메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 39-49

Leishmaniasis in HIV infection

Author keywords

AIDS; Hepatitis; HIV; Interferon; Leishmaniasis

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; AMPHOTERICIN B; AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; ANTIMONY DERIVATIVE; GAMMA INTERFERON; ITRACONAZOLE; MEGLUMINE ANTIMONATE; MILTEFOSINE; PARASITE ANTIGEN; STIBOGLUCONATE SODIUM;

EID: 0037531398     PISSN: 00223859     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.929     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (66)

References (182)
  • 2
    • 0032576426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1
    • Mocroft A, Vella S, Benfield T L, Chiesi A, Miller V, Gargalianos P et al. Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1. Lancet 1998;352:1725-30.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.352 , pp. 1725-1730
    • Mocroft, A.1    Vella, S.2    Benfield, T.L.3    Chiesi, A.4    Miller, V.5    Gargalianos, P.6
  • 3
    • 0038465178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • UNAIDS: AIDS Epidemic Update www.unaids.org
    • UNAIDS: AIDS Epidemic Update 2002. www.unaids.org.
    • (2002)
  • 4
    • 0025252575 scopus 로고
    • Visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus
    • Co-operative Group for the Study of Leishmaniasis in AIDS
    • Montalban C, Calleja JL, Erice A, Laguna F Clotet B, Podzamczer D, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Co-operative Group for the Study of Leishmaniasis in AIDS. J Infect 1990;21:261-70.
    • (1990) J. Infect. , vol.21 , pp. 261-270
    • Montalban, C.1    Calleja, J.L.2    Erice, A.3    Laguna, F.4    Clotet, B.5    Podzamczer, D.6
  • 5
    • 0036319712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visceral leishmaniasis: Current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda
    • Guerin PJ, Olliaro P, Sundar S, Boelaert M, Croft SL, Desjeux P et al. Visceral leishmaniasis: current status of control, diagnosis, and treatment, and a proposed research and development agenda. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2:494-501.
    • (2002) Lancet Infect. Dis. , vol.2 , pp. 494-501
    • Guerin, P.J.1    Olliaro, P.2    Sundar, S.3    Boelaert, M.4    Croft, S.L.5    Desjeux, P.6
  • 6
    • 0004087785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leishmania/HIV co-infection in south-western Europe, 1990-1998, retrospective analysis of 965 cases
    • World Health Organization WHO/Leish/2000.42
    • Desjeux P, et al. Leishmania/HIV co-infection in south-western Europe, 1990-1998, retrospective analysis of 965 cases, World Health Organization 2000, WHO/Leish/2000.42.
    • (2000)
    • Desjeux, P.1
  • 7
    • 0004200676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leishmania and HIV in Gridlock
    • UNAIDS. WHO/CTD/ LEISH/98.9 Add.I, UNAIDS/98.23.1998. Geneva: WHO
    • Desjeux P, UNAIDS. Leishmania and HIV in Gridlock. WHO/CTD/ LEISH/98.9 Add.I, UNAIDS/98.23.1998. Geneva: WHO, 1998.
    • (1998)
    • Desjeux, P.1
  • 9
    • 0028280301 scopus 로고
    • Leishmaniasis and AIDS co-infection the Spanish example
    • Alvar J. Leishmaniasis and AIDS co-infection the Spanish example. Parasitol Today 1994;10:160-3.
    • (1994) Parasitol. Today , vol.10 , pp. 160-163
    • Alvar, J.1
  • 10
    • 0035151414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) -Infected and Non-HIV-Infected Patients. A Comparative Study
    • Pintado V, Martín-Rabadán P Rivera ML, Moreno S, Bouza E. Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) -Infected and Non-HIV-Infected Patients. A Comparative Study. Medicine 2001;80:54-73.
    • (2001) Medicine , vol.80 , pp. 54-73
    • Pintado, V.1    Martín-Rabadán, P.2    Rivera, M.L.3    Moreno, S.4    Bouza, E.5
  • 11
    • 0034791593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leishmaniasis visceral asociada al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana
    • Pintado V, López-Vélez R. Leishmaniasis visceral asociada al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2001;19:353-7.
    • (2001) Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin. , vol.19 , pp. 353-357
    • Pintado, V.1    López-Vélez, R.2
  • 12
    • 0032512075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visceral leishmaniosis in HIV-positive patients: Primary infection, reactivation and latent infection. Impact of the CD4 T-lymphocyte counts
    • Kubar J, Marty Lelievre A, Quaranta JF, Staccini P, Caroli BC, et al. Visceral leishmaniosis in HIV-positive patients: Primary infection, reactivation and latent infection. Impact of the CD4 T-lymphocyte counts. AIDS 1998;12:2147-53.
    • (1998) AIDS , vol.12 , pp. 2147-2153
    • Kubar, J.1    Marty Lelievre, A.2    Quaranta, J.F.3    Staccini, P.4    Caroli, B.C.5
  • 13
    • 0028339401 scopus 로고
    • HIV-1 inhibits Leishmania-induced cell proliferation, but not TNF-alpha and IL-6 production
    • Wolday D, Akuffo H, Britton S, Hathaway A, Sander B. HIV-1 inhibits Leishmania-induced cell proliferation, but not TNF-alpha and IL-6 production. Scand J Immunol 1994;39:380-6.
    • (1994) Scand. J. Immunol. , vol.39 , pp. 380-386
    • Wolday, D.1    Akuffo, H.2    Britton, S.3    Hathaway, A.4    Sander, B.5
  • 14
    • 0028933795 scopus 로고
    • The regulation of immunity to Leishmania major
    • Reiner, SL, Locksley RM. The regulation of immunity to Leishmania major. Annu Rev Immunol 1995;13:151-77.
    • (1995) Annu. Rev. Immunol. , vol.13 , pp. 151-177
    • Reiner, S.L.1    Locksley, R.M.2
  • 15
    • 0028832620 scopus 로고
    • Activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in monocytoid cells by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani
    • Bernier, Turco RSJ, Olivier M, Tremblay M. Activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in monocytoid cells by the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani. J Virol 1995;69:7282-5.
    • (1995) J. Virol. , vol.69 , pp. 7282-7285
    • Bernier, A.1    Turco, R.S.J.2    Olivier, M.3    Tremblay, M.4
  • 16
    • 0033152259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemokine and chemokine receptors: Role in HIV infection
    • Kalinkovich A, Weisman Z, Bentwich Z. Chemokine and chemokine receptors: role in HIV infection. Immunol 1999;68:281-7.
    • (1999) Immunol. , vol.68 , pp. 281-287
    • Kalinkovich, A.1    Weisman, Z.2    Bentwich, Z.3
  • 17
    • 0032435566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokines, plasma immune asctivation markers, a clinically relevant-surrogate markers in human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Fahey JL. Cytokines, plasma immune asctivation markers, a clinically relevant-surrogate markers in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Diag Lab Immunol 1998;597-603.
    • (1998) Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol. , pp. 597-603
    • Fahey, J.L.1
  • 18
    • 2942732051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular interactions of HIV with human factors
    • Srebel K, Bour S. Molecular interactions of HIV with human factors. AIDS 1999;13(Suppl A):S13-S24.
    • (1999) AIDS , vol.13 , Issue.SUPPL. A
    • Srebel, K.1    Bour, S.2
  • 19
    • 0031581788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leishmania/HIV co-infection. Epidemiological analysis of 692 retrospective cases
    • World Health Organization
    • World Health Organization. Leishmania/HIV co-infection. Epidemiological analysis of 692 retrospective cases. Wkly Epiderniol Rec 1997;72:49-54.
    • (1997) Wkly. Epiderniol. Rec. , vol.72 , pp. 49-54
  • 20
    • 0034780949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug resistance in Indian visceral leishmaniasis
    • Sundar S. Drug resistance in Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Trop Med Int Health 2001;6:849-54.
    • (2001) Trop. Med. Int. Health , vol.6 , pp. 849-854
    • Sundar, S.1
  • 22
    • 0030868897 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • + T Cell Homeostasis and Function in Advanced HIV Disease
    • + T Cell Homeostasis and Function in Advanced HIV Disease. Science 1997;277:112-6.
    • (1997) Science , vol.277 , pp. 112-116
    • Autran, B.1    Carcelain, G.2    Li, T.S.3
  • 23
    • 0035905903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Randomized Trial of the Discontinuation of Primary and Secondary Prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia after Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients with HIV Infection
    • De Quiros J. C. L. B, Miro JM, Pena JM, et al. A Randomized Trial of the Discontinuation of Primary and Secondary Prophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia after Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients with HIV Infection. N Engl J Med 2001;344:159-67.
    • (2001) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.344 , pp. 159-167
    • De Quiros, J.C.L.B.1    Miro, J.M.2    Pena, J.M.3
  • 24
    • 0009521781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discontinuation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis after start of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection
    • Weverling GJ, Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, et al. Discontinuation of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis after start of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. Lancet 1999;353:1293-8.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 1293-1298
    • Weverling, G.J.1    Mocroft, A.2    Ledergerber, B.3
  • 25
    • 0035808601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discontinuaition of maintenance therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy
    • Jouan M, Saves M, Tubiana R, Carcelain G, Cassoux N, Aubron-Olivier C, et al. Discontinuaition of maintenance therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001;15:23-31
    • (2001) AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 23-31
    • Jouan, M.1    Saves, M.2    Tubiana, R.3    Carcelain, G.4    Cassoux, N.5    Aubron-Olivier, C.6
  • 27
    • 0032562002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of HIV1-associated microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis with combination antiretroviral therapy
    • Carr A, Marriott D, Field A, Vasak E, Cooper DA. Treatment of HIV1-associated microsporidiosis and cryptosporidiosis with combination antiretroviral therapy. Lancet 1998;351:256-61.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , pp. 256-261
    • Carr, A.1    Marriott, D.2    Field, A.3    Vasak, E.4    Cooper, D.A.5
  • 28
    • 17044458632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement of chronic diarrhea in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection during potent antiretroviral therapy
    • Foudraine NA, Weverling GJ, van Gool T, Roos MT, de Wolf F, Koopmans PP, et al. Improvement of chronic diarrhea in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection during potent antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 1998;12:35-41.
    • (1998) AIDS , vol.12 , pp. 35-41
    • Foudraine, N.A.1    Weverling, G.J.2    van Gool, T.3    Roos, M.T.4    de Wolf, F.5    Koopmans, P.P.6
  • 29
    • 0006312439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Discontinuation of toxoplasmic encephalitis prophylaxis is safe in HIV-1 and T. gondii coinfected patients after immunological recovery with HAART. Preliminary results of the GESIDA 04/98-B study
    • and the GESIDA 04/98-B Study Abstract 230. San Francisco: Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections
    • Miro JM, Lopez JC, Podzamczer D, Pena JM, Alberdi C, Claramonte X, et al. and the GESIDA 04/98-B Study. Discontinuation of toxoplasmic encephalitis prophylaxis is safe in HIV-1 and T. gondii coinfected patients after immunological recovery with HAART. Preliminary results of the GESIDA 04/98-B study. Abstract 230. San Francisco: Proceedings of the 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, 2000.
    • (2000)
    • Miro, J.M.1    Lopez, J.C.2    Podzamczer, D.3    Pena, J.M.4    Alberdi, C.5    Claramonte, X.6
  • 30
    • 0036839245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in a French cohort of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus
    • del Giudice P, Mary-Krause M, Pradier C, Grabar S, Dellamonica P, Marty P et al. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in a French cohort of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 2002;186:1366-70.
    • (2002) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.186 , pp. 1366-13670
    • del Giudice, P.1    Mary-Krause, M.2    Pradier, C.3    Grabar, S.4    Dellamonica, P.5    Marty, P.6
  • 31
    • 0036197581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Incidence and risk factors for symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients from Spain in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy
    • de La Rosa R, Pineda JA, Delgado J, Macias J, Morillas F, Mira JA, et al. Incidence and risk factors for symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients from Spain in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:762-7.
    • (2002) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.40 , pp. 762-767
    • de La Rosa, R.1    Pineda, J.A.2    Delgado, J.3    Macias, J.4    Morillas, F.5    Mira, J.A.6
  • 32
    • 0037232716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients in the developing world who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Fisk DT, Meshnick S, Kazanjian PH. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients in the developing world who have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:70-8.
    • (2003) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.36 , pp. 70-78
    • Fisk, D.T.1    Meshnick, S.2    Kazanjian, P.H.3
  • 33
    • 0038465173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO. The world health report 2001. Geneva: WHO
    • WHO. The world health report 2001. Geneva: WHO, 2001.
    • (2001)
  • 34
    • 0027910251 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of anti-Leishmania antibodies in parenteral drug addicts: Yield value of 2 study techniques
    • Gutiérrez J. Prevalence of anti-Leishmania antibodies in parenteral drug addicts: yield value of 2 study techniques. Med Clin 1993;100:168.
    • (1993) Med. Clin. , vol.100 , pp. 168
    • Gutiérrez, J.1
  • 35
    • 0027495493 scopus 로고
    • An easy and quick method for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-1-infected individuals
    • Medrano FJ, Jimenez-Mejias E, Calderon E, Regordan C, Leal M. An easy and quick method for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-1-infected individuals. AIDS 1993;7:1399.
    • (1993) AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 1399
    • Medrano, F.J.1    Jimenez-Mejias, E.2    Calderon, E.3    Regordan, C.4    Leal, M.5
  • 37
    • 0037197035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leishmania in discarded syringes from intravenous drug users
    • Cruz I, Morales MA, Noguer I, Rodríguez A, Alvar J. Leishmania in discarded syringes from intravenous drug users. Lancet 2002; 359:1124-25.
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 1124-1125
    • Cruz, I.1    Morales, M.A.2    Noguer, I.3    Rodríguez, A.4    Alvar, J.5
  • 38
    • 0037152081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leishmania spp. infection in injecting drug users Lancet
    • Pineda JA, Martín-Sánchez J, Macías J, Morillas E Leishmania spp. infection in injecting drug users. Lancet 2002;360:950-1.
    • (2002) , vol.360 , pp. 950-951
    • Pineda, J.A.1    Martín-Sánchez, J.2    Macías, J.3    Morillas, E.4
  • 39
    • 0028344393 scopus 로고
    • Indirect xenodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in 10 HIV-infected patients using colonized Phlebotomus perniciosus
    • Molina R, Canavate C, Cercenado E, Laguna F, Lopez-Velez R, Alvar J. Indirect xenodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in 10 HIV-infected patients using colonized Phlebotomus perniciosus. AIDS 1994;8:277-9.
    • (1994) AIDS , vol.8 , pp. 277-279
    • Molina, R.1    Canavate, C.2    Cercenado, E.3    Laguna, F.4    Lopez-Velez, R.5    Alvar, J.6
  • 40
    • 84921002286 scopus 로고
    • Leishmaniasis acquired in Belgium
    • Cohen C, Corazza F, Mol PD, et al. Leishmaniasis acquired in Belgium. Lancet 1991;338:128.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.338 , pp. 128
    • Cohen, C.1    Corazza, F.2    Mol, P.D.3
  • 41
    • 0037788445 scopus 로고
    • Kala-azar transferred by exchange blood transfusion in two Swedish infants
    • Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Tropical Medicine and Malaria
    • Kostman R, Barr M, Bengtsson E, et al. Kala-azar transferred by exchange blood transfusion in two Swedish infants. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Tropical Medicine and Malaria 1963:384.
    • (1963) , pp. 384
    • Kostman, R.1    Barr, M.2    Bengtsson, E.3
  • 42
    • 0027352427 scopus 로고
    • Leishmaniose viscerale chez un nourrisson en Bretagne: Discussion sur les modes de transmission hors des zones endemiques
    • Mauny I, Blanchot I, Degeihl B, et al. Leishmaniose viscerale chez un nourrisson en Bretagne: discussion sur les modes de transmission hors des zones endemiques. Pediatrie 1993;48:237.
    • (1993) Pediatrie , vol.48 , pp. 237
    • Mauny, I.1    Blanchot, I.2    Degeihl, B.3
  • 43
    • 0004437765 scopus 로고
    • Cutaneous leishmaniasis, cutaneous-glandular leishmaniasis and transfusional kala-azar
    • Andre R, Brumpt L, Dreyfus B, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, cutaneous-glandular leishmaniasis and transfusional kala-azar. Trop Dis Bull 1958;55:379.
    • (1958) Trop. Dis. Bull. , vol.55 , pp. 379
    • Andre, R.1    Brumpt, L.2    Dreyfus, B.3
  • 45
    • 0038803041 scopus 로고
    • ed. 11th edn. Bethesda, Md: American Association of Blood Banks
    • Walker R, ed. Technical Manual. 11th edn. Bethesda, Md: American Association of Blood Banks; 1993. pp.1.
    • (1993) Technical Manual , pp. 1
    • Walker, R.1
  • 46
    • 0029093634 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of leishmaniases
    • Magill AJ. Epidemiology of leishmaniases. Dermatol Clin 1995;13:505-23.
    • (1995) Dermatol. Clin. , vol.13 , pp. 505-523
    • Magill, A.J.1
  • 47
    • 0020389720 scopus 로고
    • Transmission of parasites across the placenta
    • New York, NY. Academic Press
    • Loke Y. Transmission of parasites across the placenta. In: Advances in Parasitology. New York, NY. Academic Press; 1982;21:155.
    • (1982) Advances in Parasitology , vol.21 , pp. 155
    • Loke, Y.1
  • 48
    • 0022360362 scopus 로고
    • Direct non-insect-vector transmission of Leishmania parasites in mice
    • Nuwayri-Salti N, Khansa H. Direct non-insect-vector transmission of Leishmania parasites in mice. Int J Parasitol 1985;15:497.
    • (1985) Int. J. Parasitol. , vol.15 , pp. 497
    • Nuwayri-Salti, N.1    Khansa, H.2
  • 49
    • 0022921740 scopus 로고
    • Studies on leishmaniasis in China: Historical background, epidemiology, clinical aspects, legislature and control program
    • Hiu-Lan Z, Nai-Zheng Z. Studies on leishmaniasis in China: historical background, epidemiology, clinical aspects, legislature and control program. Chinese Med J 1986;99:281.
    • (1986) Chinese Med. J. , vol.99 , pp. 281
    • Hiu-Lan, Z.1    Nai-Zheng, Z.2
  • 51
    • 85034671492 scopus 로고
    • Leishmania donovani parasites in the nasal secretions, tonsillopharyngeal mucosa, and urine centrifugates of visceral leishmaniasis patients in Kenya
    • Mebrahtu Y, Hendricks L, Oster C, et al. Leishmania donovani parasites in the nasal secretions, tonsillopharyngeal mucosa, and urine centrifugates of visceral leishmaniasis patients in Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989;41:289.
    • (1989) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.41 , pp. 289
    • Mebrahtu, Y.1    Hendricks, L.2    Oster, C.3
  • 52
    • 0037788442 scopus 로고
    • The presence of infective Leishmania donovani in the urine and prostatic fluid of patients with kala-azar
    • Teng C, Forkner C. The presence of infective Leishmania donovani in the urine and prostatic fluid of patients with kala-azar. Chinese Med J 1936;1(suppl):394.
    • (1936) Chinese Med. J. , vol.1 , Issue.SUPPL. 3 , pp. 94
    • Teng, C.1    Forkner, C.2
  • 53
    • 50549181145 scopus 로고
    • Leishmaniasis acquired by contagion: A case of marital infection in Britain
    • Symmers WSC. Leishmaniasis acquired by contagion: a case of marital infection in Britain. Lancet 1960;127.
    • (1960) Lancet , pp. 127
    • Symmers, W.S.C.1
  • 54
    • 0023837120 scopus 로고
    • Rectal leishmaniasis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Rosenthal PJ, Chaisson RE, Hadley WK, Leech JH. Rectal leishmaniasis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1988;84:307-9
    • (1988) Am. J. Med. , vol.84 , pp. 307-309
    • Rosenthal, P.J.1    Chaisson, R.E.2    Hadley, W.K.3    Leech, J.H.4
  • 55
    • 0027474441 scopus 로고
    • Laboratory-acquired malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and toxoplasmosis
    • Herwaldt B, Juranek D. Laboratory-acquired malaria, leishmaniasis, trypanosomiasis, and toxoplasmosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993;48:313.
    • (1993) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.48 , pp. 313
    • Herwaldt, B.1    Juranek, D.2
  • 57
    • 0026731794 scopus 로고
    • Leishmaniasis in Mediterranean countries
    • Belazzoug S. Leishmaniasis in Mediterranean countries. Vet Pathol 1992;44:15.
    • (1992) Vet. Pathol. , vol.44 , pp. 15
    • Belazzoug, S.1
  • 59
    • 0038803043 scopus 로고
    • Studies in leishmaniasis in East Africa, I: The epidemiology of an outbreak of kala-azar in Kenya
    • Heisch R. Studies in leishmaniasis in East Africa, I: the epidemiology of an outbreak of kala-azar in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1954;118:779.
    • (1954) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.118 , pp. 779
    • Heisch, R.1
  • 61
    • 0023891323 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences and cross immunity in DBA/2 mice infected with Leishmania mexicana and L major
    • Alexander J. Sex differences and cross immunity in DBA/2 mice infected with Leishmania mexicana and L major. Parasitology 1988;96:297.
    • (1988) Parasitology , vol.96 , pp. 297
    • Alexander, J.1
  • 62
    • 0026569264 scopus 로고
    • Parasitic infections in women and their consequences
    • Brabin L, Brabin B. Parasitic infections in women and their consequences. Adv Parasitol 1992;31:1.
    • (1992) Adv. Parasitol. , vol.31 , pp. 1
    • Brabin, L.1    Brabin, B.2
  • 63
    • 0031921067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinico-epidemiological characteristics, prognostic factors and survival analysis of patients coinfected with HIV and Leishmania in an area of Madrid, Spain
    • Lopez-Velez R, Perez-Molina JA, Guerrero A, Baquero F, Villarubia J, Escribano L, et al. Clinico-epidemiological characteristics, prognostic factors and survival analysis of patients coinfected with HIV and Leishmania in an area of Madrid, Spain. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998;58:436-43.
    • (1998) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.58 , pp. 436-443
    • Lopez-Velez, R.1    Perez-Molina, J.A.2    Guerrero, A.3    Baquero, F.4    Villarubia, J.5    Escribano, L.6
  • 64
    • 0031851247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of and factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients in southern Spain
    • Pineda JA, Gallardo JA, Macias J, Delgado J, Regordan C, Morillas F, et al. Prevalence of and factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients in southern Spain. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:2419-22.
    • (1998) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.36 , pp. 2419-2422
    • Pineda, J.A.1    Gallardo, J.A.2    Macias, J.3    Delgado, J.4    Regordan, C.5    Morillas, F.6
  • 67
    • 0032710944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV viral load and response to antileishmanial chemotherapy in co-infected patients
    • Berhe N, Wolday D, Hailu A, Abraham Y, Ali A, Gebre-Michael T, et al. HIV viral load and response to antileishmanial chemotherapy in co-infected patients. AIDS 1999;13:1921-5.
    • (1999) AIDS , vol.13 , pp. 1921-1925
    • Berhe, N.1    Wolday, D.2    Hailu, A.3    Abraham, Y.4    Ali, A.5    Gebre-Michael, T.6
  • 70
    • 0028819531 scopus 로고
    • Visceral leishmaniasis with cutaneous and rectal dissemination due to Leishmania braziliensis in AIDS
    • Hernéndez, DE, Oliver M, Martínez C, Planas G. Visceral leishmaniasis with cutaneous and rectal dissemination due to Leishmania braziliensis in AIDS. Int J Dermatol 1995;34:114-5.
    • (1995) Int. J. Dermatol. , vol.34 , pp. 114-115
    • Hernéndez, D.E.1    Oliver, M.2    Martínez, C.3    Planas, G.4
  • 71
    • 0037788443 scopus 로고
    • Disseminated american muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis in a patient with AIDS: A case report
    • Machado, ES, Braga MP, Da-Cruz AM, Coutinho SG, Vieira ARM, et al. Disseminated american muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis braziliensis in a patient with AIDS: a case report. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz Rio J 1992;6:1499-503.
    • (1992) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz Rio J. , vol.6 , pp. 1499-1503
    • Machado, E.S.1    Braga, M.P.2    Da-Cruz, A.M.3    Coutinho, S.G.4    Vieira, A.R.M.5
  • 72
    • 0029080875 scopus 로고
    • Human immunodeficiency virus and recurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis long after healed localized cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L aethiopica
    • Berhe N, A Hailu, T Gemetchu. Human immunodeficiency virus and recurrence of cutaneous leishmaniasis long after healed localized cutaneous leishmaniasis due to L aethiopica. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995;89:400-1.
    • (1995) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.89 , pp. 400-401
    • Berhe, N.1    Hailu, A.2    Gemetchu, T.3
  • 73
    • 0027128081 scopus 로고
    • Viscerotropic leishmaniasis in persons returning from operation Desert Storm 1990-1991
    • Centers for Disease Control
    • Centers for Disease Control. Viscerotropic leishmaniasis in persons returning from operation Desert Storm 1990-1991. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep 1992;41:131-4.
    • (1992) Morbid. Mortal Weekly. Rep. , vol.41 , pp. 131-134
  • 74
    • 0027241626 scopus 로고
    • Visceral infection caused by Leishmania tropica in veterans of operation Desert storm
    • Magill, AL, Grogl M, RA, Gasser, Sun W, et al. Visceral infection caused by Leishmania tropica in veterans of operation Desert storm. N Engl J Med 1993;387:1383-7.
    • (1993) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.387 , pp. 1383-1387
    • Magill, A.L.1    Grogl, M.2    Gasser, R.A.3    Sun, W.4
  • 75
    • 0028913676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusely disseminated cutaneous Leishmania major infection in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • 199
    • Gillis, Klaus DS, Schnur LF, Piscopos P Maayan S, Okon E, et al. Diffusely disseminated cutaneous Leishmania major infection in a child with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 199;514:247-9.
    • Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. , vol.514 , pp. 247-249
    • Gillis, A.1    Klaus, D.S.2    Schnur, L.F.3    Piscopos, P.4    Maayan, S.5    Okon, E.6
  • 76
    • 0036561053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus
    • Silva ES, Pacheco RS, Gontijo CM, Carvalho IR, Brazil IP. Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2002;44:145-9.
    • (2002) Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo , vol.44 , pp. 145-149
    • Silva, E.S.1    Pacheco, R.S.2    Gontijo, C.M.3    Carvalho, I.R.4    Brazil, I.P.5
  • 77
    • 0034268051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L) mexicana in a Mexican patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection
    • Ramon-Santos C, Hernandez-Montes O, Sanchez-Tejeda G, Monroy-Ostria A. Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L) mexicana in a Mexican patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2000;95:733-7.
    • (2000) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz , vol.95 , pp. 733-737
    • Ramon-Santos, C.1    Hernandez-Montes, O.2    Sanchez-Tejeda, G.3    Monroy-Ostria, A.4
  • 80
    • 0036773795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence of Leishmania organisms in specific and non-specific skin lesions in HIV-infected individuals with visceral leishmaniasis
    • Bosch RJ, Rodrigo AB, Sanchez P, de Galvez MV, Herrera E. Presence of Leishmania organisms in specific and non-specific skin lesions in HIV-infected individuals with visceral leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 2002;41:670-5.
    • (2002) Int. J. Dermatol. , vol.41 , pp. 670-675
    • Bosch, R.J.1    Rodrigo, A.B.2    Sanchez, P.3    de Galvez, M.V.4    Herrera, E.5
  • 82
    • 0026097521 scopus 로고
    • Leishmania donovani chagasi: New clinical variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras
    • Ponce C, Ponce E, Morrison A, Cruz A, Kreutzer R, McMahon-Pratt D, et al. Leishmania donovani chagasi: new clinical variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras. Lancet 1991;337:67-70.
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.337 , pp. 67-70
    • Ponce, C.1    Ponce, E.2    Morrison, A.3    Cruz, A.4    Kreutzer, R.5    McMahon-Pratt, D.6
  • 84
    • 0037097539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemokine-Induced leishmanicidal Activity in Murine Macrophages via the Generation of Nitric Oxide
    • Bhattacharyya S, Ghosh S, Dasgupta B, Mazumder D, Roy S, Majumdar S. Chemokine-Induced leishmanicidal Activity in Murine Macrophages via the Generation of Nitric Oxide. J Infect Dis 2002;185:1704-8.
    • (2002) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.185 , pp. 1704-1708
    • Bhattacharyya, S.1    Ghosh, S.2    Dasgupta, B.3    Mazumder, D.4    Roy, S.5    Majumdar, S.6
  • 85
    • 0021075679 scopus 로고
    • Cell-mediated immune response in Indian kala-azarand post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis
    • Haldar JP, Ghose S, Saha C, Ghose AC. Cell-mediated immune response in Indian kala-azarand post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis. Infect Inmun 1983;42:702-7.
    • (1983) Infect. Inmun. , vol.42 , pp. 702-707
    • Haldar, J.P.1    Ghose, S.2    Saha, C.3    Ghose, A.C.4
  • 86
    • 0038465177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV and the Pathogenesis of AIDS 2nd Edn Chapter 9: Effects of HIV on various tissues and organ systems. Edn American Society for Microbiology
    • Levy JA. HIV and the Pathogenesis of AIDS 2nd Edn Chapter 9: Effects of HIV on various tissues and organ systems. Edn American Society for Microbiology 1998.
    • (1998)
    • Levy, J.A.1
  • 88
    • 0031668223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host factors that affect sexual transmission of HIV
    • Cohen OJ, Fauci AS. Host factors that affect sexual transmission of HIV Int J Infect Dis 1998;2:182-5.
    • (1998) Int. J. Infect. Dis. , vol.2 , pp. 182-185
    • Cohen, O.J.1    Fauci, A.S.2
  • 89
    • 0032568603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple modes of cellular activation and virus transmission in HIV infection: A role for chronically and latently infected cells sustaining viral replication
    • Grossman Z, Feinberg MB, Paul WE. Multiple modes of cellular activation and virus transmission in HIV infection: a role for chronically and latently infected cells sustaining viral replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:6341-9.
    • (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.95 , pp. 6341-6349
    • Grossman, Z.1    Feinberg, M.B.2    Paul, W.E.3
  • 91
    • 0032032504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct HIV cythopaticity cannot account for CD4 decline in AIDS in the presence of homeostasis: A worst-case dynamic analysis
    • Anderson RW, Ascher M, Sheppard HW. Direct HIV cythopaticity cannot account for CD4 decline in AIDS in the presence of homeostasis: a worst-case dynamic analysis. J AIDS 1998; 17:245-2.
    • (1998) J. AIDS , vol.17 , pp. 245-252
    • Anderson, R.W.1    Ascher, M.2    Sheppard, H.W.3
  • 92
    • 0033380647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Programmed cell eath as a mechanism of CD4 and Cd8 T cell deletion in AIDS. Molecular control and effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy
    • Gougon ML, Montagnier L. Programmed cell eath as a mechanism of CD4 and Cd8 T cell deletion in AIDS. Molecular control and effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Ann N Y Acaf Sci 1999;887: 199-212.
    • (1999) Ann. N. Y. Acaf. Sci. , vol.887 , pp. 199-212
    • Gougon, M.L.1    Montagnier, L.2
  • 93
    • 0032870828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphocite turnover in the setting of HIV infection
    • Lane HC, Gea-Banacloche JC. Lymphocite turnover in the setting of HIV infection. Immunologist 1999;7:124-31.
    • (1999) Immunologist , vol.7 , pp. 124-131
    • Lane, H.C.1    Gea-Banacloche, J.C.2
  • 94
    • 0343920019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T-cell division in HIV-1 infection is mainly due to immune activation: A longitudinal analysis in patients before and during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
    • Hazenberg MD, Stuart JW, Otto SA, Borleffs JC, Boucher CA, de Boer RJ, et al. T-cell division in HIV-1 infection is mainly due to immune activation: a longitudinal analysis in patients before and during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Blood 2000;95:249-55.
    • (2000) Blood , vol.95 , pp. 249-255
    • Hazenberg, M.D.1    Stuart, J.W.2    Otto, S.A.3    Borleffs, J.C.4    Boucher, C.A.5    de Boer, R.J.6
  • 95
    • 16044367381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prolonged Th2 cell activation and increased viral replication in HIV-Leishmania co-infected patients despite treatment
    • Cacopardo, Nigro BL, Preiser W, Fama A, Satariano MI, Braner J, et al. Prolonged Th2 cell activation and increased viral replication in HIV-Leishmania co-infected patients despite treatment. Trans R Soc Trop, Med Hyg 1996;90:434-5.
    • (1996) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.90 , pp. 434-435
    • Cacopardo Nigro, B.L.1    Preiser, W.2    Fama, A.3    Satariano, M.I.4    Braner, J.5
  • 96
    • 0032956718 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vitro production of type 1 and type 2 cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects co-infected with HIV and Leishmania infantum
    • Nigro L, Cacopardo B, Preiser W, Braner J, Cinatl J, Palermo F, et al. In vitro production of type 1 and type 2 cytokines by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects co-infected with HIV and Leishmania infantum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;60:142-5.
    • (1999) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.60 , pp. 142-145
    • Nigro, L.1    Cacopardo, B.2    Preiser, W.3    Braner, J.4    Cinatl, J.5    Palermo, F.6
  • 97
    • 0030939080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytokine networkswith infection: Mycobacterial infections, leishmaniasis, human iummunodeficiency virus and sepsis
    • Di Piro JT. Cytokine networkswith infection: mycobacterial infections, leishmaniasis, human iummunodeficiency virus and sepsis. Pharmacotherapy 1997;17:205-23.
    • (1997) Pharmacotherapy , vol.17 , pp. 205-223
    • Di Piro, J.T.1
  • 99
    • 0010472999 scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces expression of human inmunodeficiency virus in a chronically infected T-cell clone
    • Folks, TM, Clouse KA, Justement J, Rabson A, Duh E, et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces expression of human inmunodeficiency virus in a chronically infected T-cell clone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:2365-8.
    • (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.86 , pp. 2365-2368
    • Folks, T.M.1    Clouse, K.A.2    Justement, J.3    Rabson, A.4    Duh, E.5
  • 100
    • 0023508507 scopus 로고
    • Cytokine-induced expression of HIV-1 in a chronically infected promonocyte cell line
    • Folks, TM, Justement J, Kinter A, Dinarello CA, Fauci AS. Cytokine-induced expression of HIV-1 in a chronically infected promonocyte cell line. Science 1987;238:800-2.
    • (1987) Science , vol.238 , pp. 800-802
    • Folks, T.M.1    Justement, J.2    Kinter, A.3    Dinarello, C.A.4    Fauci, A.S.5
  • 101
    • 0033080064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor alpha and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
    • Blackwell JM. Tumor necrosis factor alpha and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasitol Today 1999;15:73-5.
    • (1999) Parasitol. Today , vol.15 , pp. 73-75
    • Blackwell, J.M.1
  • 102
    • 17344392272 scopus 로고
    • Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) as an opportunistic infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in Spain
    • Montalban C, Martinez-Fernandez R, Calleja JL, Garcia-Diaz JD, Rubio R, Dronda F, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) as an opportunistic infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in Spain. Rev Infect Dis 1989;11:655-60.
    • (1989) Rev. Infect. Dis. , vol.11 , pp. 655-660
    • Montalban, C.1    Martinez-Fernandez, R.2    Calleja, J.L.3    Garcia-Diaz, J.D.4    Rubio, R.5    Dronda, F.6
  • 103
    • 0025787156 scopus 로고
    • Visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients
    • Sanz MdM, Rubio R, Casillas A, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1991;5:1272.
    • (1991) AIDS , vol.5 , pp. 1272
    • Sanz, Md.M.1    Rubio, R.2    Casillas, A.3
  • 105
    • 0028235842 scopus 로고
    • Gastrointestinal leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Report of five cases and review
    • Laguna F, Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V, Valencia E, Redondo C, Alonso MJ, et al. Gastrointestinal leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: report of five cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:48-53.
    • (1994) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.19 , pp. 48-53
    • Laguna, F.1    Garcia-Samaniego, J.2    Soriano, V.3    Valencia, E.4    Redondo, C.5    Alonso, M.J.6
  • 106
    • 0022609920 scopus 로고
    • Leishmania donovani: An opportunistic microbe associated with progressive disease in three immunocompromised patients
    • Badaro R, Carvalho EM, Rocha H, Queiroz AC, Jones TC. Leishmania donovani: an opportunistic microbe associated with progressive disease in three immunocompromised patients. Lancet 1986;1:647-9.
    • (1986) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 647-649
    • Badaro, R.1    Carvalho, E.M.2    Rocha, H.3    Queiroz, A.C.4    Jones, T.C.5
  • 107
    • 0027415987 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected individuals using peripheral blood smears
    • Martinez P, de la Vega E, Laguna F, Soriano V, Puente S, Moreno V, et al. Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected individuals using peripheral blood smears. AIDS 1993;7:227-30.
    • (1993) AIDS , vol.7 , pp. 227-230
    • Martinez, P.1    de la Vega, E.2    Laguna, F.3    Soriano, V.4    Puente, S.5    Moreno, V.6
  • 111
    • 0002666484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leishmaniasis
    • Cook CG, ed. 20th edn. London: WB Saunders
    • Bryceson AD. Leishmaniasis. In: Cook CG, ed. Manson's tropical diseases. 1996, 20th edn. London: WB Saunders; pp. 1213.
    • (1996) Manson's Tropical Diseases , pp. 1213
    • Bryceson, A.D.1
  • 113
    • 0020610055 scopus 로고
    • Jejunal function and pathology in visceral leishmaniasis
    • Muigai R, Gatei D, Shaunak S, et al. Jejunal function and pathology in visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 1983:27:476-9.
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.27 , pp. 476-479
    • Muigai, R.1    Gatei, D.2    Shaunak, S.3
  • 115
    • 0026740290 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of Leishmania infection among AIDS patients
    • Alvar J, Gutiérrez-Solar B, Molina R, et al. Prevalence of Leishmania infection among AIDS patients. Lancet 1992;339:264-5.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 264-265
    • Alvar, J.1    Gutiérrez-Solar, B.2    Molina, R.3
  • 116
    • 0027973754 scopus 로고
    • Fever of unknown origin in HIV-infected patients:a critical analysis of a retrospective series of 57 cases
    • Bissuel F, Leport C, Perronne C, Longuet P, Vilde JL. Fever of unknown origin in HIV-infected patients:a critical analysis of a retrospective series of 57 cases. J Intern Med 1994;236:529-35.
    • (1994) J. Intern. Med. , vol.236 , pp. 529-535
    • Bissuel, F.1    Leport, C.2    Perronne, C.3    Longuet, P.4    Vilde, J.L.5
  • 120
    • 0028012198 scopus 로고
    • Leishmania esophagitis in an AIDS patient: An unusual form of visceral leishmaniasis
    • Villanueva JL, Torre-Cisneros J, Jurado R, et al. Leishmania esophagitis in an AIDS patient: an unusual form of visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:273-5.
    • (1994) Am. J. Gastroenterol. , vol.89 , pp. 273-275
    • Villanueva, J.L.1    Torre-Cisneros, J.2    Jurado, R.3
  • 123
    • 0038803038 scopus 로고
    • Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar, ponos)
    • Wyngaarden JB, Smith LH Jr, ed. 16th edn, Philadelphia: Pa WB Saunders
    • Bryceson ADM. Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar, ponos). In: Wyngaarden JB, Smith LH Jr, ed. Textbook of Medicine. 16th edn, Philadelphia: Pa WB Saunders; 1982. pp. 1731-4.
    • (1982) Textbook of Medicine , pp. 1731-1734
    • Bryceson, A.D.M.1
  • 124
    • 0025268221 scopus 로고
    • Leishmaniasis of the upper gastrointestinal tract in an HIV positive patient
    • Betz P, Elsing C, Purrmann J, et al. Leishmaniasis of the upper gastrointestinal tract in an HIV positive patient. Pathology 1990;11:97-100.
    • (1990) Pathology , vol.11 , pp. 97-100
    • Betz, P.1    Elsing, C.2    Purrmann, J.3
  • 125
    • 0025162082 scopus 로고
    • Leishmaniose gastrique chez un malade atteint de syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise
    • Pesce A, Saint-Paul MC, Vinti H, et al. Leishmaniose gastrique chez un malade atteint de syndrome d'immunodéficience acquise. Presse Med 1990;19:178.
    • (1990) Presse Med. , vol.19 , pp. 178
    • Pesce, A.1    Saint-Paul, M.C.2    Vinti, H.3
  • 128
    • 0024997811 scopus 로고
    • Visceral leishmaniasis with malabsorption syndrome in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Sendino A, Barbado J, Mostaza JM, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis with malabsorption syndrome in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1990;87:673-5.
    • (1990) Am. J. Med. , vol.87 , pp. 673-675
    • Sendino, A.1    Barbado, J.2    Mostaza, J.M.3
  • 130
    • 0027997865 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of gastrointestinal leishmaniasis in Spanish HIV-positive patients with digestive symptoms
    • Laguna F, Garcia-Samaniego J, Moreno V, Gonzalez-Lahoz JM. Prevalence of gastrointestinal leishmaniasis in Spanish HIV-positive patients with digestive symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:1606.
    • (1994) Am. J. Gastroenterol. , vol.89 , pp. 1606
    • Laguna, F.1    Garcia-Samaniego, J.2    Moreno, V.3    Gonzalez-Lahoz, J.M.4
  • 131
  • 132
    • 0038465166 scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization. Report of the consultative meeting on Leishmania/HIV co-infection. WHO/LEISH
    • World Health Organization. Report of the consultative meeting on Leishmania/HIV co-infection. WHO/LEISH 1995;95:1-14.
    • (1995) , vol.95 , pp. 1-14
  • 134
    • 0025883693 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the leishmaniases in the Sudan, III: Clinical and parasitological studies on visceral and mucosal leishmaniasis
    • El Safi SH, Peters W, Evans DA, et al. Studies on the leishmaniases in the Sudan, III: clinical and parasitological studies on visceral and mucosal leishmaniasis. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991;85:465-70.
    • (1991) Trans. Roy Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.85 , pp. 465-470
    • El Safi, S.H.1    Peters, W.2    Evans, D.A.3
  • 135
    • 85045808656 scopus 로고
    • Visceral leishmaniasis involving lung and a cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma lesion
    • Romeu J, Sirera G, Ferrandiz C, Carreres A, Condom MJ, Clotet B. Visceral leishmaniasis involving lung and a cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma lesion. AIDS 1991;5:272.
    • (1991) AIDS , vol.5 , pp. 272
    • Romeu, J.1    Sirera, G.2    Ferrandiz, C.3    Carreres, A.4    Condom, M.J.5    Clotet, B.6
  • 136
    • 0023973593 scopus 로고
    • Disseminated to skin kala-azar and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Yebra M, Segovia J, Manzano L, et al. Disseminated to skin kala-azar and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1988;108:490-1.
    • (1988) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.108 , pp. 490-491
    • Yebra, M.1    Segovia, J.2    Manzano, L.3
  • 137
    • 0023696096 scopus 로고
    • Elevated levels of circulating cachectin/TNF in patients with AIDS
    • Lahdevirta J, Maury CP, Teppo AM, Repo H. Elevated levels of circulating cachectin/TNF in patients with AIDS. Am J Med 1988;85:289-91.
    • (1988) Am. J. Med. , vol.85 , pp. 289-291
    • Lahdevirta, J.1    Maury, C.P.2    Teppo, A.M.3    Repo, H.4
  • 141
    • 0013009545 scopus 로고
    • Leishmaniasis cutanea post kala-azar en un paciente con immunodeficiencia adquirida
    • Alarcon CR, Garcia C, Garcia E, et al. Leishmaniasis cutanea post kala-azar en un paciente con immunodeficiencia adquirida. Actas Dermo Sif 1987;78:475-7.
    • (1987) Actas Dermo Sif , vol.78 , pp. 475-477
    • Alarcon, C.R.1    Garcia, C.2    Garcia, E.3
  • 142
    • 0038803039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute renal failure as initial presentation of visceral leishmaniasis in an HIV-1 infected patient
    • Clevenbergh P, Okome MN, Benoit S, et al. Acute renal failure as initial presentation of visceral leishmaniasis in an HIV-1 infected patient. Scand J Infect Dis 2002;100:71-4.
    • (2002) Scand. J. Infect. Dis. , vol.100 , pp. 71-74
    • Clevenbergh, P.1    Okome, M.N.2    Benoit, S.3
  • 145
    • 0028954812 scopus 로고
    • Parasitic culture of buffy coat for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients
    • Lopez-Velez R, Laguna F, Alvar J, Perez-Molina JA, Molina R, Martinez P, et al. Parasitic culture of buffy coat for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:937-9.
    • (1995) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.33 , pp. 937-939
    • Lopez-Velez, R.1    Laguna, F.2    Alvar, J.3    Perez-Molina, J.A.4    Molina, R.5    Martinez, P.6
  • 146
    • 0033954943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis associated with HIV infection: A retrospective study of 91 French cases
    • Rosenthal, E, Marty P, le Fichoux Y, Cassuto JP. Clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis associated with HIV infection: a retrospective study of 91 French cases. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2000; 94:37-42.
    • (2000) Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. , vol.94 , pp. 37-42
    • Rosenthal, E.1    Marty, P.2    le Fichoux, Y.3    Cassuto, J.P.4
  • 148
    • 0024972403 scopus 로고
    • Pleurisy revealing leishmaniasis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
    • Greder A, Malet M, Gautier P, et al. Pleurisy revealing leishmaniasis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Presse Med 1989;18:1390-1.
    • (1989) Presse Med. , vol.18 , pp. 1390-1391
    • Greder, A.1    Malet, M.2    Gautier, P.3
  • 151
    • 0003187805 scopus 로고
    • AIDS, leishmaniasis dangers of clash highlighted
    • World Health Organization
    • World Health Organization. AIDS, leishmaniasis dangers of clash highlighted. TDR News 1991;36:1.
    • (1991) TDR News , vol.36 , pp. 1
  • 153
    • 0028304542 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of serological tests to the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus
    • Gari-Toussaint M, Lelievre A, Marty P, Le Fichoux Y. Contribution of serological tests to the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994;88:301-2.
    • (1994) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.88 , pp. 301-302
    • Gari-Toussaint, M.1    Lelievre, A.2    Marty, P.3    Le Fichoux, Y.4
  • 154
    • 0027066847 scopus 로고
    • Western blot analysis of antibodies to Leishmania infantum antigens: Potential of the 14-KD and 16-KD antigens for diagnosis and epidemiologic purposes
    • Mary C, Lamouroux D, Dunan S, Quilici M. Western blot analysis of antibodies to Leishmania infantum antigens: potential of the 14-KD and 16-KD antigens for diagnosis and epidemiologic purposes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1992;47:764-71.
    • (1992) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.47 , pp. 764-771
    • Mary, C.1    Lamouroux, D.2    Dunan, S.3    Quilici, M.4
  • 155
    • 0033986662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Performance of immunoblotting in diagnosis of visceral Leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-Leishmania sp.-coinfected patients
    • Santos-Gomes G, Gomes-Perreira S, Campino L, Araujo MD, Abranches P. Performance of immunoblotting in diagnosis of visceral Leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-Leishmania sp.-coinfected patients. J Clin Microbiol 2000;38:175-8.
    • (2000) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.38 , pp. 175-178
    • Santos-Gomes, G.1    Gomes-Perreira, S.2    Campino, L.3    Araujo, M.D.4    Abranches, P.5
  • 157
    • 19144373221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • rK39: A cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis
    • Badaro R, Benson D, Eulalio MC, Freire M, Cunha S, Netto EM, et al. rK39: a cloned antigen of Leishmania chagasi that predicts active visceral leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 1996;173:758-61.
    • (1996) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.173 , pp. 758-761
    • Badaro, R.1    Benson, D.2    Eulalio, M.C.3    Freire, M.4    Cunha, S.5    Netto, E.M.6
  • 158
    • 0032554330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis
    • Sundar S, Reed S, Singh V, Kumar P, Murray H. Rapid accurate field diagnosis of Indian visceral leishmaniasis. Lancet 1998;351:563-5.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , pp. 563-565
    • Sundar, S.1    Reed, S.2    Singh, V.3    Kumar, P.4    Murray, H.5
  • 159
  • 160
    • 0024442427 scopus 로고
    • A kinetoplast DNA probe diagnostic for Leishmania major: Sequence homologies between regions of Leishmania minicircles
    • Smyth AJ, Searle S, Ready PD, et al. A kinetoplast DNA probe diagnostic for Leishmania major: sequence homologies between regions of Leishmania minicircles. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1989;37:213-24.
    • (1989) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.37 , pp. 213-224
    • Smyth, A.J.1    Searle, S.2    Ready, P.D.3
  • 161
    • 0026085227 scopus 로고
    • A sensitive repetitive DNA probe that is specific to the Leishmania donovani complex and its use as an epidemiological and diagnostic reagent
    • Howard MK, Kelly JM, Lane RP, Miles MA. A sensitive repetitive DNA probe that is specific to the Leishmania donovani complex and its use as an epidemiological and diagnostic reagent. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1991;44:63-72.
    • (1991) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. , vol.44 , pp. 63-72
    • Howard, M.K.1    Kelly, J.M.2    Lane, R.P.3    Miles, M.A.4
  • 163
    • 0027490668 scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of diagnosis by the polymerase chain reaction and by current clinical methods using biopsies from Colombian patients with suspected leishmaniasis
    • de Brujin MH, Labrada LA, Smyth AJ, Santrich C, Barker DC. A comparative study of diagnosis by the polymerase chain reaction and by current clinical methods using biopsies from Colombian patients with suspected leishmaniasis. Trop Med Parasitol 1993;44:201-7.
    • (1993) Trop. Med. Parasitol. , vol.44 , pp. 201-207
    • de Brujin, M.H.1    Labrada, L.A.2    Smyth, A.J.3    Santrich, C.4    Barker, D.C.5
  • 164
    • 0026746249 scopus 로고
    • Rapid and sensitive detection of Leishmania kinetoplast DNA from spleen and blood samples of kala-azar patients
    • Smyth AJ, Ghosh A, Hassan MQ, Basu D, De Bruijn MH, Adhya S, et al. Rapid and sensitive detection of Leishmania kinetoplast DNA from spleen and blood samples of kala-azar patients. Parasitology 1992;105:183-92.
    • (1992) Parasitology , vol.105 , pp. 183-192
    • Smyth, A.J.1    Ghosh, A.2    Hassan, M.Q.3    Basu, D.4    De Bruijn, M.H.5    Adhya, S.6
  • 165
    • 0028999531 scopus 로고
    • A highly sensitive and rapid procedure for direct PCR detection of Leishmania infantum within human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
    • Ravel S, Cuny G, Reynes J, Veas F. A highly sensitive and rapid procedure for direct PCR detection of Leishmania infantum within human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Acta Trop 1995;59:187-96.
    • (1995) Acta Trop. , vol.59 , pp. 187-196
    • Ravel, S.1    Cuny, G.2    Reynes, J.3    Veas, F.4
  • 166
    • 0028012077 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of PCR with direct examination of bone marrow aspiration, myeloculture, and serology for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients
    • Piarroux R, Gambarelli F, Dumon H, Fontes M, Dunan S, Mary C, et al. Comparison of PCR with direct examination of bone marrow aspiration, myeloculture, and serology for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:746-9.
    • (1994) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.32 , pp. 746-749
    • Piarroux, R.1    Gambarelli, F.2    Dumon, H.3    Fontes, M.4    Dunan, S.5    Mary, C.6
  • 169
    • 19044387060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nested polumerase chain reaction (Ln-PCR) for diagnosing and monitoring Leishmania infantum infection in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus
    • Cruz I, Canavate C, Rubio JM, et al. A nested polumerase chain reaction (Ln-PCR) for diagnosing and monitoring Leishmania infantum infection in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002;96(Suppl1):S185-9.
    • (2002) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.96 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Cruz, I.1    Canavate, C.2    Rubio, J.M.3
  • 170
    • 0036330791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nested poolymerase Caín reaction for diagnosis and follow-upof human visceral leishmaniasis patients using blood samples
    • Fisa R, Riera C, Ribera E, Gallego M, Portus M. A nested poolymerase Caín reaction for diagnosis and follow-upof human visceral leishmaniasis patients using blood samples. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002; 96(Suppl1):S191-4.
    • (2002) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.96 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Fisa, R.1    Riera, C.2    Ribera, E.3    Gallego, M.4    Portus, M.5
  • 171
    • 0018675555 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by in vitro cultivation of saline aspirates in Schneider's Drosophila medium
    • Hendricks L, Wright N. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by in vitro cultivation of saline aspirates in Schneider's Drosophila medium. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1979;28:962.
    • (1979) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.28 , pp. 962
    • Hendricks, L.1    Wright, N.2
  • 172
    • 0019799812 scopus 로고
    • The culture of Leishmania donovani in Schneider's insect medium: Its value in the diagnosis and management of patients with visceral leishmaniasis
    • Hockmeyer WT, Kager PA, Rees PH, Hendricks LD. The culture of Leishmania donovani in Schneider's insect medium: its value in the diagnosis and management of patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1981;75:861-3.
    • (1981) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.75 , pp. 861-863
    • Hockmeyer, W.T.1    Kager, P.A.2    Rees, P.H.3    Hendricks, L.D.4
  • 173
    • 0032788920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: A randomized trial comparing meglumine antimoniate with amphotericin B
    • Spanish HIV-Leishmania Study Group
    • Laguna, F, López-Vélez R, Pulido F, et al. Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized trial comparing meglumine antimoniate with amphotericin B. Spanish HIV-Leishmania Study Group. AIDS 1999;13(9):1063-9.
    • (1999) AIDS , vol.13 , Issue.9 , pp. 1063-1069
    • Laguna, F.1    López-Vélez, R.2    Pulido, F.3
  • 174
    • 0345237252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High frequency of serious side effects of meglumine antimoniate given without an upper limit dose for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected patients
    • Delgado J, Macias J, Pineda JA, Corzo JE, Gonzalez-Moreno MP, de la Rosa R, et al. High frequency of serious side effects of meglumine antimoniate given without an upper limit dose for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected patients. Am J trop Med Hyg 1999;61:766-9.
    • (1999) Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.61 , pp. 766-769
    • Delgado, J.1    Macias, J.2    Pineda, J.A.3    Corzo, J.E.4    Gonzalez-Moreno, M.P.5    de la Rosa, R.6
  • 175
    • 0035726313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethiopian visceral leishmaniasis:generic and propietary sodium stibogluconate are equivalent: HIV co-infected patients have a poor outcome
    • Ritmeijer K, Veeken H, Melaku Y, Leal G, Amsalu R, Seaman J, et al. Ethiopian visceral leishmaniasis:generic and propietary sodium stibogluconate are equivalent: HIV co-infected patients have a poor outcome. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001;95:668-72.
    • (2001) Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. , vol.95 , pp. 668-672
    • Ritmeijer, K.1    Veeken, H.2    Melaku, Y.3    Leal, G.4    Amsalu, R.5    Seaman, J.6
  • 178
    • 0037093938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relapses vs reinfections in patients coinfected with Leishmania infantum and human immunodeficiency virus type 1
    • Morales MA, Cruz I, Rubio JM, Chicharro C, Canavate C, Laguna F, et al. Relapses vs reinfections in patients coinfected with Leishmania infantum and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 2002;185:1533-7.
    • (2002) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.185 , pp. 1533-1537
    • Morales, M.A.1    Cruz, I.2    Rubio, J.M.3    Chicharro, C.4    Canavate, C.5    Laguna, F.6
  • 179
    • 0030001468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prophylaxis of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients
    • Ribera E, Ocana I, de Otero J, Cortes E, Gasser I, Pahissa A. Prophylaxis of visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Am J Med 1996;100:496-501.
    • (1996) Am. J. Med. , vol.100 , pp. 496-501
    • Ribera, E.1    Ocana, I.2    de Otero, J.3    Cortes, E.4    Gasser, I.5    Pahissa, A.6
  • 180
    • 0026585230 scopus 로고
    • Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV infection: Unusual presentation with pleuropulmonar involvement, and effect of secondary prophylaxis
    • Matheron S, Cable A, Parquin F, Mayaud C, Roux P, Antoine M, et al. Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV infection: unusual presentation with pleuropulmonar involvement, and effect of secondary prophylaxis. AIDS 1992;6:238-40.
    • (1992) AIDS , vol.6 , pp. 238-240
    • Matheron, S.1    Cable, A.2    Parquin, F.3    Mayaud, C.4    Roux, P.5    Antoine, M.6
  • 181
    • 84962994189 scopus 로고
    • Visceral. Leishmaniasis following treatment with liposomal amphotericin B
    • McBride M, Linney M, Calydon EJ, Weber J. Visceral. Leishmaniasis following treatment with liposomal amphotericin B. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:362.
    • (1994) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.19 , pp. 362
    • McBride, M.1    Linney, M.2    Calydon, E.J.3    Weber, J.4
  • 182
    • 0026545175 scopus 로고
    • Maintenance itraconazole for visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infection
    • Lafeuillade A, Chaffanjon P, Delbeque E, et al. Maintenance itraconazole for visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infection. Am J Med 1992;92:449.
    • (1992) Am. J. Med. , vol.92 , pp. 449
    • Lafeuillade, A.1    Chaffanjon, P.2    Delbeque, E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.