Pore water anomalies of submarine gas-hydrate zones as tool to assess hydrate abundance and distribution in the subsurface what have we learned in the past decade?

Earth-Science Reviews

Volumn 61, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 149-179

  Hesse, Reinhard ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Advection; Chlorine isotopes; Coupled pore water anomalies; Diffusion; Gas hydrates; Hydrate concentration and distribution

Indexed keywords

ADVECTION; CHLORINE ISOTOPE; CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY; DIFFUSION; GAS HYDRATE; HYDROCHEMISTRY; OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM; POREWATER;

EID: 0037400126     PISSN: 00128252     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00117-4     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Arnason, B., 1969. Equilibrium constant for the fractionation of deuterium between ice and water. J. Phys. Chem. 73, 3491-3494.
2. Berner, R.A., 1980. Early Diagenesis: A Theoretical Approach Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ 250 pp.
3. Borowski, W.S., Paull, C.K., Ussler III, W., 1996. Marine porewater sulfate profiles indicate in situ methane flux from underlying gas hydrate. Geology 24, 655-658.
4. Borowski, W.S., Paull, C.K., Ussler III, W., 1999. Global and local variations of interstitial sulfate gradients in deep-water, continental margin sediments: sensitivity to underlying methane and gas hydrates. Mar. Geol. 159, 131-154.
5. Borowski, W.S., Hoehler, T.M., Alperin, M.J., Rodriguez, N.M., Paull, C.K., 2000. Significance of anaerobic methane oxidation in methane-rich sediments overlying the Blake Ridge gas hydrates. In: Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina Rise. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 164. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 87-99.
6. Brooks, J.M., Kennicut II, M.C., Bidigare, R., Wade, T.L., Powell, E.N., Enoux, G.J., Fay, R.R., Childress, J.J., Fisher, C.R., Rossman, I., Boland, G., 1987. Hydrates, oil seepage, and chemosynthetic ecosystems on the Gulf of Mexico slope: an update. Eos 68 (18), 489-499.
7. Campbell, D.J., 1985. Fractionation of stable chlorine isotopes during transport through semipermeable membranes. MSc thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, 103 pp.
8. Collett, T.S., 2000. Natural gas hydrate as a potential energy resource. In: Max, M.D. (Ed.), Natural Gas Hydrates in Oceanic and Permafrost Environments. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 123-136.
9. Craig, H., Hom, B., 1968. Relationship between deuterium, oxygen-18 and chlorinity in the formation of sea ice. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 49, 216-217.
10. Davidson, D.W., Leaist, D.G., Hesse, R., 1983. Oxygen-18 enrichment in water of a clathrate hydrate. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 47, 2293-2295.
11. Deines, P., 1980. The isotopic composition of reduced organic carbon. In: Fritz, P., Fontes, J.C. (Eds.), Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry: Vol. 1. The Terrestrial Environment. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 329-406.
12. De Lange, G.J., Brumsack, H.-J., 1998. The occurrence of gas hydrates in eastern Mediterranean mud dome structures as indicated by pore-water composition. In: Henriet, J.-P., Mienert, J. (Eds.), Gas Hydrates: Relevance to World Margin Stability and Climate Change. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., vol. 137, pp. 167-175.
13. 35Cl variations in a diffusion controlled groundwater system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 50, 1757-1764.
14. 11B in pore fluids from the Japan Trench forearc. Mar. Geol. 183, 1-15.
15. Deyhle, A., Kopf, A., Frape, S., Hesse, R., in press. Evidence for fluid flow in the Japan Trench forearc using isotope geochemistry (Cl, Sr, B): results from ODP Site 1150. Island Arc. http://www.blackwell-science.com/iar.
16. Dickens, G.R., Paull, C.K., Wallace, P., and the ODP Leg 164 Scientific Party, 1997. Direct measurements of in situ methane quantities in a large gas-hydrate reservoir. Nature 385, 427-428.
17. Eastoe, C.J., Guilbert, J.M., 1992. Stable chlorine isotopes in hydrothermal processes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 4247-4255.
18. Egeberg, P.K., 2000. Hydrates associated with fluid flow above salt diapirs (Site 996). In: Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina Rise. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 164. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 219-228.
19. Egeberg, P.K., Barth, T., 1998. Contribution of dissolved organic species to the carbon and energy budgets of hydrate bearing deep sea sediments. ODP Site 997 Blake Ridge. Chem. Geol. 149, 25-35.
20. Egeberg, P.K., Dickens, G.R., 1999. Thermodynamic and porewater halogen constraints on gas hydrate distribution at ODP Site 997 (Blake Ridge). Chem. Geol. 153, 53-97.
21. Eggenkamp, H.G.M., Coleman, M.L., 1998. Heterogeneity of formation waters within and between oil fields by halogen isotopes. In: Arehart, G.B., Hulston, J.R. (Eds.), Water-Rock Interaction, vol. 9. Balkema, Lisse, pp. 309-312.
22. 37Cl in sediments of Kau Bay, Halmahera, Indonesia. Chem. Geol. 116, 317-325.
23. Eggenkamp, H.G.M., Hollingworth, N., Coleman, M.L., 1999. Oxfordian carbonate concretions preserve chlorine isotope profiles since their formation. J. Conf. Abstr. 4 (1), 589 (Eur. Union Geosci.).
24. Fehn, U., Snyder, G., Egeberg, P.K., 2000. Dating of pore waters with 129I: relevance for the origin of marine gas hydrates. Science 289 (5488), 2332-2335.
25. Fisher, A.T., Hounslow, M.W., 1990. Transient fluid flow through the toe of the Barbados accretionary complex: constraints from Ocean Drilling Program Leg 110 heat flow studies and simple models. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 8845-8858.
26. Fitts, T.G., Brown, K.M., 1999. Stress-induced smectite dehydration: ramifications for patterns of freshening and fluid expulsion in the N. Barbados accretionary wedge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 27, 179-197.
27. Fontes, J.-Ch., 1965. Fractionnement isotopique dans l'eau de cristallisation du sulfate de calcium. Geol. Rundsch. 55, 172-178.
28. Froelich, P.N., Kvenvolden, K.A., Torres, M.E., Waseda, A., Didyk, B.M., Lorenson, T.D., 1995. Geochemical evidence for gas hydrate in sediment near the Chile triple junction. In: Lewis, S.D., Behrmann, J.H., Musgrave, R.J., Cande, S.C. (Eds.), Chile Triple Junction. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 141. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 279-286.
29. Gieskes, J.M., Kastner, M., Einsele, G., Kelts, K., Niemitz, J., 1982. Hydrothermal activity in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California: a synthesis. In: Curray, J.R., Moore, D.G., et al. (Eds.), Initial Reports on Deep Sea Drilling Project 64. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 1159-1167.
30. Godon, A., Jendrzejewski, N., Castrec-Rouelle, M., Dia, A., Pineau, F., Boulègue, J., Javoy, M., 2001. Chlorine isotope constraints on expelled fluids in subduction zones: implications to recycling? J. Conf. Abstr. 6 (1), 390 (Eur. Union Geosci.).
31. Graf, D.L., 1982. Chemical osmosis, reverse chemical osmosis, and the origin of subsurface brines. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 46, 1431-1448.
32. Haq, B.U., 2000. Climate impact of natural gas hydrate. In: Max, M.D. (Ed.), Natural Gas Hydrates in Oceanic and Permafrost Environments. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 137-148.
33. Harrison, W.E., Hesse, R., Gieskes, J., 1982. Relationship between sedimentary facies and interstitial water chemistry of slope, trench and Cocos Plate sites from the Middle America Trench transect, active margin off Guatemala, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 76. In: Aubouin, J., Von Huene, R., et al. (Eds.), Initial Reports on Deep Sea Drilling Project 67. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 603-614.
34. Hesse, R., 1990a. Pore-water anomalies in gas-hydrate bearing sediments of the deeper continental margins: facts and problems. J. Incl. Phenom. Mol. Recognit. Chem. 8, 117-138.
35. Hesse, R., 1990b. Early diagenetic pore water/sediment interaction: modern offshore basins. In: McIlreath, I.A., Morrow, D.A. (Eds.), Diagenesis. Geoscience. Can. Reprint # Series, vol. 4. Geol. Assoc. Canada, Toronto, pp. 277-316.
36. Hesse, R., Harrison, W.E., 1981. Gas hydrates (clathrates) causing pore-water freshening and oxygen-isotope fractionation in deepwater sedimentary sections of terrigenous continental margins. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 55, 453-462.
37. Hesse, R., Lebel, J., Gieskes, J.M., 1985. Interstitial water chemistry of gas-hydrate bearing sections on the Middle America trench slope, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 84. In: Von Huene, R., Aubouin, J., et al. (Eds.), Initial Reports on Deep Sea Drilling Project 84. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 727-737.
38. Hesse, R., Frape, S., Egeberg, P.K., Matsumoto, R., 2000. Stable isotope studies (Cl, O, and H) of interstitial waters from Site 997, Blake Ridge gas hydrate field, West Atlantic. In: Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina Rise. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results. vol. 164. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 129-137.
39. Hesse, R., Egeberg, P.K., Frape, S.K., 2001. Modelling of chlorine stable isotope ratios of a submarine gas-hydrate field. Cidu, R. (Ed.), Water-Rock Interaction, vol. 10. Balkema, Lisse, pp. 1525-1528.
40. Holbrook, W.S., Hoskins, H., Wood, W.T., Stephen, R.A., Lizzaralde, D., and the Leg 164 Science Party, 1996. Methane gashydrate and free gas on the Blake Ridge from vertical seismic profiling. Science 273, 1840-1843.
41. Izraeli, E.S., Harris, J.W., Navon, O., 2001. Brine inclusions in diamonds: a new upper mantle fluid. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 187, 323-332.
42. 2O water (0 to 170°C). J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. I-73, 1505-1509.
43. Jenden, P.D., Gieskes, J.M., 1983. Chemical and isotopic compositions of interstitial water from Deep Sea Drilling Project sites 533 and 534. In: Sheridan, R.E., Gradstein, F.M., et al. (Eds.), Initial Reports on Deep Sea Drilling Project 76. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 453-461.
44. Kastner, M., Elderfield, H., Martin, J.B., Suess, E., Kvenvolden, K.A., Garrison, R.E., 1990. Diagenesis and interstitial water chemistry at the Peruvian continental margin-major constituents and strontium isotopes. In: Suess, E., Von Huene, R., et al. (Eds.), Peru Continental Margin. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 112. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 413-440.
45. Kastner, M., Elderfield, H., Jenkins, W.J., Gieskes, J.M., Gamo, T., 1993. Geochemical and isotopic evidence for fluid flow in the western Nankai subduction zone, Japan. In: Hill, I.A., Taira, A., Firth, J.V., et al. (Eds.), Nankai Trough. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 131. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 397-413.
46. Kastner, M., Sample, J.C., Whiticar, M.J., Hovland, M.Cragg, B.A., Parkes, J.R., 1995. Geochemical evidence for fluid flow and diagenesis at the Cascadia convergent margin. In: Carson, B., Westbrook, B.K., Musgrave, R.J., Suess, E. (Eds.), Cascadia Margin. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, Part I, vol. 146. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 375-384.
47. Kaufmann, R., Long, A., Bentley, H., Davis, S., 1984. Natural chlorine isotopic variations. Nature 309, 338-340.
48. Kimura, G., Silver, E.E., Blum, P., and the Shipboard Scientific Party Leg 170, 1997. Costa Rica accretionary wedge. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, Initial Rep., vol. 170. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 458 pp.
49. Kopf, A., Deyhle, A., Zuleger, E., 2000. Evidence for deep circulation and gas hydrate dissociation using boron and boron isotopes of pore fluids in forearc sediments from Costa Rica (ODP Leg 170). Mar. Geol. 167, 1-28.
50. Kvenvolden, K.A., 1993. Gas hydrates-geological perspective and global change. Rev. Geophys. 31, 173-187.
51. Kvenvolden, K.-A., 1998. A primer on the geological occurrence of gas hydrates. In: Henriet, J.-P., Mienert, J. (Eds.), Gas Hydrates: Relevance to World Margin Stability and Climate Change. Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ., vol. 137, pp. 9-30.
52. Kvenvolden, K.A., Kastner, M., 1990. Gas hydrates of the Peruvian outer continental margin. In: Suess, E., Von Huene, R., et al. (Eds.), Peru Continental MarginProc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 112. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 517-526.
53. Kvenvolden, K.A., McMenamin, M.A., Hobart, M.A., 1980. Hydrates of natural gas: a review of their geologic occurrence. U.S. Geol. Surv. Circ. 825, 11 pp.
54. Langseth, M.G., Westbrook, G.K., Hobart, M.A., 1988. Geophysical survey of a mud volcano seaward of the Barbados accretionary complex. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 1049-1061.
55. Lawrence, J.R., Gieskes, J.M., Broeckert, W.S., 1975. Oxygen isotope and cation composition of DSDP pore waters and the alteration of Layer II basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett 93, 1-10.
56. Lee, M.W., 2000. Gas hydrate amounts estimated from acoustic logs at the Blake Ridge, Sites 994, 995, and 997. In: Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina Rise. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 164. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 193-198.
57. Lee, M.W., Hutchinson, D.R., Dillon, W.P., Miller, J.J., Agena, W.F., Swift, B.A., 1993. Method of estimating the amount of in situ gas hydrates in deep marine sediments. Mar. Pet. Geol. 10, 493-506.
58. Levitus, S., Antonov, J.I., Boyer, T.P., Stephens, C., 2000. Warming of the world ocean. Science 287 (5461), 2225-2229.
59. Li, Y.-H., Gregory, S., 1974. Diffusion of ions in sea water and in deep-sea sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 38, 703-714.
60. Magenheim, A.J., Spivack, P.J., Michael, P.J., Gieskes, J.M., 1995. Chlorine stable isotope composition of the of the oceanic crust: implications for the Earth's distribution of chlorine. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 131, 427-432.
61. Manheim, F.T., 1967. Evidence for submarine discharge of water on the Atlantic continental slope of the southern United States, and suggestions for further search. N. Y. Acad. Sci. Trans., Ser. II 29, 839-853.
62. Manheim, F.T., Chan, K.M., 1974. Interstitial waters of Black Sea sediments: new data and review. In: Degens, E.T., Ross, D.A. (Eds.), The Black Sea-Geology, Chemistry and Biology. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Memoir, vol. 20, pp. 155-180.
63. Manheim, F.T., Schug, D.M., 1978. Interstitial waters of Black Sea cores. In: Ross, D.A., Neprochnov, Y.P., et al. (Eds.), Initial Reports on Deep Sea Drilling Project 42(II). U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 637-651.
64. 18O anomalies of the interstitial waters: leg 164, Blake Ridge. In: Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina Rise. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 164. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 59-66.
65. Matsumoto, R., et al., 2000. Occurrence, structure, and composition of natural gas hydrate recovered from the Blake Ridge, Northwest Atlantic. In: Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina Rise. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 164. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 13-28.
66. Max, M.D., Lowrie, A., 1996. Oceanic methane hydrates: a "frontier" gas resource. J. Pet. Geol. 19, 41-56.
67. McDuff, R.E., 1985. The chemistry of interstitial waters, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 86. Initial Reports on Deep Sea Drilling Project 86. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, pp. 675-687.
68. McIver, R.D., 1981. Gas hydrates. In: Meyer, R.G., Olson, J.C. (Eds.), Long Term Energy Resources. Pitman, Boston, MA, pp. 713-726.
69. Merlivat, L., Nief, G., 1967. Fractionnement isotopique lors de changement d'état solid-vapeur et liquide-vapeur de l'éau a des températures à 0°C. Tellus 19, 122-127.
70. Moore, J.C., Vrolijk, P., 1992. Fluids in accretionary prisms. Rev. Geophys. 30, 113-135.
71. Mitchell, J.B.F., 1989. The "greenhouse" effect and climate change. Rev. Geophys. 27, 115-139.
72. O'Neill, J.R., 1968. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation between ice and water. J. Phys. Chem. 72, 3683-3684.
73. Out, D.J.P., Los, J.M., 1980. Viscosity of aqueous solutions of univalent electrolytes from 5 to 95°C. J. Solid Chem. 9, 19-35.
74. Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P., et al., 1996. Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina Rise. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program, Initial Rep., vol. 164. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 623 pp.
75. Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), 2000a. Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina Rise. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 164. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 459 pp.
76. 2 species, and sedimentary organic matter within samples from the Blake Ridge: gas source implications. In: Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina RiseProc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results. vol. 164, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 67-78.
77. Paull, C.K., Ussler III, W., Dillon, W.P., 2000c. Potential role of gas hydrate decomposition in generating submarine slope failures. In: Max, M.D. (Ed.), Natural Gas Hydrates in Oceanic and Permafrost Environments. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, pp. 149-156.
78. Pavlova, G.A., Pashkina, V.I., 1989. Distribution of halogens in interstitial waters of the Sea of Okhotsk as related to hydrate generation. Oceanology 29, 329-333.
79. 16O exchange in the sediment-pore water system Hole 149, DSDP. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 40, 413-423.
80. Phillips, F.M., Bentley, H.W., 1987. Isotopic fractionation during ion filtration: 1. Theory. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 683-695.
81. Pierre, C., Rouchy, J.M., Gaudichet, A., 2000. Diagenesis in the gas hydrate sediments of the Blake Ridge: mineralogy and stable isotope compositions of the carbonate and sulfide minerals. In: Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina Rise. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 164. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 139-146.
82. Ransom, B., Spivack, A.J., Kastner, M., 1995. Stable Cl isotopes in subduction-zone pore waters: implications for fluid-rock reactions and the cycling of chlorine. Geology 23, 715-718.
83. Reck, B.H., 1987. Implication of measured thermal gradients for water movement through the northeast Japan accretionary prism. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 3683-3690.
84. Ritger, S., Carson, B., Suess, E., 1987. Methane-derived authigenic carbonates formed by subduction-induced pore water expulsion along the Oregon/Washington margin. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 48, 147-156.
85. Rodriguez, N.M., Paull, C.K., Borowski, W.S., 2000. Zonation of authigenic carbonates within gas-hydrate bearing sedimentary sections on the Blake Ridge: offshore southeastern North America. In: Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina Rise. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 164. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 301-312.
86. Schrag, D.P., Hampt, G., Murray, D.W., 1996. Pore fluid constraints on the temperature and oxygen isotopic composition of the glacial ocean. Science 272, 1930-1932.
87. Shipley, T.H., Houston, M.H., Buffler, R.T., Shaub, F.J., McMillen, K.J., Ladd, J.W., Worzel, J.L., 1979. Seismic reflection evidence for the widespread occurrence of possible gas hydrate horizons on continental slopes and rises. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 63, 2204-2213.
88. Sloan, E.D., 1998. Clathrate hydrates of natural gases (2nd ed.) Chem. Ind., vol. 39. Marcel Decker, New York, 705 pp.
89. Suess, E., 1976. Porenlösungen mariner Sedimente. Ihre chemische Zusammensetzung als Ausdruck frühdiagenetischer Vorgänge. [Pore solutions of marine sediments. Their chemical composition as result of early diagenetic processes]. Habilitation [DSc] thesis, Kiel University, 193 pp.
90. Suess, E., Bohrmann, G., Rickert, D., Eisenhauer, A., Whiticar, M.J., 2000. Vorkommen, Gefüge und Zusammensetzung von oberflächennahen Gashydraten vom Hydrat Rücken (Cascadia Akkretionszone). Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, ODP-Kolloquium Jena, p.77 [Occurrence, fabric and composition of hydrates in near-surface sediments of the Cascadia margin. Eos Trans. 80(46), 1999, p. F511.]
91. Swart, P.K.,Worrtmann, U.G., Mitterer, R.M., Malone, M.J., Smart, P.L., Feary, D.A., Hine, A.C., 2000. Hydrogen-sulfide rich hydrates and saline fluids in the continental margin of South Australia. Geology 28, 1039-1042.
92. Tinivella, U., Ledolo, E., 2000. The Blake Ridge bottom simulating reflector transect: tomographic velocity field and theoretical model to estimate methane hydrate quantities. In: Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina Rise. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 164. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 273-281.
93. Ussler III, W., Paull, C.K., 1995. Effects of ion exclusion and isotopic fractionation on pore water geochemistry during gas hydrate formation and decomposition. Geo-Mar. Lett. 15, 37-44.
94. Von Rad, U., Berner, U., Delisle, G., Doose-Polinski, H., Fechner, N., Linke, P., Lückge, A., Poeser, H.A., Schmaljohann, R., Wiedecke, M., and the Sonne 122/130 Scientific Parties, 2000. Gas and fluid venting at the Makran accretionary wedge off Pakistan. Geo-Mar. Lett. 20, 10-19.
95. Weaver, C.E., 1989. Clays, muds, and shales. Dev. Sedimentol., vol. 44. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 819 pp.
96. Wood, W.T., Ruppel, C., 2000. Seismic and thermal investigations of the Blake Ridge gas hydrate area: a synthesis. In: Paull, C.K., Matsumoto, R., Wallace, P.J., Dillon, W.P. (Eds.), Gas Hydrate Sampling on the Blake Ridge and Carolina Rise. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 164. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 253-264.
97. Yefremova, A., Zhizhchenko, B., 1974. Occurrence of crystal hydrates of gases in the sediments of modern marine basins (in Russian). Dokl. Akad. Nauk. USSR 214, 1179-1181. (English translation: pp. 219-220).
98. Yeh, H.W., 1980. D/H ratios and late stage dehydration of shales during burial. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44, 341-352.
99. Yeh, H.W., Savin, S.M., 1977. Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediments. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 88, 1321-1330.
100. 86Sr ratios in pore fluids of the Chile triple junction accretionary prism: implications for diagenesis and fluid migration. In: Lewis, S.D., Behrmann, J.H., Musgrave, R.J., Cande, S.C. (Eds.), Chile Triple Junction. Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, vol. 141. Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, pp. 313-320.