Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and airway diseases

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 98, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 59-69

  Coulson, Fiona R ^a   Fryer, Allison D ^a  

^a The Johns Hopkins University   (United States)

Author keywords

Airway hyperreactivity; Eosinophils; Parasympathetic nerves; Postjunctional receptors; Prejunctional receptors; Viruses

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; ANTIGEN; BRONCHOCONSTRICTING AGENT; HISTAMINE; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR; OZONE;

ACETYLCHOLINE RELEASE; AIRWAY; ASTHMA; AUTONOMIC INNERVATION; BLOOD VESSEL; BRONCHODILATATION; BRONCHOSPASM; BRONCHUS HYPERREACTIVITY; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; HUMAN; MUCUS SECRETION; NERVE CONDUCTION; NONHUMAN; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; RETINOL DEFICIENCY; REVIEW; RHINITIS; SMOOTH MUSCLE; SUBMUCOSA; VIRUS INFECTION;

EID: 0037377578     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0163-7258(03)00004-4     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Aaron S.D. The use of ipratropium bromide for the management of acute asthma exacerbation in adults and children: a systematic review. J Asthma. 38:2001;521-530.
2. 2 muscarinic receptors in pulmonary cholinergic nerves in the rat. Br J Pharmacol. 101:1990;73-76.
3. Abrahamson E.M. Asthma, diabetes mellitus and hyperinsulinism. J Clin Endocrinol. 1:1941;402-406.
4. 2 muscarinic receptor dysfunction, and antiviral effects. J Exp Med. 190:1999;1465-1478.
5. 2 receptor dysfunction and airway hyperreactivity is prevented by depletion of CD8+ T cells in sensitized guinea pigs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 161:2000;A842.
6. Ahmed T., Garrigo J., Danta I. Preventing bronchoconstriction in exercise-induced asthma with inhaled heparin. N Engl J Med. 329:1993;90-95.
7. Anthonisen N.R., Connett J.E., Kiley J.P., Altose M.D., Bailey W.C., Buist A.S., Conway W.A. Jr., Enright P.L., Kanner R.E., O'Hara P., Owens G.R., Scanlom P.D., Tashkin D.P., Wise R.A. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA. 272:1994;1497-1505.
8. Aquilina A.T., Hall W.J., Douglas R.G. Jr., Utell M.J. Airway reactivity in subjects with viral upper respiratory tract infections: the effects of exercise and cold air. Am Rev Respir Dis. 122:1980;3-10.
9. Ashe J.H., Yarosh C.A. Differential and selective antagonism of the slow-inhibitory postsynaptic potential and slow-excitatory postsynaptic potential by gallamine and pirenzepine in the superior cervical ganglion of the rabbit. Neuropharmacology. 23:1984;1321-1329.
10. Atmar R.L., Guy E., Guntupalli K.K., Zimmerman J.L., Bandi V.D., Baxter B.D., Greenberg S.B. Respiratory tract viral infections in inner-city asthmatic adults. Arch Intern Med. 158:1998;2453-2459.
11. Ayala L.E., Ahmed T. Is there loss of protective muscarinic receptor mechanism in asthma? Chest. 96:1989;1285-1291.
12. Azevedo M., da Costa J.T., Fontes P., da Silva J.P., Araujo O. Effect of terfenadine and ipratropium bromide on ultrasonically nebulized distilled water-induced asthma. J Int Med Res. 18:1990;37-49.
13. Baker D.G., Don H.F., Brown J.K. Direct measurement of acetylcholine release in guinea pig trachea. Am J Physiol. 263:1992;L142-L147.
14. Barnes P.J. Modulation of neurotransmission in airways. Physiol Rev. 72:1992;699-729.
15. 3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate. Eur J Pharmacol. 86:1982;103-106.
16. Barnes P.J., Belvisi M.G., Mak J.C., Haddad E.B., O'Connor B. Tiotropium bromide (Ba 679 BR), a novel long-acting muscarinic antagonist for the treatment of obstructive airways disease. Life Sci. 56:1995;853-859.
17. Baroody F.M., Wagenmann M., Naclerio R.M. Comparison of the secretory response of the nasal mucosa to methacholine and histamine. J Appl Physiol. 74:1993;2661-2671.
18. Baumgartner M.K., Wei J., Aronstam R.S. Retinoic acid-induced differentiation of a human neuroblastoma cell line alters muscarinic receptor expression. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 72:1993;305-308.
19. 2 muscarinic receptors in diabetic rat lungs. Br J Pharmacol. 121:1997;1287-1294.
20. 2 muscarinic receptor dysfunction. J Appl Physiol. 85:1998;1708-1718.
21. 2+ current and M current in rat sympathetic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;9544-9548.
22. Blaber L.C., Fryer A.D., Maclagan J. Neuronal muscarinic receptors attenuate vagally-induced contraction of feline bronchial smooth muscle. Br J Pharmacol. 86:1985;723-728.
23. Blair H.T., Greenberg S.B., Stevens P.M., Bilunos P.A., Couch R.B. Effects of rhinovirus infection of pulmonary function of healthy human volunteers. Am Rev Respir Dis. 114:1976;95-102.
24. Boulet L.P., Cartier A., Thomson N.C., Roberts R.S., Dolovich J., Hargreave F.E. Asthma and increases in nonallergic bronchial responsiveness from seasonal pollen exposure. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 71:1983;399-406.
25. 2 muscarinic receptor dysfunction. J Appl Physiol. 92:2002;1417-1422.
26. Brody J.S., Klempfner G., Staum M.M., Vidyasagar D., Kuhl D.E., Waldhausen J.A. Mucociliary clearance after lung denervation and bronchial transection. J Appl Physiol. 32:1972;160-164.
27. Bronsky E.A., Druce H., Findlay S.R., Hampel F.C., Kaiser H., Ratner P., Valentine M.D., Wood C.C. A clinical trial of ipratropium bromide nasal spray in patients with perennial nonallergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 95:1995;1117-1122.
28. Buckner C.K., Clayton D.E., Ain-Shoka A.A., Busse W.W., Dick E.C., Shult P. Parainfluenza 3 infection blocks the ability of a beta adrenergic receptor agonist to inhibit antigen-induced contraction of guinea pig isolated airway smooth muscle. J Clin Invest. 67:1981;376-384.
29. Buckner C.K., Songsiridej V., Dick E.C., Busse W.W. In vivo and in vitro studies on the use of the guinea pig as a model for virus-provoked airway hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis. 132:1985;305-310.
30. Casaburi R., Mahler D.A., Jones P.W., Wanner A., San P.G., Zuwallack R.L., Menjoge S.S., Serby C.W., Witek T. Jr. A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 19:2002;217-224.
31. Caulfield M.P., Birdsall N.J. International Union of Pharmacology: XVII. Classification of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 50:1998;279-290.
32. Cazzola M., Matera M.G., Di Perna F., Calderaro F., Califano C., Vinciguerra A. A comparison of bronchodilating effects of salmeterol and oxitropium bromide in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 92:1998;354-357.
33. Cheung D., Dick E.C., Timmers M.C., de Klerk E.P., Spaan W.J., Sterk P.J. Rhinovirus inhalation causes long-lasting excessive airway narrowing in response to methacholine in asthmatic subjects in vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 152:1995;1490-1496.
34. Chiba Y., Misawa M. Characteristics of muscarinic cholinoceptors in airways of antigen-induced airway hyperresponsive rats. Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 111:1995;351-357.
35. Chilvers E.R., Batty I.H., Barnes P.J., Nahorski S.R. Formation of inositol polyphosphates in airway smooth muscle after muscarinic receptor stimulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 252:1990;786-791.
36. Chung K.F., Osborne M.L., Corrales R.J., Evans T.W., McCabe L., Frick O.L., Nadel J.A., Gold W.M. Histamine release and circulating cells after antigen inhalation in allergic dogs. J Appl Physiol. 62:1987;253-258.
37. Colebatch H., Halmagyi D. Effect of vagotomy and vagal stimulation on lung mechanics and circulation. J Appl Physiol. 18:1963;881-887.
38. Costello R.W., Fryer A.D. Cholinergic mechanisms in asthma. Barnes P.J., Grunstein M.M., Leff A.R., Woolcock A.J. Asthma. 1997;965-984 Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia.
39. Costello R.W., Schofield B.H., Kephart G.M., Gleich G.J., Jacoby D.B., Fryer A.D. Localization of eosinophils to airway nerves and effect on neuronal m2 muscarinic receptor function. Am J Physiol. 273:1997;L93-L103.
40. Costello R.W., Evans C.M., Yost B.L., Belmonte K.E., Gleich G.J., Jacoby D.B., Fryer A.D. Antigen-induced hyperreactivity to histamine: role of the vagus nerves and eosinophils. Am J Physiol. 276:1999;L709-L714.
41. Cotton D.J., Bleecker E.R., Fischer S.P., Graf P.D., Gold W.M., Nadel J.A. Rapid, shallow breathing after Ascaris suum antigen inhalation: role of vagus nerves. J Appl Physiol. 42:1977;101-106.
42. 2 muscarinic receptors in trachea and ileum of diabetic rats. Br J Pharmacol. 135:2002;1355-1362.
43. Crimi N., Palermo F., Oliveri R., Polosa R., Settinieri I., Mistretta A. Protective effects of inhaled ipratropium bromide on bronchoconstriction induced by adenosine and methacholine in asthma. Eur Respir J. 5:1992;560-565.
44. Disse B., Reichl R., Speck G., Traunecker W., Ludwig Rominger K.L., Hammer R. Ba 679 BR, a novel long-acting anticholinergic bronchodilator. Life Sci. 52:1993;537-544.
45. Douglas N.J., Campbell I.W., Ewing D.J., Clarke B.F., Flenley D.C. Reduced airway vagal tone in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy. Clin Sci (Lond). 61:1981;581-584.
46. Dusser D.J., Jacoby D.B., Djokic T.D., Rubinstein I., Borson D.B., Nadel J.A. Virus induces airway hyperresponsiveness to tachykinins: role of neutral endopeptidase. J Appl Physiol. 67:1989;1504-1511.
47. Eiser N.M., Guz A. Effect of atropine on experimentally-induced airway obstruction in man. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 18:1982;449-460.
48. 2 muscarinic receptor function in antigen-challenged guinea pigs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 12:1995;320-328.
49. 4 receptors in vagally stimulated contractions of rabbit bronchus/trachea. Pulm Pharmacol. 7:1994;109-120.
50. Empey D.W., Laitinen L.A., Jacobs L., Gold W.M., Nadel J.A. Mechanisms of bronchial hyperreactivity in normal subjects after upper respiratory tract infection. Am Rev Respir Dis. 113:1976;131-139.
51. Decreased prevalence of atopic diseases in children with diabetes. J Pediatr. 137:2000;470-474.
52. 2 muscarinic receptors in antigen-challenged guinea-pigs. J Clin Invest. 100:1997;2254-2262.
53. 2 receptor dysfunction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 279:2000;L477-L486.
54. 2 receptor dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 163:2001;1484-1492.
55. 2 muscarinic receptors inhibit isoproterenol-induced relaxation of canine airway smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 262:1992;119-126.
56. Fryer A.D., Jacoby D.B. Parainfluenza virus infection damages inhibitory m2 muscarinic receptors on pulmonary parasympathetic nerves in the guinea-pig. Br J Pharmacol. 102:1991;267-271.
57. 2 muscarinic receptors in antigen-challenged guinea pigs is restored by heparin and poly-L-glutamate. J Clin Invest. 90:1992;2292-2298.
58. Fryer A.D., Maclagan J. Muscarinic inhibitory receptors in pulmonary parasympathetic nerves in the guinea-pig. Br J Pharmacol. 83:1984;973-978.
59. 2 muscarinic receptors in pulmonary parasympathetic nerves after antigen challenge. J Appl Physiol. 71:1991;2255-2261.
60. Fryer A.D., el Fakahany E.E., Jacoby D.B. Parainfluenza virus type 1 reduces the affinity of agonists for muscarinic receptors in guinea-pig lung and heart. Eur J Pharmacol. 181:1990;51-58.
61. 2 muscarinic receptor function in parainfluenza virus-infected guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol. 112:1994;588-594.
62. 2 muscarinic receptors in antigen-challenged guinea pig airways. J Clin Invest. 99:1997;2036-2044.
63. Gallagher J.T., Kent P.W., Passatore M., Phipps R.J., Richardson P.S. The composition of tracheal mucus and the nervous control of its secretion in the cat. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 192:1975;49-76.
64. Garrigo J., Danta I., Ahmed T. Time course of the protective effect of inhaled heparin on exercise-induced asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 153:1996;1702-1707.
65. Gold W.M., Kessler G.F., Yu D.Y. Role of vagus nerves in experimental asthma in allergic dogs. J Appl Physiol. 33:1972;719-725.
66. Golden J.A., Nadel J.A., Boushey H.A. Bronchial hyperirritability in healthy subjects after exposure to ozone. Am Rev Respir Dis. 118:1978;287-294.
67. Gordon T., Venugopalan C.S., Amdur M.O., Drazen J.M. Ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity in the guinea pig. J Appl Physiol. 57:1984;1034-1038.
68. Grandordy B.M., Cuss F.M., Sampson A.S., Palmer J.B., Barnes P.J. Phosphatidylinositol response to cholinergic agonists in airway smooth muscle: relationship to contraction and muscarinic receptor occupancy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 238:1986;273-279.
69. Haddad E.B., Mak J.C., Hislop A., Haworth S.G., Barnes P.J. Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in pig airways: radioligand binding and Northern blotting studies. Am J Physiol. 266:1994;L642-L648.
70. Hall W.J., Douglas R.G. Jr., Hyde R.W., Roth F.K., Cross A.S., Speers D.M. Pulmonary mechanics after uncomplicated influenza A infection. Am Rev Respir Dis. 113:1976;141-148.
71. Handler A., Lobo M.D., Alonso F.J., Paino C.L., Mena M.A. Functional implications of the noradrenergic-cholinergic switch induced by retinoic acid in NB69 neuroblastoma cells. J Neurosci Res. 60:2000;311-320.
72. Heaton R.W., Guy R.J., Gray B.J., Watkins P.J., Costello J.F. Diminished bronchial reactivity to cold air in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy. BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 289:1984;149-151.
73. Helander E. Asthma and diabetes. Acta Med Scand. 162:1958;165-174.
74. Hey C., Wessler I., Racke K. Muscarinic inhibition of endogenous noradrenaline release from rabbit isolated trachea: receptor subtype and receptor reserve. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol. 350:1994;464-472.
75. Holtzman M.J., Cunningham J.H., Sheller J.R., Irsigler G.B., Nadel J.A., Boushey H.A. Effect of ozone on bronchial reactivity in atopic and nonatopic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 120:1979;1059-1067.
76. Holtzman M.J., Fabbri L.M., O'Byrne P.M., Gold B.D., Aizawa H., Walters E.H., Alpert S.E., Nadel J.A. Importance of airway inflammation for hyperresponsiveness induced by ozone in dogs. Am Rev Respir Dis. 127:1983;686-690.
77. Horvath I., Argay K., Herjavecz I., Kollai M. Relation between bronchial and cardiac vagal tone in healthy humans. Chest. 108:1995;701-705.
78. Hudgel D.W., Langston L. Jr., Selner J.C., McIntosh K. Viral and bacterial infections in adults with chronic asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis. 120:1979;393-397.
79. Itkin I.H., Anand S.C. The role of atropine as a mediator blocker of induced bronchial obstruction. J Allergy. 45:1970;178-186.
80. Ito Y., Yoshitomi T. Autoregulation of acetylcholine release from vagus nerve terminals through activation of muscarinic receptors in the dog trachea. Br J Pharmacol. 93:1988;636-646.
81. Jacoby D.B. Virus-induced asthma attacks. JAMA. 287:2002;755-761.
82. Jacoby D.B., Tamaoki J., Borson D.B., Nadel J.A. Influenza infection causes airway hyperresponsiveness by decreasing enkephalinase. J Appl Physiol. 64:1988;2653-2658.
83. 2 receptor. J Clin Invest. 91:1993;1314-1318.
84. 2 muscarinic receptor function and gene expression in cultured airway parasympathetic neurons. J Clin Invest. 102:1998;242-248.
85. Johanson W.G. Jr., Pierce A.K., Sanford J.P. Pulmonary function in uncomplicated influenza. Am Rev Respir Dis. 100:1969;141-146.
86. Johnston S.L., Pattemore P.K., Sanderson G., Smith S., Lampe F., Josephs L., Symington P., O'Toole S., Myint S.H., Tyrrell D.A., Holgate S.T. Community study of role of viral infections in exacerbations of asthma in 9-11 year old children. BMJ. 310:1995;1225-1229.
87. Karczewski W., Widdicombe J.G. The effect of vagotomy, vagal cooling and efferent vagal stimulation on breathing and lung mechanics of rabbits. J Physiol. 201:1969;259-270.
88. Kersten W. Protective effect of metered aerosol sch 1000 against bronchoconstriction by allergen inhalation. Respiration. 31:1974;412-417.
89. Kesler B.S., Canning B.J. Regulation of baseline cholinergic tone in guinea-pig airway smooth muscle. J Physiol. 518:1999;843-855.
90. Koller E.A. Respiratory reflexes during anaphylactic bronchial asthma in guinea-pigs. Experientia. 25:1969;368-369.
91. Kume H., Kotlikoff M.I. Muscarinic inhibition of single KCa channels in smooth muscle cells by a pertussis-sensitive G protein. Am J Physiol. 261:1991;C1204-C1209.
92. Laitinen L.A., Kava T. Bronchial reactivity following uncomplicated influenza A infection in healthy subjects and in asthmatic patients. Eur J Respir Dis Suppl. 106:1980;51-58.
93. Laitinen L.A., Elkin R.B., Empey D.W., Jacobs L., Mills J., Nadel J.A. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in normal subjects during attenuated influenza virus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis. 143:1991;358-361.
94. 2 muscarinic dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 163:2001;A142.
95. Lee L.Y., Bleecker E.R., Nadel J.A. Effect of ozone on bronchomotor response to inhaled histamine aerosol in dogs. J Appl Physiol. 43:1977;626-631.
96. Little J.W., Hall W.J., Douglas R.G. Jr., Mudholkar G.S., Speers D.M., Patel K. Airway hyperreactivity and peripheral airway dysfunction in influenza A infection. Am Rev Respir Dis. 118:1978;295-303.
97. 1 muscarinic receptors in pulmonary sympathetic nerves in the guinea-pig by use of pirenzepine. Br J Pharmacol. 97:1989;499-505.
98. Maesen F.P.V., Smeets J.J., Sledsens T.J.H., Wald F.D.M., Cornelissen P.J.G. Tiotropium bromide, a new long-acting antimuscarinic bronchodilator: a pharmacodynamic study in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J. 8:1995;1506-1513.
99. Magnussen H., Nowak D., Wiebicke W. Effect of inhaled ipratropium bromide on the airway response to methacholine, histamine, and exercise in patients with mild bronchial asthma. Respiration. 59:1992;42-47.
100. Mak J.C.W., Barnes P.J. Autoradiographic visualization of muscarinic receptor subtypes in human and guinea pig lung. Am Rev Respir Dis. 141:1990;1559-1568.
101. Mak J.C.W., Baraniuk J.N., Barnes P.J. Localization of muscarinic receptor subtype mRNAs in human lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 7:1992;344-348.
102. 4 receptor subtype in rabbit lung. Life Sci. 53:1993;1501-1508.
103. Makker H.K., Holgate S.T. The contribution of neurogenic reflexes to hypertonic saline-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 92:1993;82-88.
104. 1-subtype. Br J Pharmacol. 98:1989;557-573.
105. Marsh W.R., Irvin C.G., Murphy K.R., Behrens B.L., Larsen G.L. Increases in airway reactivity to histamine and inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage after the late asthmatic response in an animal model. Am Rev Respir Dis. 131:1985;875-879.
106. Matera M.G., Cazzola M., Vinciguerra A., Di Perna F., Calderaro F., Caputi M., Rossi F. A comparison of the bronchodilating effects of salmeterol, salbutamol and ipratropium bromide in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol. 8:1995;267-271.
107. Matran R., Alving K., Lundberg J.M. Differential bronchial and pulmonary vascular responses to vagal stimulation in the pig. Acta Physiol Scand. 143:1991;387-393.
108. McCaig D.J. Comparison of autonomic responses in the trachea isolated from normal and albumin-sensitive guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol. 92:1987;809-816.
109. 2 receptor function. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 282:2002;L1031-L1039.
110. Meltzer E.O., Orgel H.A., Bronsky E.A., Findlay S.R., Georgitis J.W., Grossman J., Ratner P., Wood C.C. Ipratropium bromide aqueous nasal spray for patients with perennial allergic rhinitis: a study of its effect on their symptoms, quality of life, and nasal cytology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 90:1992;242-249.
111. Mills J.E., Widdicombe J.G. Role of the vagus nerves in anaphylaxis and histamine-induced bronchoconstrictions in guinea-pigs. Br J Pharmacol. 39:1970;724-731.
112. Minette P.A., Barnes P.J. Prejunctional inhibitory muscarinic receptors on cholinergic nerves in human and guinea pig airways. J Appl Physiol. 64:1988;2532-2537.
113. Minette P.A.H., Lammers J.W.J., Dixon C.M.S., McCusker M.T., Barnes P.J. A muscarinic agonist inhibits reflex bronchoconstriction in normal but not in asthmatic subjects. J Appl Physiol. 67:1989;2461-2465.
114. Molfino N.A., Slutsky A.S., Julia-Serda G., Hoffstein V., Szalai J.P., Chapman K.R., Rebuck A.S., Zamel N. Assessment of airway tone in asthma. comparison between double lung transplant patients and healthy subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis. 148:1993;1238-1243.
115. Morrison J.F., Pearson S.B. The effect of the circadian rhythm of vagal activity on bronchomotor tone in asthma. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 28:1989;545-549.
116. Morrison J.F., Pearson S.B., Dean H.G. Parasympathetic nervous system in nocturnal asthma. BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 296:1988;1427-1429.
117. 3 muscarinic antagonists inhibit human nasal glandular secretion in vitro. J Appl Physiol. 73:1992;2069-2073.
118. Murlas C.G., Roum J.H. Sequence of pathologic changes in the airway mucosa of guinea pigs during ozone-induced bronchial hyperreactivity. Am Rev Respir Dis. 131:1985;314-320.
119. Myers A.C., Undem B.J. Muscarinic receptor regulation of synaptic transmission in airway parasympathetic ganglia. Am J Physiol. 270:1996;L630-L636.
120. Nicholson K.G., Kent J., Ireland D.C. Respiratory viruses and exacerbations of asthma in adults. BMJ. 307:1993;982-986.
121. O'Connor B.J., Towse L.J., Barnes P.J. Prolonged effect of tiotropium bromide on methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 154:1996;876-880.
122. Okayama M., Mullol J., Baraniuk J.N., Hausfeld J.N., Feldman B., Merida M., Shelhamer J.H., Kaliner M.A. Muscarinic receptor subtypes in human nasal mucosa: characterization, autoradiographic localization, and function in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 8:1993;176-187.
123. Olsen C., Colebatch H., Mebel P., Nadel J., Staub N. Motor control of pulmonary airways studied by nerve stimulation. J Appl Physiol. 20:1965;202-208.
124. 2 muscarinic receptors in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 163:2001;1320-1325.
125. Orehek J., Gayrard P., Grimaud C., Charpin J. Allergen-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma: antagonistic effect of a synthetic anticholinergic drug. Bull Physio-Pathol Respir (Nancy). 11:1975;193-201.
126. Ouellette J.J., Reed C.E. Increased response of asthmatic subjects to methacholine after influenza vaccine. J Allergy. 36:1965;558-563.
127. Paquette N.C., Zhang L.Y., Ellis W.A., Scott A.L., Kleeberger S.R. Vitamin A deficiency enhances ozone-induced lung injury. Am J Physiol. 270:1996;L475-L482.
128. Patel H.J., Barnes P.J., Takahashi T., Tadjkarimi S., Yacoub M.H., Belvisi M.G. Evidence for prejunctional muscarinic autoreceptors in human and guinea pig trachea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 152:1995;872-878.
129. Patterson R., Talbot C.H., Brandfonbrener M. The use of IgE mediated responses as a pharmacologic test system. The effect of disodium cromoglycate in respiratory and cutaneous reactions and on the electrocardiograms of rhesus monkeys. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 41:1971;592-603.
130. Paulet G., Le Bars R. Effect of vasomotor innervation on the pulmonary blood mass in dogs. J Physiol (Paris). 61(suppl. 1):1969;160-161.
131. Phipps R.J., Richardson P.S. Proceedings: the nervous and pharmacological control of tracheal mucus secretion in the goose. J Physiol. 258:1976;116P-117P.
132. Picken J.J., Niewoehner D.E., Chester E.H. Prolonged effects of viral infections of the upper respiratory tract upon small airways. Am J Med. 52:1972;738-746.
133. Polosa R., Magri S., Vancheri C., Armato F., Santonocito G., Mistretta A., Crimi N. Time course of changes in adenosine 5′-monophosphate airway responsiveness with inhaled heparin in allergic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 99:1997;338-344.
134. Ramnarine S.I., Haddad E.B., Khawaja A.M., Mak J.C., Rogers D.F. On muscarinic control of neurogenic mucus secretion in ferret trachea. J Physiol. 494:1996;577-586.
135. Richardson J.B. Nerve supply to the lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis. 119:1979;785-802.
136. 2 muscarinic receptors in bovine tracheal smooth muscle: discrepancies between binding and function. Eur J Pharmacol. 153:1988;73-82.
137. 3 receptors mediate contraction of human central and peripheral airway smooth muscle. Pulm Pharmacol. 3:1990;47-51.
138. Rogers D.F. Motor control of airway goblet cells and glands. Respir Physiol. 125:2001;129-144.
139. Salonen R.O., Webber S.E., Widdicombe J.G. Effects of neurotransmitters on tracheobronchial blood flow. Eur Respir J Suppl. 12:1990;630s-636s.
140. Sawatzky D.A., Kingham P.J., Court E., Kumaravel B., Fryer A.D., Jacoby D.B., McLean W.G., Costello R.W. Eosinophil adhesion to cholinergic nerves via ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 and associated eosinophil degranulation. Am J Physiol. 282:2002;L1279-L1288.
141. Scalvini S., Porta R., Zanelli E., Volterrani M., Vitacca M., Pagani M., Giordano A., Ambrosino N. Effects of oxygen on autonomic nervous system dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 13:1999;119-124.
142. 2 receptors in regulating β-adrenergic responsiveness in maturing rabbit airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol. 269:1995;L783-L790.
143. 2 muscarinic receptor function. J Appl Physiol. 76:1994;1088-1097.
144. Schultze-Werninghaus G. Anticholinergic versus beta 2-adrenergic therapy in allergic airways obstruction: double-blind trials on bronchodilator effect and antiallergic protection of oxitropium bromide and fenoterol. Respiration. 41:1981;239-247.
145. 3-induced change in bronchial reactivity to methacholine and airway inflammation in humans. J Appl Physiol. 60:1986;1321-1326.
146. Skoogh B.E. Parasympathetic ganglia in the airways. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 22(suppl. 7):1986;143-147.
147. Sommer A., Katz J., Tarwotjo I. Increased risk of respiratory disease and diarrhea in children with preexisting mild vitamin A deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 40:1984;1090-1095.
148. 2 receptor function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155:1997;1230-1234.
149. Sorkness R., Clough J.J., Castleman W.L., Lemanske R.F. Jr. Virus-induced airway obstruction and parasympathetic hyperresponsiveness in adult rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 150:1994;28-34.
150. Szczeklik A., Pieton R., Sieradzki J. Alteration in both insulin release and its hypoglycemic effects in atopic bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 66:1980;424-427.
151. Tamaoki J., Chiyotani A., Tagaya E., Sakai N., Konno K. Effect of long term treatment with oxitropium bromide on airway secretion in chronic bronchitis and diffuse panbronchiolitis. Thorax. 49:1994;545-548.
152. 2 autoreceptors in vagally induced bronchoconstriction of conscious guinea pigs after the early allergic reaction. Eur J Pharmacol. 318:1996;131-139.
153. Ten Berge R.E., Zaagsma J., Roffel A.F. Muscarinic inhibitory autoreceptors in different generations of human airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 154:1996;43-49.
154. van Koppen C.J., Blankesteijn W.M., Klaassen A.B., Rodrigues de Miranda J.F., Beld A.J., van Ginneken C.A. Autoradiographic visualization of muscarinic receptors in pulmonary nerves and ganglia. Neurosci Lett. 83:1987;237-240.
155. van Noord J.A., Bantje T.A., Eland M.E., Korducki L., Cornelissen P.J. A randomised controlled comparison of tiotropium and ipratropium in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax. 55:2000;289-294.
156. Villa M.P., Cacciari E., Bernardi F., Cicognani A., Salardi S., Zapulla F. Bronchial reactivity in diabetic patients. Relationship to duration of diabetes and degree of glycemic control. Am J Dis Child. 142:1988;726-729.
157. Walch L., Norel X., Leconte B., Gascard J.P., Brink C. Cholinergic control of human and animal pulmonary vascular tone. Therapie. 54:1999;99-102.
158. Walch L., Brink C., Norel X. The muscarinic receptor subtypes in human blood vessels. Therapie. 56:2001;223-226.
159. Walters E.H., O'Byrne P.M., Graf P.D., Fabbri L.M., Nadel J.A. The responsiveness of airway smooth muscle in vitro from dogs with airway hyper-responsiveness in vivo. Clin Sci (Lond). 71:1986;605-611.
160. Wang Z.W., Yu M.F., Robinson N.E. Prejunctional muscarinic autoreceptors on horse airway cholinergic nerves. Life Sci. 56:1995;2255-2262.
161. Whicker S.D., Compton M.R., Seale J.P., Black J.L. Effect of sensitization and aerosol antigen challenge in guinea-pigs - studies of airway receptor function and characteristics. Pulm Pharmacol. 3:1990;129-136.
162. Yang Z.J., Biggs D.F. Muscarinic receptors and parasympathetic neurotransmission in guinea-pig trachea. Eur J Pharmacol. 193:1991;301-308.
163. Yeadon M., Wilkinson D., Darley-Usmar V., O'Leary V.J., Payne A.N. Mechanisms contributing to ozone-induced bronchial hyperreactivity in guinea-pigs. Pulm Pharmacol. 5:1992;39-50.
164. Yost B.L., Gleich G.J., Fryer A.D. Ozone-induced hyperresponsiveness and blockade of m2 muscarinic receptors by eosinophil major basic protein. J Appl Physiol. 87:1999;1272-1278.
165. Yu D.Y., Galant S.P., Gold W.M. Inhibition of antigen-induced bronchoconstriction by atropine in asthmatic patients. J Appl Physiol. 32:1972;823-828.
166. Zimmermann I., Islam M.S., Lanser K., Ulmer W.T. Antigen-induced airway obstruction and the influence of vagus blockade. Respiration. 33:1976;95-103.