people: Social and cultural influences in aging and old age (1982), Little, Brown, Boston
107. Kelley H.H. The "Stimulus fields" for interpersonal phenomena: The source of language and thought about interpersonal events. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1 (1997) 140-169
108. Kenrick D.T., and Keefe R.C. Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15 (1992) 75-133
109. Kiker V.L., and Miller A.R. Perceptual judgment of physiques as a factor in social image. Perceptual and Motor Skills 24 (1967) 1013-1014
110. Kite M.E., Deaux K., and Miele M. Stereotypes of young and old: Does age outweigh gender?. Psychology and Aging 6 (1991) 19-27
111. Kite M.E., and Johnson B.T. Attitudes toward older and younger adults: A metaanalysis. Psychology and Aging 3 (1988) 233-244
112. Klein M., and Stern L. Low birth weight and the battered child syndrome. American Journal of Disorders of Childhood 122 (1971) 15-18
113. Knowles, A., & Montepare, J. M. (1997). "Age schemas": Guides to processing information about others. Unpublished Masters thesis, Brandeis University.
114. Kogan N. Categorizing and conceptualizing styles in younger and older adults. Human Development 17 (1974) 218-230
115. Kogan N. A study of age categorization. Journal of Gerontology 34 (1975) 358-367
116. Kogan N., Stephens J.W., and Shelton F.C. Age differences: A developmental study of discriminability and affective response. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 62 (1961) 221-230
117. Kowal S., O'Connel D.C., and Sabin E.J. Development of temporal patterning and vocal hesitations in spontaneous narratives. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 4 (1975) 195-207
118. Kramer S., Zebrowitz L.A., San Giovanni J.P., and Sherak B. Infant preferences for attractiveness and babyfaceness. In: Bardy B.G., Bootsma R.J., and Guiard Y. (Eds). Studies in perception and action III (1995), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 389-392
119. Kratochwill T.R., and Goldman J.A. Developmental changes in children's judgments of age. Developmental Psychology 9 (1973) 358-362
120. Kuczaj S.A., and Lederberg A.R. Height, age, and function: Difference influences in children's comprehension of 'younger' and 'older.'. Journal of Child Language 4 (1976) 395-416
121. Kunda Z., and Thagard T. Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: A parallel-constraint-satisfaction theory. Psychological Review 103 (1996) 284-308
122. Langlois J., Ritter J.M., Casey R.J., and Sawin D.B. Infant attractiveness predicts maternal behavior and attitudes. Developmental Psychology 31 (1995) 464-472
123. Lasky R.E., Klein R.E., and Martinez S. Age and sex-discriminations in five-and six-month-old infants. Journal of Psychology 88 (1974) 317-324
124. Lass N.J., Thompson J.N., and Kimmel P.A. Effects of vocal disguise on estimates of speakers' ages. Perceptual and Motor Skills 54 (1982) 1311-1315
125. Leathers D.G. Successful nonverbal communication. (1997), Allyn & Bacon, Needham Height, MA
126. Lee, S. Y. (1995). Impressions created by gait: The effect of childlike physical attributes on trait inferences. Doctoral thesis, Yonsei University.
127. Lewis M., and Brooks-Gunn J. Social cognition and the acquisition of self. (1979), Plenum, New York
128. Linville S.E., and Fisher H.B. Acoustic characteristics of women's voices with advancing age. Journal of Gerontology 40 (1985) 324-330
129. Livesley W.J., and Bromley D.B. Person perception in childhood and adolescents. (1973), Wiley, London
130. Looft W.R. Children's judgments of age. Child Development 42 (1971) 1282-1284
131. Lorenz K. Die angeborenen forman moglicher vererbung [The innate forms of potential experience]. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 5 (1977) 235-409
132. Shaw R., and Bransford J. Perceiving, acting, and knowing: Toward an ecological psychology. (1943), Erblaum, Hillsdale, NJ
133. Lutsky N.S. Attitudes toward old age and elderly persons. In: Eisdorfer C. (Ed). Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics 1 (1980), Springer, New York 287-336
134. Maass A., and Arcuri L. Language and stereotyping. In: McRae N., Hewstone M., and Stangor C. (Eds). Foundation of stereotypes and stereotyping (1996), Guilford, New York 193-226
135. Mackie D.M., Hamilton D.L., Susskind J., and Rosselli F. Social psychological foundations of stereotype formation. In: Macrae C.N., Stangor C., and Hewstone M. (Eds). Stereotypes and stereotyping (1996), Guilford, New York 41-78
136. Maier R.A., Holmes D.L., Slaymaker F.L., and Reich J.N. The perceived attractiveness of preterm infants. Infant Behavior and Development 7 (1984) 403-414
137. Manis M., and Paskewitz J.R. Judging psychopathology: Expectation and contrast. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 20 (1984) 363-381
138. Mark L.S., Pittenger J.B., Hines H., Carello C., Shaw R.E., and Todd J.T. Wrinkling and head shape as coordinated sources of age-level information. Perception and Psychophysics 27 (1980) 117-124
139. Mark L.S., and Todd J.T. The perception of growth in three dimensions. Perception and Psychophysics 33 (1983) 193-196
140. Mark L.S., Todd J.T., and Shaw R.E. Perception of growth: A geometric analysis of how different styles of change are distinguished. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 7 (1981) 855-868
141. Markides K.S., and Boldt J.S. Changes in subjective age among the elderly: A longitudinal analysis. The Gerontologist 23 (1983) 422-427
142. Markus H., and Nurius P. Possible selves. American Psychologist 41 (1986) 954-969
143. Mazur A., Halpern C., and Udry J.R. Dominant looking male teenagers copulate earlier. Ethology and Sociobiology 15 (1994) 87-94
144. Mazur A., Mazur J., and Keating C. Military rank attainment of a West Point Class: Effects of cadets' physical appearance. The American Journal of Sociology 90 (1984) 125-150
145. McArthur L. Judging a book by its cover: A cognitive analysis of the relationship between physical appearance and stereotyping. In: Hastorf A., and Isen A. (Eds). Cognitive social psychology (1982), Elsevier/North-Holland, New York 149-211
146. McArthur L.Z., and Apatow K. Impressions of baby-faced adults. Social Cognition 2 (1983) 315-342
147. McArthur L.Z., and Baron R.M. Toward an ecological theory of social perception. Psychological Review 90 (1983) 215-238
148. McArthur L.Z., and Berry D.S. Cross-cultural agreement in perceptions of babyfaced adults. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 18 (1987) 165-192
149. McCabe V. Abstract perceptual information for age level: A risk factor for maltreatment?. Child Development 55 (1984) 267-276
150. McCall R.B., and Kennedy C.B. Attention of 4-month infants to discrepancy and babyishness. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 29 (1980) 189-201
151. McFarland C., Ross M., and Giltrow M. Biased recollections in older adults: The role of implicit theories of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992) 837-850
152. McGlone R.E., and Hollien H. Vocal pitch characteristics of aged women. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 16 (1963) 164-170
153. McTavish D.G. Perceptions of old people: A review of research methodologies and findings. The Geronotologist 11 (1971) 90-101
154. Medawar. The shape of human beings as a function of time. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 91 (1944) 1-12
155. Melson G.F., Fogel A., and Toda S. Children's ideas about infants and their care. Child Development 57 (1986) 1519-1527
156. Mergler N.L., and Goldstein M.D. Why are there old people: Senescence as biological and cultural preparedness for the transmission of information. Human Development 26 (1983) 72-90
157. Miller C.T., Rothblum E.D., Felicio D., and Brand P. Compensating for stigma: Obese and nonobese women's reactions to being visible. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 (1995) 1093-1106
158. Miller C.L., Younger B.A., and Morse P.A. The categorization of male and female voices in infancy. Infant Behavior and Development 5 (1982) 143-159
159. Milord J.T. Aesthetic aspects of faces: A (somewhat) phenomenological analysis using multidimentional scaling methods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978) 205-216
160. Mitchell G., and Brandt E.M. Parental behavior in primates. In: Poirier F.E. (Ed). Primate socialization (1972), Random House, New York 173-206
161. Montemayor R., and Eisen M. The development of self-conceptions from childhood to adolescence. Developmental Psychology 13 (1977) 314-319
162. Montepare J.M. Characteristics and psychological correlates of young adult men's and women's subjective age. Sex Roles 24 (1991) 323-333
163. Montepare J.M. Young children's age- and gender-based self perceptions and perceptions of others. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans, LA. (1993) March
164. Montepare J.M. Impact of variations in height on children's impressions of men and women. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 19 (1995) 31-48
165. Montepare J.M. An assessment of adults' perceptions of their psychological, physical, and social ages. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology 2 (1996) 117-128
166. Montepare J.M. Actual and subjective-related age differences in women's attitudes toward their bodies across the life span. Journal of Adult Development 3 (1996) 171-182
167. Montepare J.M. Variations in adults' subjective ages in relation to birthday nearness, age awareness, and attitudes toward aging. Journal of Adult Development (1996) in press
168. Montepare J.M., and Akiba D. American and Japanese young adults' self-perceptions of age and gender. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Arlington, VA. (1993) April
169. Montepare J.M., and Birchander E. Social circles and subjective age identities. Paper presented at the meeting of the Gerontological Association of American, Atlanta, GA. (1994) November
170. Montepare J.M., and Clements A. "The denial of youth": Implications for age identification in young adult men and women. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston, MA. (1995) April
171. Montepare J.M., and Clements A. The relationship between subjective age and age awareness: A case for schematicity. Paper presented at the meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Washington, DC. (1996) November
172. Montepare J.M., and Lachman M.E. "You're only as old as you feel.": Self-perceptions of age, fears of aging, and life satisfaction from adolescence to old age. Psychology and Aging 4 (1989) 73-89
173. Montepare J.M., and McArthur L.Z. The influence of facial characteristics on children's age perceptions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 42 (1986) 303-314
174. Montepare J.M., Reirdan J., Koff E., and Stubbs P. The impact of biological events on females' subjective age identities. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Menstrual Cycle Research, Salt Lake City, UT. (1989) June
175. Montepare J.M., and Rosner B.A. Vocal correlates of intimacy. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Philadelphia, PA. (1990) November
176. Montepare J.M., Steinberg J., and Rosenberg B. Characteristics of vocal communications between young adults and their parents and grandparents. Communication Research 19 (1992) 479-492
177. Montepare J.M., Schreibman B., Dobish H., and Barboza S. The impact of attractiveness and babyishness on the perception of facial and vocal displays of emotional messages. (1996), Brandeis University Unpublished manuscript
178. Montepare J.M., and Vega C. Women's vocal reactions to intimate and casual male friends. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 14 (1988) 103-113
179. Montepare J.M., and Zebrowitz-McArthur L.Z. Perceptions of adults with childlike voices in two cultures. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 23 (1987) 331-349
180. Montepare J.M., and Zebrowitz-McArthur L.Z. Impressions of people created by age-related qualities of their gaits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55 (1988) 547-556
181. Montepare J.M., and Zebrowitz-McArthur L. Children's perceptions of babyfaced adults. Perceptual and Motor Skills 69 (1989) 467-472
182. Montepare J.M., and Zebrowitz L. A cross-cultural comparison of impressions created by age-related variations in gait. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 17 (1993) 55-67
183. Murray M.P. Gait as a total pattern of movement. American Journal of Physical Medicine 46 (1967) 290-333
184. Murray M.P., Kory R.C., and Clarkson B.H. Walking patterns in healthy old men. Journal of Gerontology 24 (1969) 169-178
185. Muscarella F., and Cunningham M.R. The evolutionary significance and social perception of male pattern baldness and facial hair. Ethology and Sociobiology 17 (1996) 99-117
186. Mysack E.D. Pitch and duration characteristics of older males. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 2 (1959) 46-54
187. National Coordinating Center for the Study and Development of Filipino Children and Youth. Play materials and play activities in early childhood development. Philippine Journal of Child and Youth Development 4 (1970) 1-44 English Abstract
188. Neugarten B.L. The awareness of middle age. In: Neugarten B.L. (Ed). Middle age and aging (1968), University of Chicago Press, Chicago 93-98
189. Oh S.C., and Lachman M.E. Perceptions of aging among middle-aged adults: Cultural and gender differences. Paper presented at the meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Washington, DC. (1996) November
190. Osteen F.L., and Best D.L. Components of subjective age identification among older adults. Paper presented at the meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, New Orleans, LA. (1985) November
191. O'Sullivan M., Ekman P., Friesen W., and Scherer K. What you say and how you say it: The contribution of speech content and voice quality to judgments of others. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48 (1985) 54-62
192. Pasupathi M., Cartensen L.L., and Tsai J.L. Ageism in interpersonal settings. In: Lott B., and Maluso D. (Eds). The social psychology of interpersonal discrimination (1995), Guilford, New York 160-182
193. Pear T.H. Voice and personality. (1931), Chapman and Hall, London
194. Peng Y., Zebrowitz L., and Lee H. The impact of cultural background and cross-cultural experience on impressions of American and Korean male speakers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 24 (1993) 203-220
195. Piaget J. The children's conception of time. (1969), Basic Books, New York
196. Pittenger J.B. Body proportions as information for age and cuteness: Animals in illustrated children's books. Perception and Psychophysics 48 (1990) 124-130
197. Pittenger J.B., Shaw R.E., and Mark L.S. Perceptual information for the age level of faces as a higher order invariant of growth. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5 (1979) 486
198. Poulin-Dubois D., Serbin L.A., Kenyon B., and Derbyshire A. Infants' intermodal knowledge about gender. Developmental Psychology 30 (1994) 436-442
199. Ptacek P.H., and Sander E.K. Age recognition from voice. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 9 (1966) 273-277
200. Ransom T.W., and Rowell T.E. Early social development of feral baboons. In: Poirier F.E. (Ed). Primate socialization (1972), Random House, New York 105-144
201. Ritter J.M., Casey R.J., and Langlois J.H. Adults' responses to infants varying in appearance of age and attractiveness. Child Development 62 (1991) 68-82
202. Roberts J.V., and Herman C.P. The psychology of height: An empirical review. In: Herman C.P., Zanna M.P., and Higgins E.T. (Eds). Physical appearance, stigma, and social behavior: The Ontario symposium 3 (1986), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 113-140
203. Robinson J., and McArthur L.Z. The impact of salient vocal qualities on casual attributions for a speakers' behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43 (1982) 236-247
204. Roopnarine J., and Johnson J. Socialization in a mixed-age experimental program. Developmental Psychology 20 (1984) 828-832
205. Rose Y.J., and Tryon W.W. Judgment of assertive behavior as a function of speech loudness, latency, content, gestures, inflection, and sex. Behavior Modification 3 (1979) 112-123
206. Rosenthal R. Meta-analytic procedures for social research. (1984), Sage, Beverly Hills, CA
207. Rosner B.A., and Montepare J.M. Men's and women's naive knowledge of their vocal behavior. Paper presented at the meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Philadelphia, PA. (1990) March
208. Ross M. Relation of implicit theories and the construction of personal histories. Psychological Review 96 (1989) 341-357
209. Ross M., McFarland C., and Fletcher G.J.O. The effect of attitude on the recall of persmal histories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 10 (1981) 627-634
210. Ryan E.B., and Capadano H.L. Age perceptions and evaluative reactions toward adult speakers. Journal of Gerontology 33 (1978) 98-102
211. Ryan E.B., Gilles H., Bartolucci G., and Henwood K. Psycholinguistic and social psychological components of communication by and with the elderly. Language and Communication 6 (1986) 1-24
212. Ryan W.J. Acoustic aspect of the aging voice. Journal of Gerontology 27 (1972) 265-268
213. Ryan W.J., and Burke K.W. Perceptual and acoustic correlates aging in the speech of males. Journal of Communication Disorders 7 (1974) 181-192
214. Scherer K.R., and Scherer U. Speech behavior and personality. In: Darby Jr. J.K. (Ed). Speech evaluation in psychiatry. (1981), Grune & Stratton, New York
215. Scherer K.R., Scherer U., Hall J.A., and Rosenthal R. Differential attribution of personality based multichannel presentation of verbal and nonverbal cues. Psychological Research 39 (1977) 221-247
216. Schmidt D.F., and Boland S.M. The structure of impressions of older adults: Evidence for multiple stereotypes. Psychology and Aging 1 (1986) 255-260
217. Sears D. College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow date base on social psychology's view of human nature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (1986) 515-530
218. Shaw R., and Pittenger J. Perceiving the face of change in changing faces: Implications for a theory of object perception. In: Shaw R., and Bransford J. (Eds). Perceiving, knowing, and acting: Toward an ecological psychology. (1977), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
219. Shepherd J., Davies G., and Ellis H. Studies of cue salience. In: Davies G., Ellis H., and Shepherd J. (Eds). Perceiving and remembering faces (1981), Academic Press, London 105-131
220. Shimokata H., Tobin J.D., Muller D.C., Elahi D., Coon P.J., and Andres R. Studies in the distribution of body fat: Effects of age, sex, and obesity. Journals of Gerontology 44 (1989) M66-M73
221. Shipp T., and Hollien H. Perception of the aging male voice. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 12 (1969) 703-710
222. Shock N.W. Longitudinal studies of aging in humans. In: Finch C.E., and Schneider E.L. (Eds). Handbook of the biology of aging (1985), Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York 721-743
223. Siegman A.W. The telltale voice: Nonverbal messages of verbal communication. In: Seigman A.W., and Feldstein S. (Eds). Nonverbal behavior and communication (1978), Wiley, New York 183-243
224. Sinclair D. Human growth after birth. (1973), Oxford University Press, New York
225. Sleet D.A. Physique and social image. Perceptual and Motor Skills 28 (1969) 295-299
226. Smith E., and Zarate M.A. Exemplar-based model of social judgment. Psychological Review 99 (1992) 3-21
227. Smith P.M. Sex markers in speech. In: Scherer K.R., and Giles H. (Eds). Social markers in speech (1979), Cambridge University Press, New York 109-146
228. Snow C.E., and Ferguson C.A. Talking to children: Language input and acquisition (1977), Cambridge University Press, New York
229. Snyder M. Motivational foundations of behavioral confirmation. In: Zanna M.P. (Ed). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 25 (1992), Academic Press, New York 67-114
230. Spence J.T., and Sawin L.L. Images of masculinity and femininity: A reconceptualization. In: O'Leary V.E., Unger R.K., and Wallston B.S. (Eds). Women, gender, and social psychology (1985), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 36-66
231. Stangor C., Lynch L., Duan C., and Glass B. Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62 (1992) 207-218
232. Sutherland D.H., Olshen R., Cooper L., and Woo S.L.U. The development of mature gait. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 62 (1980) 336-353
233. Swann W.B., and Ely R.M. The battle of wills: Self-verification versus behavioral confirmation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984) 1287-1302
234. Tanner J.M. Physical growth. In: Mussen P.H. (Ed). Carmichael's manual of child psychology. (1970), Wiley, New York
235. Taylor M.G., and Gelman S.A. Children's gender- and age-based categorization in similarity and induction tasks. Social Development 2 (1993) 104-121
236. Todd J.T., Mark L.S., Shaw R.E., and Pittenger J.B. The perception of human growth. Scientific American 242 (1980) 106-114
237. Tranel D., Damasio A.R., and Damasio H. Intact recognition of facial expression, gender, and age in patients with impaired recognition of face identity. Neurology 38 (1988) 690-696
238. Troll L. The contingencies of grandparenting. In: Bengston V.L., and Robertson J.F. (Eds). Grandparenthood (1985), Sage, Beverly Hills, CA 135-150
239. Tyler T.R., and Schuller R.A. Aging and attitude change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (1991) 689-697
240. Ward R.A. The aging experience. (1984), Harper & Row, New York
241. Weinberger A. Responses to old people who ask for help. Research on Aging 3 (1981) 345-368
242. Weintraub W. Verbal behavior. (1981), Springer, New York
243. Wells W.D., and Siegal B. Stereotyped somatotypes. Psychological Reports 8 (1961) 77-78
244. Wernick M., and Manaster G.J. Age and the perception of age and attractiveness. The Gerontologist 24 (1984) 408-414
245. Whitbourne S.K. The aging body. (1985), Springer-Verlag, New York
246. Whitbourne S.K. The psychological construction of the life span. In: Birren J.E., and Schaie K.W. (Eds). Handbook of the psychology of aging (1985), Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 594-618
247. Whitbourne S.K., and Powers C.B. Older women's constructs of their lives: A quantitative and qualitative exploration. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 38 (1994) 293-306
248. Wiggins J.S. A psychological taxonomy of trait-descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (1979) 395-412
249. Williams J.E., and Best D.L. Measuring sex stereotypes: A thirty-nation study (1982), Sage, Beverly Hills, CA
250. Wilson P.R. The perceptual distortion of height as a function of ascribed academic status. Journal of Social Psychology 74 (1968) 97-102
251. Wogalter M.S., and Hosie J.A. Effects of cranial and facial hair on perceptions of age and person. Journal of Psychology 131 (1991) 589-591
252. Wolff W. The expression of personality. (1943), Harper, New York
253. Wood B.S. Children and communication. (1976), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
254. Zebrowitz L.A. Social perception. (1990), Brooks-Cole, Pacific Grove, CA
255. Zebrowitz L.A. Age-related changes in impressions of babyfaced men and women. (1993), Brandeis University Unpublished data
256. Zebrowitz L.A. Physical appearance as a basis for stereotyping. In: McRae N., Hewstone M., and Stangor C. (Eds). Foundation of stereotypes and stereotyping (1996), Guilford, New York 79-120
257. Zebrowitz L.A. Reading faces (1997), Westview Press, Boulder, CO
258. Zebrowitz L.A., Brownlow S., and Olson K. Baby talk to the babyfaced. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 16 (1992) 143-158
259. Zebrowitz L.A., and Collins M.A. Accurate social perception at zero acquaintance: The affordances of a Gibsonian approach. Personality and Social Psychology Review 1 (1997) 203-222
260. Zebrowitz L.A., Collins M.A., and Dutta R. Appearance stereotypes: Accuracy and impact on personality development. (1997), Brandeis University Unpublished manuscript
261. Zebrowitz L.A., Kendall-Tackett K., and Fafel J. The influence of children's facial maturity on parental expectations and punishments. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 52 (1991) 221-238
262. Zebrowitz L.A., and McDonald S.M. The impact of litigants' babyfaceness and attractiveness on adjudications in small claims courts. Law and Behavior 15 (1991) 603-623
263. Zebrowitz L., and Montepare J.M. Impressions of babyfaced individuals across the life span. Developmental Psychology 28 (1992) 1143-1152
264. Zebrowitz L., Montepare J.M., and Lee H.K. They don't all look alike: Individual impressions of other racial groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993) 85-101
265. Zebrowitz L.A., Olson K., and Hoffman K. Stability of babyfaceness and attractiveness across the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64 (1993) 453-466
266. Zebrowitz L.A., Tennenbaum D.R., and Goldstein L.H. The impact of job applicants' facial maturity, gender, and academic achievement on hiring recommendations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 21 (1991) 525-548
267. Zebrowitz-McArthur L., and Montepare J.M. Contributions of a babyface and a childlike voice to impressions of moving and talking faces. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 13 (1989) 189-203