Dissolving the explanatory gap: Neurobiological differences between phenomenal and propositional knowledge

Brain and Mind

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 331-365

  Musacchio, José M ^a  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Explanatory gap; First person perspective; Knowledge argument; Language; Neural equivalent; Phenomenal knowledge; Propositional knowledge; Qualia; Qualitative experience; Transparency

Indexed keywords

BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; COLOR; HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE; HUMAN; LANGUAGE; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROPHYSIOLOGY; PHENOMENOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; SENSORY CORTEX; SYMBOLISM;

EID: 0037698890     PISSN: 13891987     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1022911411903     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Abbott, L. and Sejnowski, T.J., 1999: Introduction, in L. Abbott and T.J. Sejnowski (eds), Neural Codes and Distributed Representations: Foundations of Neural Computation, MIT, Cambridge, MA, pp. vii-xxiii.
2. Akil, H., Mayer, D.J. and Liebeskin, J.C., 1976: Antagonism of stimulation-produced analgesia by naloxone, a narcotic antagonist, Science 191, 961-962.
3. Bair, W., Koch, C., Newsome, W. and Britten, K., 1994: Power spectrum analysis of bursting cells in area MT in the behaving monkey, J. Neurosci. 14, 2870-2892.
4. Bartels, A. and Zeki, S., 2000: The architecture of the colour centre in the human visual brain: new results and a review, Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 172-193.
5. Basbaum, A.I. and Jessell, T.M., 2000: The perception of pain, in E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz and T.M. Jessell (eds), Principles of Neural Science, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 472-492.
6. Block, N., Flanagan, O. and Guzeldere, G., 1997: The Nature of Consciousness, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
7. Block, N., 1997a: Inverted earth, in N. Block, O. Flanagan and G. Guzeldere (eds), The Nature of Consciousness, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 677-693.
8. Block, N., 1997b: On a confusion about a function of consciousness, in N. Block, O. Flanagan and G. Guzeldere (eds), The Nature of Consciousness, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 375-415.
9. Block, N., 2002: The harder problem of consciousness, The Journal of Philosophy XCIX, 1-35.
10. Bogen, J.E., 1997: Some neurophysiologic aspects of consciousness, Semin. Neurol. 17, 95-103.
11. Bookheimer, S.Y., 1996: Functional MRI applications in clinical epilepsy, Neuroimage 4, S139-S146.
12. Bookheimer, S.Y., 2002: Functional MRI of language. New approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 151-188.
13. Bushnell, M.C., Duncan, G.H., Hofbauer, R.K., Ha, B., Chen, J.I. and Carrier, B., 1999: Pain perception: Is there a role for primary somatosensory cortex? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 7705-7709.
14. Caramazza, A. and Hillis, A.E., 1991: Lexical organization of nouns and verbs in the brain, Nature 349, 788-790.
15. Carruthers, P., 2000: Phenomenal Consciousness: A Naturalistic Theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
16. Cassirer, E., 1944: An Essay on Man. An Introduction to a Philosophy of Human Culture, Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
17. Chalmers, D.J., 1996: The Conscious Mind, Oxford University Press, New York.
18. Chapman, C.R. and Nakamura, Y., 1999: A passion of the soul: An introduction to pain for consciousness researchers, Consciousness & Cognition 8, 391-422.
19. Churchland, P.S. and Sejnowski, T.J., 1992: The Computational Brain, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
20. Churchland, P.M., 1995: The Engine of Reason, The Seat of the Soul: A Philosophical Journey into the Brain, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
21. Clark, T.W., 1995: Function and phenomenology: Closing the explanatory gap, Journal of Consciousness Studies 2, 241-254.
22. Craig, A.D., Reiman, E.M., Evans, A. and Bushnell, M.C., 1996: Functional imaging of an illusion of pain, Nature 384, 258-260.
23. Craik, K.J.W., 1943: The Nature of Explanation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
24. Crick, F. and Koch, C., 1990: Some reflections on visual awareness, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. LV, 953-962.
25. Critchley, M., 1970: Aphasiology and Other Aspects of Language, Edward Arnold, London.
26. Cytowic, R.E., 1993: The Man Who Tasted Shapes, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
27. Damasio, A., Bellugi, U., Damasio, H., Poizner, H. and Van Gilder, J., 1986: Sign language aphasia during left-hemisphere Amytal injection, Nature 322, 363-365.
28. Damasio, A.R. and Tranel, D., 1993: Nouns and verbs are retrieved with differently distributed neural systems, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4957-4960.
29. Damasio, H., Grabowski, T.J., Tranel, D., Hichwa, R.D. and Damasio, A.R., 1996: A neural basis for lexical retrieval [see comments] [published erratum appears in Nature 1996 Jun 27; 381(6595): 810], Nature 380, 499-505.
30. Deacon, T.W., 1997: The Symbolic Species: the Co-evolution of Language and the Brain, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, NY.
31. Deadwyler, S.A. and Hampson, R.E., 1997: The significance of neural ensemble codes during behavior and cognition, Annual Review of Neuroscience 20, 217-244.
32. Desmedt, J.E. and Tomberg, C., 1995: Consciousness, Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. Suppl. 44, 227-234.
33. Devlin, J.T., Moore, C.J., Mummery, C.J., Gorno-Tempini, M.L., Phillips, J.A., Noppeney, U., Frackowiak, R.S., Friston, K.J. and Price, C.J., 2002: Anatomic constraints on cognitive theories of category specificity, Neuroimage. 15, 675-685.
34. Dronkers, N.F., Pinker, S. and Damasio, A., 2000: Language and the Aphasias, in E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz and T.M. Jessell (eds), Principles of Neural Science, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 1169-1185.
35. Edmonds, H.L. and Stark, L.G., 1974: Penicillin-induced epileptogenic foci-II. The anticonvulsant and neuropharmacological effects of SC-13504 in the cat, Neuropharmacology 13, 269-277.
36. Engel, A.K., Fries, P., Konig, P., Brecht, M. and Singer, W., 1999: Temporal binding, binocular rivalry, and consciousness, Consciousness & Cognition 8, 128-151.
37. Engel, A.K., Roelfsema, P.R., Fries, P., Brecht, M. and Singer, W., 1997: Role of the temporal domain for response selection and perceptual binding, Cerebral Cortex 7, 571-582.
38. Ferster, D. and Spruston, N., 1995: Cracking the neuronal code, Science 270, 756-757.
39. Flanagan, O., 1992: Consciousness Reconsidered, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
40. Fodor, J.A., 1979: The Language of Thought, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
41. Galuske, R.A., Schlote, W., Bratzke, H. and Singer, W., 2000: Interhemispheric asymmetries of the modular structure in human temporal cortex [see comments], Science 289, 1946-1949.
42. Gannon, P.J., Holloway, R.L., Broadfield, D.C. and Braun, A.R., 1998: Asymmetry of chimpanzee planum temporale: Humanlike pattern of Wernicke's brain language area homolog, Science 279, 220-222.
43. Gardner, E.P. and Martin, J.H., 2000: Coding of sensory information, in E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz and T.M. Jessell (eds), Principles of Neural Science, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 411-429.
44. Gautrais, J. and Thorpe, S., 1998: Rate coding versus temporal order coding: A theoretical approach, Biosystems 48, 57-65.
45. Gomez-Tortosa, E., Martin, E.M., Gaviria, M., Charbel, F. and Ausman, J.I., 1995: Selective deficit of one language in a bilingual patient following surgery in the left perisylvian area, Brain & Language 48, 320-325.
46. Grabowski, T.J., Damasio, H. and Damasio, A.R., 1998: Premotor and prefrontal correlates of category-related lexical retrieval, Neuroimage. 7, 232-243.
47. Griffin, D.R., 1992: Animal Minds, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
48. Groh, J.M., 2001: Converting neural signals from place codes to rate codes, Biol. Cybern. 85, 159-165.
49. Hardcastle, V.G., 1998: Assuming away the explanatory gap, Consciousness & Cognition: an International Journal 7, 173-179.
50. Hardcastle, V.G., 1999: The Myth of Pain, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
51. Harman, G., 1990: The intrinsic quality of experience, in J.E. Tomberling (ed.), Philosophical Perspectives, 4. Action Theory and Philosophy of Mind, 1990, Ridgeview Publishing Company, Atascadero, CA, pp. 32-52.
52. Hubbard, T.L., 1996: The importance of a consideration of qualia to imagery and cognition, Conscious. Cogn. 5, 327-358.
53. Jackson, F., 1982: Epiphenomenal qualia, Philosophical Quarterly 32, 127-136.
54. Jackson, F., 1998: Postscript on qualia, in F. Jackson (ed.), Mind, Method and Conditionals, Rutledge, London and New York, pp. 76-79.
55. Joliot, M., Ribary, U. and Llinas, R., 1994: Human oscillatory brain activity near 40 Hz coexists with cognitive temporal Binding, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91, 11748-11751.
56. Kandel, E.R., Schwartz, J.H. and Jessell, T.M., 2000: Principles of Neural Science, McGraw-Hill, New York.
57. Kandel, E.R. and Wurtz, R.H., 2000: Constructing the visual image, in E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz and T.M. Jessell (eds), Principles of Neural Science, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 492-506.
58. Kim, K.H.S., Relkin, N.R., Lee, K.M. and Hirsch, J., 1997: Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages, Nature 388, 171-174.
59. Kosslyn, S.M., 1996: Image and Brain: The resolution of the Imagery Debate, MIT Press, Cambridge.
60. Kripke, S.A., 1980: Excerpt from "identity and necessity", in N. Block (ed.), Readings in Philosophy of Psychology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 144-147.
61. LeDoux, J.E., 1996: The Emotional Brain, Simon and Schuster, New York.
62. Lennie, P., 2000: Color vision, in E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz and T.M. Jessell (eds), Principles of Neural Science, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 572-589.
63. Levine, J., 1983: Materialism and qualia: The explanatory gap, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 64, 354-361.
64. Llinas, R., Ribary, U., Contreras, D. and Pedroarena, C., 1998: The neuronal basis for consciousness, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London - Series B: Biological Sciences 353, 1841-1849.
65. Loar, B., 1997: Phenomenal states, in N. Block, O. Flanagan and G. Guzeldere (eds), The Nature of Consciousness, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 597-616.
66. Loar, B., 1998: Phenomenal intentionality as the basis of mental content. Ref type: Personal communication.
67. Lycan, W.G., 2000: Representational theories of consciousness. Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Ref type: Electronic citation.
68. Marslen-Wilson, W.D. and Tyler, L.K., 1997: Dissociating types of mental computation, Nature 387, 592-594.
69. McGinn, C., 1991: The Problem of Consciousness: Essays towards a Resolution, Blackwell Publishers, Inc., Cambridge, MA.
70. McGinn, C., 1999: The Mysterious Flame: Conscious Minds in a Material World, Basic Books, New York.
71. McNamara, T.P., 1999: Single-code versus multiple-code theories in cognition, in R.J. Sternberg (ed.), The Nature of Cognition, MIT, Cambridge, MA, pp. 113-135.
72. Mehta, M.R., Lee, A.K. and Wilson, M.A., 2002: Role of experience and oscillations in transforming a rate code into a temporal code, Nature 417, 741-746.
73. Metzinger, T., 1995a: Conscious Experience, Imprint Academic/Schoningh, Thorverton, UK.
74. Metzinger, T., 1995b: The problem of consciousness, in T. Metzinger (ed.), Conscious Experience, Imprint Academic/Sconingh, Thorverton, UK, pp. 3-43.
75. Munk, M.H., Roelfsema, P.R., Konig, P., Engel, A.K. and Singer, W., 1996: Role of reticular activation in the modulation of intracortical synchronization [see comments], Science 272, 271-274.
76. Nagel, T., 1980: What is it like to be a bat? in N. Block (ed.), Readings in Philosophy of Psychology, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 159-168.
77. Newman, J., 1995: Thalamic contributions to attention and consciousness [comment], Consciousness & Cognition 4, 172-193.
78. Papineau, D., 1995: The antipathetic fallacy and the boundaries of consciousness, in T. Metzinger (ed.), Conscious Experience, Imprint Academic/Schoningh, Thorverton, UK, pp. 259-270.
79. Papineau, D., 1998: Mind the gap, in J.E. Tomberling (ed.), Philosophical Perspectives, 12, Language, Mind and Ontology, Blackwell Publishers, Inc., Malden, MA, pp. 374-388.
80. Papineau, D., 2002: Thinking About Consciousness, Oxford University Press, New York.
81. Penfield, W., 1975: The Mystery of the Mind, Princeton University Press, Princeton.
82. Petrovic, P. and Ingvar, M., 2002: Imaging cognitive modulation of pain processing, Pain 95, 1-5.
83. Peyron, R., Laurent, B. and Garcia-Larrea, L., 2000: Functional imaging of brain responses to pain. A review and meta-analysis (2000), Neurophysiol. Clin. 30, 263-288.
84. Pinker, S., 1997a: Language as a psychological adaptation, Ciba Found. Symp. 208, 162-172.
85. Pinker, S., 1997b: Words and rules in the human brain, Nature 387, 547-548.
86. Pinker, S., 1994: The Language Instinct, William Morrow and Co., Inc., New York.
87. Price, D.D., 2000: Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain, Science 288, 1769-1772.
88. Rainville, P., Duncan, G.H., Price, D.D., Carrier, B. and Bushnell, M.C., 1997: Pain affect encoded in human anterior cingulate but not somatosensory cortex, Science 277, 968-971.
89. Ramachandran, V.S. and Hubbard, E.M., 2001: Synaesthesia - A window into perception, thought and language, Journal of Consciousness Studies 8, 3-34.
90. Revonsuo, A., 2001: Putting color back where it belongs, Consciousness and Cognition 10, 78-84.
91. Rey, G., 1998: A narrow representationalist account of qualitative experience, in J.E. Tomberling (ed.), Philosophical Perspectives, 12, Language, Mind and Ontology, Blackwell Publishers, Inc., Malden, MA, pp. 435-457.
92. Rosenthal, D.M., 2001: Color, mental location, and the visual field, Consciousness & Cognition 10, 85-93.
93. Ross, P.W., 2001: The location problem for color subjectivism, Consciousness & Cognition 10, 42-58.
94. Russell, B., 1912: The Problems of Philosophy, Galaxy, New York.
95. Ryle, G., 1949: The Concept of Mind, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
96. Sacks, O., 1990: The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales, Harper Perennial, New York.
97. Sacks, O., 1995: An Anthropologist on Mars. Seven Paradoxical Tales, Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
98. Sacks, O., 1997: The Island of the Colorblind and Cycad Island, Alfred A. Knopf, New York.
99. Sauve, K., 1999: Gamma-band synchronous oscillations: Recent evidence regarding their functional significance, Consciousness & Cognition: An International Journal 8, 213-224.
100. Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., 1986: Ape Language, Columbia University Press, New York.
101. Schmidt, K.E., Galuske, R.A. and Singer, W., 1999: Matching the modules: Cortical maps and longrange intrinsic connections in visual cortex during development, Journal of Neurobiology 41, 10-17.
102. Schnitzler, A. and Ploner, M., 2000: Neurophysiology and functional neuroanatomy of pain perception, J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 17, 592-603.
103. Searle, J.R., 2000: Consciousness, Annual Review of Neuroscience 23, 557-578.
104. Searle, J.R., 1992: The Rediscovery of the Mind, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
105. Shadlen, M.N. and Movshon, J.A., 1999: Synchrony unbound: a critical evaluation of the temporal binding hypothesis, Neuron 24, 67-25.
106. Sperry, R.W., 1985: Consciousness, personal identity, and the divided brain, in D.F. Benson and E. Zaidel (eds), The Dual Brain, The Guilford Press, New York, pp. 11-26.
107. Steriade, M. and Amzica, F., 1996: Intracortical and corticothalamic coherency of fast spontaneous oscillations, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93, 2533-2538.
108. Steriade, M., McCormick, D.A. and Sejnowski, T.J., 1993: Thalamocortical oscillations in the sleeping and aroused brain, Science 262, 679-685.
109. Taylor, J.G., 1998: Cortical activity and the explanatory gap, Consciousness & Cognition 7, 109-148.
110. Tolle, T.R., Kaufmann, T., Siessmeier, T., Lautenbacher, S., Berthele, A., Munz, F., Zieglgansberger, W., Willoch, F., Schwaiger, M., Conrad, B. and Bartenstein, P., 1999: Region-specific encoding of sensory and affective components of pain in the human brain: A positron emission tomography correlation analysis, Ann. Neurol. 45, 40-47.
111. Treede, R.D., Apkarian, A.V., Bromm, B., Greenspan, J.D. and Lenz, F.A., 2000: Cortical representation of pain: Functional characterization of nociceptive areas near the lateral sulcus, Pain 87, 113-119.
112. Tye, M., 1997: A representational theory of pains and their phenomenal character, in N. Block, O. Flanagan and G. Guzeldere (eds), The Nature of Consciousness, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 329-340.
113. Tye, M., 1999: Phenomenal consciousness: The explanatory gap as a cognitive illusion, Mind 108, 705-725.
114. Tye, M., 2000: Consciousness, Color, and Content, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
115. Tyler, L.K., deMornay-Davies, P., Anokhina, R., Longworth, C., Randall, B. and Marslen-Wilson, W.D., 2002: Dissociations in processing past tense morphology: Neuropathology and behavioral studies, J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 79-94.
116. Van Gulick, R., 1997: Understanding the phenomenal mind: Are we all just armadillos? Part I: Phenomenal knowledge and explanatory gaps, in N. Block, O. Flanagan and G. Guzeldere (eds), The Nature of Consciousness, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 559-566.
117. Whiten, A., Goodall, J., McGrew, W.C., Nishida, T., Reynolds, V., Sugiyama, Y., Tutin, C.E., Wrangham, R.W. and Boesch, C., 1999: Cultures in chimpanzees, Nature 399, 682-685.
118. Wilkinson, H.A., Davidson, K.M. and Davidson, R.I., 1999: Bilateral anterior cingulotomy for chronic noncancer pain. Neurosurgery 45, 1129-1134.
119. Willis, W.D., 1985: Pain pathways in the primate, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 176, 117-133.
120. Willis, W.D. and Westlund, K.N., 1997: Neuroanatomy of the pain system and of the pathways that modulate pain, J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 14, 2-31.
121. Wong, E.T., Gunes, S., Gaughan, E., Patt, R.B., Ginsberg, L.E., Hassenbusch, S.J. and Payne, R., 1997: Palliation of intractable cancer pain by MRI-guided cingulotomy, Clin. J. Pain 13, 260- 263.
122. Zeki, S., 1993: A Vision of the Brain, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
123. Zeki, S., 1999: Inner Vision, Oxford University Press, Oxford.