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Volumn 273, Issue 5283, 1996, Pages 1840-1843

Methane hydrate and free gas on the Blake Ridge from vertical seismic profiling

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

METHANE;

EID: 0029664226     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.273.5283.1840     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (500)

References (41)
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    • Decker, New York
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    • (1989) Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases
    • Sloan, E.D.1
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    • G. E. Claypool and I. R. Kaplan, in Natural Gases in Marine Sediments, I. R. Kaplan, Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1974), pp. 99-139; E. D. Sloan, Clathrate Hydrates of Natural Gases (Decker, New York, 1989); K. A. Kvenvolden and L. A. Barnard, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Mem. 34, 634 (1982).
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    • R. G. Markl, G, M. Bryan, J. I. Ewing, J. Geophys. Res. 75, 4539 (1970); J. I. Ewing and C. D, Hollister, Init. Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj. 11, 951 (1972); B. E. Tucholke, G. M. Bryan, J, I. Ewing, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 61, 698 (1977).
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    • note
    • We acquired VSP data by firing a 300-cubic-inch (4.9-liter) air gun and recording the shots on a three-component Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution borehole seismometer clamped at 8-m intervals from about 150 to 700 mbsf. Ten to 20 air-gun shots were recorded at each depth and summed to form a stacked section.
  • 25
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    • note
    • We perform a weighted, damped, least squares inversion of VSP traveltimes for slowness, minimizing L = ∥T - ZU∥ + ℰ∥P∥, where T, Z, and U are, respectively, the traveltime, depth, and slowness vectors, P is the second derivative of U, and ℰ is the Lagrange parameter that governs trade-off between data misfit and model smoothness. We chose ℰ to be 2.5 to 3.0 for the inversions shown here. The traveltime data cannot resolve thin (<20 m thick) high- or low-velocity layers.
  • 28
    • 0028352719 scopus 로고
    • Free gas may be produced by several processes: (i) breakdown of hydrate at the BSR as sediment passes downward out of the hydrate stability zone; (ii) in situ biogenic or thermogenic methanogenesis; or (iii) distillation of gas if pore fluid saturated in dissolved methane moves either upward or downward into a region of lower solubility [C. K. Paull, W. Ussler III, W. Borowski, Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci. 715, 392 (1994)].
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    • note
    • 3, a weighting factor of 1.0, and porosity values calculated on shipboard samples (18). For example, at a depth of 250 mbsf, the shipboard-measured porosity of 60% implies 5% saturation of hydrate to yield a velocity of 1700m/s.
  • 37
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    • note
    • 3 at 3200 m below sea level, calculated on the assumption of ideal gas behavior.
  • 39
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    • K. A. Kvenvolden and A. Grantz, in The Arctic Ocean Region, A. Grantz, L. Johnson, J. F. Sweeney, Eds. (Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 1990), pp. 539-549.
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    • note
    • We thank the crew of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling Resolution for their untiring efforts during the drilling and VSP work, especially A. Ribbens, S. Kittredge, K. Kuroki, R. Current, B. Julson, N. Smith, R. Johnson, G. Pollard, and R. Caldow. For enlightening discussions during this work we thank W. Dillon, D. Hutchinson, J. Booth, J. Korenaga, and I. Pecher. Technical assistance ashore was provided by K, Peal, T. Bolmer, R. Busby, S. Rosenblad, M. Gould, and D. Dwyer. We thank the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology - Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere center at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for loan of Reftek data loggers and software. Supported by JOI-USSAC subaward 7-95 and NSF grant OCE-9504610.


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